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Sumatriptan succinate and prochlorperazine maleate are a clinically proven combination for treating migraine and associated nausea and vomiting. Classical oral dosage forms are not frequently workable in migraine because of the associated nausea/vomiting, and no effective fixed dose combination is available. Thus, the aim of the study was to optimize a combined sumatriptan-prochlorperazine orodispersible film for rapid release of drugs. Orodispersible films were prepared by solvent casting method using varied amounts of polyvinyl alcohol and glycerol as film former and plasticizer, respectively, along with fixed levels of other ingredients employing central composite design. The optimum film (VF) demonstrated disintegration and total dispersion times as 21 s and 2.3 min, respectively. Tensile strength and Young's modulus were 8.86 ± 0.37 MPa and 24.15 ± 0.07 MPa, respectively. The in vitro T80% of both drugs from the ODF was achieved within 4 min. The film was palatable and disintegrated in 2 min in buccal cavity of human volunteers. Permeation study through goat mucosa demonstrated 100% permeation of both drugs within 15 min. X-Ray diffraction and differential scanning calorimetry supported drugs being amorphous and Fourier transform infrared demonstrated drug-excipient compatibility in optimized film. A judicious combination of sumatriptan succinate and prochlorperazine maleate could be prepared in orodispersible films for the possible relief of migraine.

Gingivitis is a condition that needs sustained concentration of antibiotic locally over extended period of time. The current study aimed to formulate and evaluate the sustained and localized release of metronidazole (MTZ) as mucoadhesive buccal tablet containing hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose (HPMC), Carbopol 940® (CP), carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) and ethyl cellulose (EC) as mucoadhesive polymers. Tablets were directly compressed with proportions of polymeric blends (F1-F16). The results indicated that weight variation (249±2.10mg) and friability (0.21%) were within USP compendial limits. Maximum mucoadhesive strength and time were depicted by F1 and F14 which were 28.47g and 12hr respectively. Formulations, except F4, were within physiological pH limit. Maximum swellability index (261.9%) was exhibited by F16, at 8 hr, containing highest concentration of CP, HPMC and additional CMC. For in vitro release, the pre-set 8 hr complete release were shown by formulations, F15 and F16 which were 100% and 97%, respectively. Genetic algorithm was applied on the attributes to optimize polymeric response in accordance with desirability. The software predicted composition (F17) was tested which revealed that physical characteristics were in accordance with the compendial standards. The release kinetics, evaluated through DDsolver⌖, suggested that release of MTZ followed non-Fickian diffusion type in Korsmeyer-Peppas model. Therefore, MTZ, if delivered as mucoadhesive buccal formulation (F17) containing amounts (mg) of CP (16.4), HPMC (78.7), CMC (8.3) and EC (10.5) will simulate satisfactory release i.e. 96% at 8 hr in simulated buccal fluid.

The study focused on the preparation and in vitro characterization of sustained release polymeric systems or solid dispersions for highly water-soluble drugs. Several polymeric composites were fabricated with ethyl cellulose (EC), Eudragit S100 (E-S100) or Eudragit RS100 (E-RS100) in conjunction with hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) using 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) as a model drug. The solvent-evaporated composites were evaluated for in vitro release of the drug. In this respect, various mathematical models were applied to assess the release kinetics. Further characterization was accomplished by X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Formulations comprising 5-FU/HPMC/(EC, E-S100 or E-RS100) at the weight ratio of 1/1/3 (formulations III, V and VI) significantly reduced the burst effect in vitro as compared to the plain drug powder. In particular, EC provided better sustained release effect compared with E-S100 and E-RS100 (~ 70% versus 85–87% in 8 h). The effect of higher quantity of EC on drug release was tested with a formulation containing 5-FU/HPMC/EC at the weight ratio of 1/1/4 (formulation IV). The drug was present in the amorphous state of all the above formulations. Thus, these formulations, in particular formulation IV, might be promising delivery systems to circumvent the burst effect caused by highly water-soluble drugs.

