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Objective The remarkable adaptability to the environment, high growth rate, meat with good taste and aroma, and ornamental appearance of the Pradu Hang Dam (PDH) and Samae Dam (SD) chickens make them valuable for improvement of poultry production to enhance food security. However, despite their close phenotypic similarity, distinct classification of PDH and SD chickens remains controversial. Thus, this study aimed to clarify genetic origins and variation between PDH and SD chickens, genetic diversity and structures of PDH and SD chickens. Methods This study analyzed 5 populations of PDH and 2 populations of SD chickens using 28 microsatellite markers and compared with those of other indigenous and local chicken breeds using Thailand’s “The Siam Chicken Bioresource Project” database. Results Considerably high genetic variability was observed within PDH (370 total alleles; 4.086±0.312 alleles/locus) and SD chickens (179 total alleles; 3.607±0.349 alleles/locus). A partial overlap of gene pools was observed between SD chickens from the Department of Livestock, Uthai Thani (SD1) and PDH chickens, suggesting a potentially close relationship between the two chicken breeds. A gene pool that partially overlapped with that of the red junglefowl was observed in the SD chicken population from the Sanhawat Farm Uthai Thani population (SD2). Distinct subclusters were observed within SD chickens, indicating the possibility that genetic differentiation occurred early in the process of establishment of SD chickens. Conclusion These findings could offer valuable insights into genetic verification of Thai local chicken breeds and their sustainable conservation and utilization.

The Ewing sarcoma family of tumors (ESFT) stands for a group of rare and aggressive malignancies consisting of high grade poorly differentiated small round blue cells. In our case report, we aim to describe the clinical presentation, diagnosis and the treatment plan for our patient. A 16-year-old girl presented to the ENT outpatient department of the Mayo Hospital Lahore with the complaints of right nasal obstruction, epistaxis from right nose, swelling on the right cheek and headaches. Examination revealed a soft, tender swelling on her right cheek below the right eye. Imaging revealed a heterogeneous opacity in the right nose and right maxillary sinus with erosion of the sinus walls.Very few such cases have been reported in international literature. Being a rare case, our article will add insights to the literature regarding complex clinical presentation, diagnostic evaluation and treatment of the sinonasal Ewing sarcoma.

Mastitis is an inflammatory condition that affects dairy cow’s mammary glands. Traditional treatment approaches with antibiotics are increasingly leading to challenging scenarios such as antimicrobial resistance. In order to mitigate the unwanted side effects of antibiotics, alternative strategies such as those that harness the host immune system response, also known as immunotherapy, have been implemented. Immunotherapy approaches to treat bovine mastitis aims to enhance the cow’s immune response against pathogens by promoting pathogen clearance, and facilitating tissue repair. Various studies have demonstrated the potential of immunotherapy for reducing the incidence, duration and severity of mastitis. Nevertheless, majority of reported therapies are lacking in specificity hampering their broad application to treat mastitis. Meanwhile, advancements in mastitis immunotherapy hold great promise for the dairy industry, with potential to provide effective and sustainable alternatives to traditional antibiotic-based approaches. This review synthesizes immunotherapy strategies, their current understanding and potential future perspectives. The future perspectives should focus on the development of precision immunotherapies tailored to address individual pathogens/group of pathogens, development of combination therapies to address antimicrobial resistance, and the integration of nano- and omics technologies. By addressing research gaps, the field of mastitis immunotherapy can make significant strides in the control, treatment and prevention of mastitis, ultimately benefiting both animal and human health/welfare, and environment health.

Abstract Burn injuries are serious injuries that have a big impact on a person’s health and can even cause death. Incurring severe burns can incite an immune response and inflammation within the body, alongside metabolic changes. It is of utmost importance to grasp the fact that the effects of the burn injury extend beyond the body, affecting the mind and overall well-being. Burn injuries cause long-lasting changes that need to be taken care of in order to improve their quality of life. The intricate process of skin regeneration at the site of a burn wound involves a complex and dynamic interplay among diverse cells, growth factors, nerves, and blood vessels. Exciting opportunities have arisen in the field of stem cells and regenerative medicine, allowing us to explore the development of cell-free-based alternatives that can aid in the treatment of burn injuries. These cell-free-based therapies have emerged as a promising facet within regenerative medicine. Exosomes, also referred to as naturally occurring nanoparticles, are small endosome-derived vesicles that facilitate the delivery of molecular cargo between the cells, thus allowing intercellular communication. The knowledge gained in this field has continued to support their therapeutic potential, particularly in the domains of wound healing and tissue regeneration. Notably, exosomes derived from mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) can be safely administered in the system, which is then adeptly uptaken and internalized by fibroblasts/epithelial cells, subsequently accelerating essential processes such as migration, proliferation, and collagen synthesis. Furthermore, exosomes released by immune cells, specifically macrophages, possess the capability to modulate inflammation and effectively diminish it in adjacent cells. Exosomes also act as carriers when integrated with a scaffold, leading to scarless healing of cutaneous wounds. This comprehensive review examines the role of exosomes in burn wound healing and their potential utility in regeneration and repair. Graphical Abstract

Purpose: This study examines the critical elements that contribute to the effective adoption of educational digital resources (EDRs) in schools, with a focus on school principals and their leadership, from a strategic pedagogical standpoint. Design/methodology/approach: Using survey data from 200 school principals, measurement and structure models are tested through structural equation modeling to quantify the impact between constructs. Findings: The findings indicate that the most important factor influencing how effectively schools are transforming digitally is how beneficial school principals believe EDRs to be. Other important elements include the environment of the school, the technical assistance and service provided for the EDRs, and the professional and personal background of the principal. Practical implications: Principals should be a fundamental component of educational plans for digital transformation, considering things like their age, leadership and teaching experience. Other components include contextual elements like school size, complexity and digital culture. A school principal's ability to promote an open dialogue -- that enables educational communities to view the integration of EDRs into pedagogical models as an opportunity to improve outcomes -- can assist a digital culture transition, rather than via the principal's authority or bureaucratic influence. Originality/value: This research is among the pioneer to study the role of school principals in the UAE towards understanding the direction for digital transformation.

Women's empowerment is an important goal of the educational processes around the world. Women in developing countries need support and motivation for attaining higher education and empowerment. This qualitative-exploratory study sought to explore the perceptions of Pakistani female university academics living inside predominantly patriarchal social structures regarding their motivation for and issues in attaining higher education and empowerment. The study also aimed at understanding the notion of empowerment and areas where women academics have achieved empowered status. The study also investigated women academics' access to higher education, and its impact on their current social positioning in a traditional social setup. A total of 30 purposefully selected women academics from public sector universities in Northwest Pakistan constituted the study