The Treaty of Rawalpindi concluded in August 1919 between the British India and Afghanistan, in the aftermath of the brief Anglo-Afghan war earlier that year, was a watershed moment in the British India’s “frontier question” and emergence of an independent Afghanistan. The Treaty holds immense legal and political value in the development of Afghanistan and its relations with Pakistan after 1947. However, only a scant attention has been devoted to this landmark Treaty by the academics and practitioners alike. In addition to explicitly recognizing Afghanistan’s independence, the Treaty, once and for all, settled the question of British India’s western boundary with Afghanistan, which was earlier established in 1893 in Durand Line Agreement. This working paper fills the gap in existing literature by shedding light on the circumstances that led to the Treaty of Rawalpindi and its legal and political significance for Afghanistan and Pakistan and their bilateral relations.

Background In Pakistan, drug promotion practices, ethical or unethical, have rarely been in the spotlight. We aimed to assess the perception and barriers of medical representatives (MRs) and doctors (MDs) regarding ethical promotion of pharmaceuticals in Pakistan. Methods A cross sectional survey was conducted in seven major cities of Pakistan for 6-months period. Self-administered questionnaire was used for data collection. Logistic regression and five-point Likert scale scoring was used to estimate the perceptions and barriers. Results Compared to national companies (NCs), the medical representatives (MRs) of multinational companies (MNCs) strongly believed that their companies follow World Health Organization (WHO) (OR; 5.31, p = 0.0005), International Federation of Pharmaceutical Manufacturers & Associations (IFPMA) (OR; 6.45, p = 0.0005) and national codes of ethics (OR; 5.84, p = 0.0005). MNCs trained their MRs (OR; 6.68, p = 0.0005), provide accurate and valid scientific data (OR; 4.01, p = 0.007) with adequate system of accountability and controls on product samples (OR; 1.96, p = 0.047), while, NCs sponsor social or entertainment activities, seminars and conferences, and all sort of facilitation in form of gifts of their choice and clinic renovation for medical doctors (MDs). MDs perceptions were similar to MRs mentioned above, yet strongly agreed that companies offer cash payments or equivalents to MDs. The MRs of NCs/MNCs and MDs agreed/strongly agreed that no external accountability, profiteering, pressure on sale targets, job insecurity, condoning unethical promotion by high-ups’ and business promotion by junior MDs were the predominant barriers. Conclusion In conclusion, MRs of MNCs and MDs believed that MNCs follow certain codes of ethics in the promotion of pharmaceuticals, while NCs tend to be more profit oriented and even condone unethical promotion. All stakeholders, MRs, MDs and companies, might pose certain barriers, intentionally or unintentionally, in ethical promotion.

The ability of ethosomes to entrap capsaicin was evaluated using four methods of preparation that are; hot method, cold method, classic method and injection method. The ethosomes were prepared, optimized and characterized with the aim to identify a technique best suitable for their formulation. Vesicle shape, size and entrapment efficiency was determined by scanning electron microscopy, dynamic light scattering and ultracentrifugation techniques, respectively. Vesicle sizes varied from an average of 15nm - 400nm depending on the concentrations of phospholipid, ethanol and method of preparation. The formulations demonstrated entrapment efficiency of 29-81% with maximum entrapment obtained in formulations prepared with hot method having high concentration of ethanol. The homogeneity index was measured with Zetasizer that showed formulation prepared with hot method to be more uniform in size distribution having PDI 0.162 while injection method of preparation yielded a moderately broad polydispersity of vesicles (0.276). Physical stability assessment done by storing the selected formulation samples at 4°C and 25°C indicated the refrigerator temperature to be the best for retention of drug in ethosomal vesicles. All formulations kept in refrigerator adequately retained capsaicin during the two months of stability studies while those at ambient temperature noticeably showed leaked drug from vesicles. FTIR analysis showed capsaicin and phospholipid to be compatible with each other with no sign of interaction. DSC studies evidently showed lowering of transition temperature of phospholipid from 327.13°C to 111.63°C in ethosomal formulation due to the presence of ethanol. It was concluded that capsaicin ethosomes can be successfully prepared to employ four different methods and their characterization parameters indicate hot method to be effective for preparation of nano-sized uniform, homogeneous and stable capsaicin ethosomes.

Objectives: In this research we assess in-vitro susceptibility of Pseudomonasaeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) using the ethanolic extract of medicinal plant Tabebuia impetiginosa(dried inner bark). To evaluate the synergistic effect of ethanolic extract of Tabebuia impetiginosacombine with ciprofloxacin In-vitro anti-Pseudomonas aeruginosa activities of the extracts andciprofloxacin were confirmed, and synergism was verified for this combine extracts. StudyDesign: Experimental study. Period: October 2016 to February 2017. Place of Experiment:Rashid Latif Medical College, Lahore. Method: Diffusion method tests are mostly qualitativemethods that are used to identify the antimicrobial activity, resistance and synergistic effect. Thefresh plants inner bark was grinded and soaked in 95% ethanol for extraction. The antibacterialsensitivity of this compound against P. aeruginosa was assessed using the diffusion method.About 1000mg of grinded menstruum was added in 800ml of petroleum ether in a conicalflask and adjust in rotary shaker at 100 rpm for 12 hours and then the final extract was filteredwith 0.45mμ filter membrane and centrifuged at 2000rpm for 15 minutes. The final extract wasredissolved in ciprofloxacin solution (10 for bioassay analysis. Results: We concludedthat the fresh ethanolic extract of Tabebuia impetiginosa with ciprofloxacin has high antibacterialpotency against P. aeruginosa which is prominent then a single. However this was not pureextract and if it is refined then it might gives significant antibacterial activity at low concentration.There is still need to test Tabebuia impetiginosa extract for antibacterial activity and to checksynergistic effect with other drugs in-vivo against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Extract presentedthe highest synergism rate with antimicrobial drug. Conclusion: In-vitro study showed Tabebuiaimpetiginosa fresh inner bark extract with ciprofloxacin dilution have significant antibacterialactivity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa with P.value

Aims: The aim of present study was to evaluate the clinical efficacy of different insulin regimens in non-insulin dependent diabetic patients with respect to their age and gender. Methodology: A prospective cross-sectional study was conducted for comparing different insulin regimens in type II diabetic patients for better glycemic control with respect to age and gender. A total of 234 consenting, known type II diabetic patients, on any insulin regimens, with at least all relevant medical records of preceding three months participated in the study. Patients were segregated into six treatment arms depending upon type of insulin prescribed i.e., insulin pre-mix 70/30, insulin split mix (N & R), long acting insulin analogue, ultra-short acting insulin analogue, insulin pre-mix 70/30 analogue and insulin pre-mix 50/50 analogue, respectively. Moreover, patients from each group were evaluated regarding diabetes knowledge and medication adherence using Michigan Diabetes Research and Training Center’s Revised Diabetes Knowledge test Performa, 23 items and Morisky medication adherence scale, 4 items, respectively. Results: Data analysis showed highly significant association among different insulin regimens with respect to the patient education (p=0.000) level. Significant association was found among different insulin regimens and patient’s occupational status (P=0.013). However, Statistically non-significant associations were observed among different insulin regimens with gender (P=0.070), marital status (P=0.183) and age (P=0.084) respectively. Conclusion: In conclusion, data demonstrated that four treatment groups i.e., long acting insulin analogue, ultra-short acting insulin analogue, insulin premix 70/30 analogue insulin pre-mix 50/50 analogue were more effective than two conventional treatment groups i.e., Insulin pre-mix 70/30 and insulin split mix (N &R) in terms of clinical outcomes in population under study. Furthermore, it was also evident from the data female receiving more insulin than males.

Background Poorly water-soluble drugs do not dissolve well in aqueous-based gastrointestinal fluid; therefore, they are not well absorbed. Thus, employing a suitable solubility enhancing technique is necessary for such a drug. Drug/HP‑β‑CD complexation is a promising way to improve solubility and dissolution of a poorly water-soluble drug. Levodropropizine was used as a model drug in this study. Objectives The purpose of this research was to enhance the aqueous solubility and dissolution rate of levodropropizine by employing the inclusion complexation technique. Material and methods A microparticle formulation was prepared from levodropropizine and hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (HP‑β‑CD) in a 1:1 molar ratio through the spray-drying technique. The host-guest relationship between levodropropizine and HP‑β‑CD was also investigated using the molecular docking computational methodology. The aqueous solubility and dissolution rate of levodropropizine in formulations were assessed and compared with those of the drug alone. X-ray diffraction (XRD), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) were applied for the solid-state characterization of the prepared samples. Results According to the research outcomes, the levodropropizine/HP‑β‑CD formulation had enhanced the aqueous solubility (351.12 ±13.26 vs 92.76 ±5.00 mg/mL) and dissolution rate (97.83 ±3.36 vs 3.12 ±1.76% in 10 min) of levodropropizine, compared to the plain drug powder. The levodropropizine/ HP‑β‑CD formulation had converted the crystalline drug into its amorphous counterpart. Furthermore, no covalent interaction was found to exist between levodropropizine and HP‑β‑CD. The spray-dried particles were discrete. Each particle had a shriveled appearance. Conclusions The levodropropizine/HP‑β‑CD formulation is, therefore, recommended for the more effective administration of levodropropizine through the oral route.

Background The inappropriate use of antibiotics in hospitals increases resistance, morbidity, and mortality. Little is currently known about appropriate antibiotic use among hospitals in Lahore, the capital city of Pakistan. Methods Longitudinal surveillance was conducted over a period of 2 months among hospitals in Lahore, Pakistan. Antibiotic treatment was considered inappropriate on the basis of a wrong dosage regimen, wrong indication, or both based on the British National Formulary. Results A total of 2022 antibiotics were given to 1185 patients. Out of the total prescribed, approximately two-thirds of the study population (70.3%) had at least one inappropriate antimicrobial. Overall, 27.2% of patients had respiratory tract infections, and out of these, 62.8% were considered as having inappropriate therapy. Cephalosporins were extensively prescribed among patients, and in many cases, this was inappropriate (67.2%). Penicillins were given to 283 patients, out of which 201 (71.0%) were prescribed for either the wrong indication or dosage or both. Significant variations were also observed regarding inappropriate prescribing for several antimicrobials including the carbapenems (70.9%), aminoglycosides (35.8%), fluoroquinolones (64.2%), macrolides (74.6%) and other antibacterials (73.1%). Conclusion Educational interventions, institutional guidelines, and antimicrobial stewardship programs need to be developed to enhance future appropriate antimicrobial use in hospitals in Pakistan. Policies by healthcare and Government officials are also needed to minimize inappropriate antibiotic use.

The prospect of carrying out this study was to prepare and characterize an optimized polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP)-poloxamer (PLX) hydrophilic polymeric blend for improved solubility of poorly water-soluble drugs. Levodropropizine (LDP) was used as a model drug in this research. Several LDP-loaded PVP-PLX formulations were fabricated via the solvent evaporation method, and tested for solubility and dissolution of LDP in water. Other physicochemical characterization was accomplished using X-ray diffraction (XRD), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Amongst all the formulations tested, the one composed of LDP, PVP and PLX at the ratio of 25/37.5/37.5 (w/w/w, %) gave the highest solubility (~ 470.96 ± 23.84 mg/ml) and dissolution (~ 95% in 15 min) of LDP in the aqueous media. Furthermore, LDP existed in the amorphous state in this formulation with no strong chemical interactions with the components of polymeric blend. The morphological investigations revealed that the particles of this formulation had irregular shapes and surfaces. Thus, the abovementioned optimized hydrophilic polymeric blend, composite or synergist might be a suitable oral delivery system for numerous other poorly water-soluble drugs as well.

The study was aimed to synthesize and characterize effective sustained release polymeric microspheres of sulfasalazine and dexamethasone by using okra gum and hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC). The solvent extraction technique was used to synthesize sulfasalazine and dexamethasone loaded okra gum/HPMC microspheres. Pods of Hibiscus esculentus was used to extract okra gum. FTIR, DSC and SEM studies were performed. Kinetic modeling were applied on dissolution release data to evaluate release pattern of drugs from prepared formulations. No interaction was observed between drug and polymers by FTIR study. Molecular dispersion of sulfasalazine and dexamethasone was observed by DSC studies. SEM analysis showed acceptable morphology of microsphere. Dissolution studies showed that drug release was retarded up to 8 h when Okra gum and HPMC were used in combination but contrarily, HPMC and Okra gum showed early release of drug when both were used alone. Okra gum/HPMC microspheres of sulfasalazine and dexamethasone were prepared triumphantly by solvent evaporation method. Recovery, entrapment effectiveness hydration and drug loading of microspheres, influenced by the concentrations of Okra gum/HPMC.

To achieve remotely directed delivery of anticancer drugs, surface-decorated nanoparticles with ligands are reported. In this study, folic acid– and thiol-decorated chitosan nanoparticles loaded with docetaxel (DTX-NPs) were prepared for enhanced cellular internalization in cancer cells and improved oral absorption. The DTX-NPs were explored through in vitro and in vivo parameters for various parameters. The DTX-NPs were found to be monodisperse nanoparticles with an average particle size of 158.50 ± 0.36 nm, a polydispersity index of 0.36 ± 0.0, a zeta potential of + 18.30 ± 2.52 mV, and an encapsulation efficiency of 71.47 ± 5.62%. The drug release from DTX-NPs followed the Korsmeyer-Peppas model with about 78% of drug release in 12 h. In in vitro cytotoxicity studies against folate receptor, positive MDA-MBB-231 cancerous cells showed improved cytotoxicity with IC50 of 0.58 μg/mL, which is significantly lower as compared to docetaxel (DTX). Ex vivo permeation enhancement showed an efflux ratio of 0.99 indicating successful transport across the intestine. Oral bioavailability was significantly improved as Cmax and AUC were higher than DTX suspension. Overall, the results suggest that DTX-NPs can be explored as a promising carrier for oral drug delivery.

Resealed erythrocytes have been explored in various dimensions of drug delivery, owing to their high biocompatibility and inability to initiate immune response. The present research was designed to evaluate the drug delivery potential of erythrocytes by loading a hydrophobic anti-malarial drug, Artemether. Three different loading techniques were applied to achieve maximum optimized drug loading. A HPLC method was validated for drug quantification in erythrocytes. The relatively high loading was achieved using hypotonic treatment was 31.39% as compared to other two methods. These, drug loaded erythrocytes were characterized for membrane integrity via ESR showing higher ESR values for drug loaded cells as compared to normal cells. Moreover, microscopic evaluation was done to observe morphological changes in erythrocytes after successful loading which showed swollen cells with slight rough surface as compared to smooth surface of normal cells. Drug release was studied for 8 h which showed more than 80% release within 3-7 h from erythrocytes treated with different hypotonic methods. Overall, the study revealed a potential application of erythrocytes in delivery of hydrophobic drugs using hypotonic treatment as compared to other methods.

The study was aimed to improve the aqueous solubility of atorvastatin (AT) and ameliorate permeability of metformin (MT) in a combination formulation, improving their oral bioavailability. Several AT-MT loaded polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) and hyaluronic acid (HA) based nanoparticles were prepared through electrospraying method (ES-NPs), and tested for physicochemical, in vitro, and in vivo parameters. Among the trialed formulations, a sample consisting of AT, MT, PVP, and HA at the weight ratio of 1/6.25/3.75/15 furnished the most satisfying solubility and release rate results. It enhanced approximately 10.3-fold and 3.6-fold solubility of AT as compared with AT powder and marketed product (Lipilow) in phosphate buffer pH = 6.8, respectively. Whereas, permeation of MT was 1.60-fold and 1.47-fold improved as compared with MT powder and marketed product (Glucophage), respectively. As compared with Lipilow, AUC (0-∞) and Cmax of AT with ES-NPs in rats were improved to 3.6-fold and 3.2-fold, respectively. Similarly, as compared with Glucophage, AUC (0-∞) and Cmax of MT were improved to 2.3-fold and 1.8-fold, respectively. Thus, ES-NPs significantly enhanced the solubility of AT (a BCS class II drug) and permeability of MT (a BCS class III drug) and might be a promising drug delivery system for co-delivery of these drugs.

The liquid and semisolid matrix technology, filling liquids, semi-solids and gels in hard gelatin capsule are promising, thus, there is a need of enhanced research interest in the technology. Therefore, the present study was aimed to investigate isoniazid (freely soluble) and metronidazole (slightly soluble) gels filled in hard gelatin capsules for the effect of poloxamers of different viscosities on release of the drugs. Gel of each drug (10% w/w, particle size 180-250 μm), prepared by mixing poloxamer and 8% w/w hydrophilic silicon dioxide (Aerosil® A200), was assessed for rheology, dispersion stability and release profile. Both the drugs remained dispersed in majority of gels for more than 30 days, and dispersions were depended on gels' viscosity, which was further depended on viscosity of poloxamers. A small change in viscosity was noted in gels on storage. FTIR spectra indicated no interactions between components of the gels. The gels exhibited thixotropic and shear-thinning behaviour, which were suitable for filling in hard gelatin capsules without any leakage from the capsules. The release of both drugs from the phase-stable gels for 30 days followed first-order kinetics and was found to be correlated to drugs' solubility, poloxamers' viscosity, polyoxyethylene contents and proportion of block copolymer (poloxamers) in the gels. The findings of the present study indicated that release of drugs of different solubilities (isoniazid and metronidazole) might be modified from gels using different poloxamers and Aerosil® A200.

The current study was designed to evaluate mucoadhesive buccal tablet containing metronidazole (MTZ) for local action aided by Hydroxypropylmethylcellulose K4M (HPMC) and Carbopol 940® (CP) as mucoadhesive polymers with other ingredients like sodium starch glycolate (SSG), polyvinyl pyrollidone K30 (PVP) as disintegrant and binders respectively. Formulations (F1-F8) were prepared by direct compression method and characterized for different physicochemical parameters. Results showed that the average weight and friability were within USP limits. Maximum mucoadhesive time was observed for F2 (14 hr) containing moderate amount of HPMC and CP used in the study. Up most mucoadhesive strength value was observed with F3 containing highest amount of HPMC used. Results indicated that high amount of HPMC was linked with the moderate to higher mucoadhesive strength and time. Maximum swelling index was observed in F7 (191.3%). Only F1-F3 showed complete in vitro MTZ release within 3 hr. Formulations containing PVP released MTZ incompletely over time while SSG released earlier. Formulation F1 was considered best in terms of MTZ release (100.5%) with diffusion based Korsmeyer-Peppas release kinetics. Therefore, MTZ exhibiting best physicochemical characters in mucoadhesive buccal tablet was found in F1 containing HPMC and CP in amounts of 37.5 mg and 25 mg, respectively, for local action.

Alendronate sodium, a bisphosphonate drug, it is used to treat osteoporosis and other bone diseases. The present study was designed to conduct comparative bioavailability analysis of oral formulations of aledronate sodium through an open-label, randomized, 2-sequence, 2-period crossover study. Healthy adult male Pakistani volunteers received a single 70 mg dose of the test or reference formulation of alendronate sodium followed by a 7 day washout period. Plasma drug concentrations were determined using a validated HPLC post column fluorescence derivatization method. AUC(01,) AUC(0-8,) C(max). and T(max) were determined by non-compartmental analysis and were found within the permitted range of 80% to 125% set by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Results show that both in vitio and in vivo assays of all test brands were within the spec- ification of the US Pharmacopoeial limits and were statistically bioequivalent. No adverse events were reported in this study.

The aim of study is to identify the antimicrobial property of ginger. Phytochemical screening of chloroform plant extract showed presence of different chemicals. In this study we used Cultures of E. Coli, Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus faecalis to identify the antimicrobial strength. Effectiveness of ginger against different conditions attributed to its different constituents (volatile oils, shogaols, Gingerols and diarylheptanoids) that show their therapeutic efficacy by modulating the genetic or metabolic activities of our body. In this study, we performed phytochemical evaluation and antimicrobial assay of ginger root extract which were available in our local farms of Lahore. Ginger possesses a noticeable antimicrobial activity which was confirmed by checking the susceptibility of different strains of bacteria and fungus by measuring the zone of inhibition. In the light of several socioeconomic factors of Pakistan mainly poverty and poor hygienic condition, present study encourages the use of spices as alternative or supplementary medicine to reduce the burden of high cost, side effects and progressively increasing drug resistance of pathogens.International Current Pharmaceutical Journal, June 2015, 4(7): 405-409

Herbal medicines are used by traditional healers since hundreds of years, and medicinal plants are imperative reserve for traditional and herbal industry. This practice is in vogue since ancient times. Over 80,000 species of plants are used globally for their medicinal uses. Boerhaavia diffusa is one of the distinguished medicinal plants used to treat large number of human ailments. The plant in whole or its parts (aerial parts and roots) have abundant medicinal properties and are used by common and ethnic people for their common ailments. The investigated and reported pharmacological and therapeutic properties of B. diffusa include laxative and immunomodulatory activities, cancer chemo-preventive efficacy, inhibition of tumorigenesis, antioxidant activity, hepatoprotective activity, hypoglycemic activity, antifungal, anti-proliferative, anti-estrogenic, analgesic, potent anti-i¬brinolytic, antibacterial activity, anticonvulsant activity, diuretic, spasmolytic activity, anti-stress and dyspepsia. It has been studied with keen interest due to its promising medicinal values in phytochemical and pharmacological research field. The objective of this review on B. diffusa is to sum up plant morphology, chemical compositions, ethno-medicinal uses with a scope of development in future. The manifold benefits of B. diffusa has made it a true miracle of nature. Key words: Boerhaavia diffusa, antioxidant, hepatoprotective, hypoglycemic, antifungal, anti-proliferative, anti-estrogenic, analgesic, antibacterial.

Eco-friendly and bio-friendly plant based commodities have recently been given consideration for the avoidance and treatment of various human infections including microbial diseases throughout the world. Cardiospermum halicacabum L. belonging to family Sapindaceae is a herbaceous plant, extensively dispersed in tropical and subtropical areas of world. It grows in plains of Africa, America, Bangladesh, India and Pakistan. The herb is pubertal or glabrous, yearly or perpetually having a slim twig that climbs by tendrillar hooks. Leaves are ternate bicomponent and leaflets acuminate at top. The roots, leaves and seeds of herb are employed as herbal medication.The presence of flavones, aglycones, triterpenoids, glycosides, variety of fatty acids and volatile esters are confirmed by phytochemical screening. Secondary metabolites present include alkaloids, carbohydrates, proteins, saponins lignin, steroids, and cardiac glycosides. β-arachidic acid, apigenin, apigenin-7-O-glucuronide, chrysoeriol-7-Oglucuronide and 80 luteolin-7-O-glucuronide along with two crystalline compounds beta-sitosterol and beta-D-glycoside. Acetic acid, 1,6,10-Dodecatriene, 7,11,dimethyl-3- methylene-(E)-, phenol, 2,6-bis (1,1-dimethylethyl)-4-methylmethylcarbamate, 3-O-methyl-d-glucose, 1,14Tetradecanediol, 3,7,11,15-Tetramethyl-2-hexadecen-1-ol, phytol, pseudoephedrine, 2-propenamide were also recognized in ethanolic extract. The plant possess activities like antimicrobial, antifungal, antiparasitic, antidiarrheal, anxiolytic, rubifacient, antipyretic and management of painful, arthritic inflammatory conditions. Further investigations are needed to assess its isolated mode of action on various activities.

The microbial and chemical analysis of illicit drug samples from different areas of Pakistan i.e. Quetta, Karachi, Lahore and Islamabad was conducted in a cross-sectional study at National Institute of Health, Islamabad. The drug samples were confiscated by Anti Narcotics Force (ANF), Pakistan. Microbial analysis was done by estimating bioburden which revealed the presence of gram negative and positive bacteria's, fungus, Streptococcus, Staphylococcus species. Trypton soya agar was used for total aerobic count, MacConkey agar for gram-negative bacteria, Sabouraud dextrose agar for fungus and Vogel-Johnson agar for Streptococcus and Staphylococcus species. Colour tests were applied to identify the drug samples. Qualitative and quantitative analysis of suspected samples of Heroin, morphine, cocaine and acetic anhydride was made by employing different chromatographic techniques i.e. Thin-layer chromatography (TLC) and High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The samples were found to be adulterated with paracetamol, diazepam and Dextromethorphen. Acetic anhydride was adulterated with hydrochloric acid (HCl). There is lack of information providing structured advice on responses to the consequences of illicit drug adulteration. Robust and rehearsed interventions and communication strategies would provide a basis for response for a wide variety of organisations. Research into the usefulness of media warnings about adulteration of illicit drugs is required.

Irrational drug use practices are a burden to healthcare facilities. Poor prescribing practices affect the overall management and cost of treatment of non-communicable diseases that are the major cause of mortality and morbidity worldwide. In an effort to improve prescribing practices, this study was designed to assess prescribing, consultation and facility indicators in healthcare facilities of Punjab and Sindh provinces of Pakistan from December 2012 to December 2013. In this cross-sectional study, random and convenient sampling were used to collected data from both private and public healthcare facilities. Quantitative data were collected using structured questionnaire, observations and prescription analysis, whereas qualitative information on factors influencing prescribing practices was obtained by interviewing medical practitioners. A total of 13693 prescriptions were obtained from 500 patient-prescriber encounters. Results show that history taking, physical examination and diagnoses were adequate while generic prescribing was four-fold less than drugs prescribed by brands. Average number of drugs prescribed was 4.63 with more prescribing tendency in private facilities. 45.07% prescription costs were less than Rs. 150. Sulfonylureas, statins and ACE inhibitors were highly prescribed drugs for diabetes, hyperlipidemia and hypertension. Prescribing practices were dominantly influenced by severity of disease (73% Punjab; 81% Sindh), patient age (75% Punjab; 68% Sindh) and availability of drugs (62% Punjab; 56% Sindh) whereby 91% practitioners in Sindh and 52% in Punjab rely on medical representatives as the source of drug information. Moreover, the pharmacy and therapeutic committees in all facilities were non-functional along with non-availability of essential drug list in 87% health facilities. Thus, there are considerable opportunities to improve the rational use of medicines in Pakistan including low prices for generics, physician education, prescribing guidelines and formularies.

This article describes the isolation of seven new solvates of cholesterol using solvents of varying carbon chain length and overall size from propanol through to phenylethanol. The structural similarities that exist between these novel solid forms and also those cocrystals and solvates already observed are discussed.

Introduction: The aim of the current study was to determine the angiogenic/anti-angiogenic effect of Naproxen Sodium and to determine the effective dose of NapS for angiogenesis. Method: Fertilized eggs (5days old) of chicken were acquired from a local hatchery. They were incubated at 37oC with humidity of 55-60%. Then, on the 5th day of incubation, a window about 2cm in diameter was created by removing the shell and then the inner shell membrane. It was done under aseptic environment. There were 5 groups designed. Group A was kept as control and was given 0.2ml PBS, group B, C, D, and E were given 0.1ml of 0.086g/100μl, 0.042g/100μl, 0.021g/100μl and 0.011g/100μl of Naproxen Sodium (NapS) respectively. On the sixth day, prepared concentrations of NapS were administered and eggs were again sealed with paraffin film under aseptic conditions. These were placed back in the incubator for next 24 hours. After 24 hours, eggs were taken out from the incubator and images of all groups were made using a DSL camera. The development of blood vessels and other features were observed using Adobe Photoshop version 7.0, then these images were transferred to scan probing image processing (SPIP) software 6.6.2. The diameters of different blood vessels were measured by using expert design software. The parameters include: the diameter and branching system of blood vessels measured as per mm, and categories of blood vessels; i.e., primary, secondary and tertiary blood vessels. Data were analyzed on SPSS statistical software version 22.0 using ANOVA. Dunnett’s test was applied considering P < 0.05 as significant. Result: Application of Naproxen sodium on chorioallantoic membrane of day six of incubation showed angiogenic effects in high concentration and anti-angiogenic effect in low concentration. Outcomes indicated significant changes in CAM’s design, thinning of primary, secondary and tertiary blood vessels, reduction in surface roughness parameters, and decrease in Abbott curve. Conclusion: The substantial quantities of Naproxen sodium use locally may exhibit anti-angiogenic activity in the same manner those seen in vitro and explain its clinical efficacy.

Purpose: To develop modified release microcapsules of flurbiprofen for sustained release and reduced gastrointestinal side effects. Method: A co-polymer containing Eudragit RS 100 and hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) in different drug/co-polymer ratios was used for microencapsulation of flurbiprofen by modified emulsion solvent evaporation (MESE) technique. The microcapsules were evaluated by x-ray diffraction (XRD), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), Fourier transform infra-red spectroscopy (FTIR) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Dissolution study was conducted in 0.1 M HCl for 2 h and phosphate buffer (pH 7.4) for 8 h, and the resulting data were analyzed by various pharmacokinetic models. Results : The data obtained from pre-formulation confirmed the purity of flurbiprofen. Particle size, flow rate and angle of repose showed good flow properties. FTIR and DSC confirmed the absence of incompatibilities among the drug and polymers. XRD of flurbiprofen showed characteristic sharp peaks confirming the crystalline nature of the drug which, however, decreased slightly in the formulation. SEM revealed that microencapsules of spherical shape and rough surface were produced at lower drug to copolymer ratio in contrast to the higher ratio which produced irregular microcapsules. Encapsulation efficiency was 65 - 85 % while regression coefficient (R2) values from kinetic analysis showed thatrelease followed Korsmeyer-Peppas model with “n” > 1 indicating release mechanism followed super case II transport. Conclusion : MESE technique using Eudragit RS 100/HPMC polymer blend is a suitable approach to development of modified release flurbiprofen microcapsules. Keywords: Microcapsules, Eudragit RS-100, Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, Emulsion solvent evaporation, Flurbiprofen, Sustained drug release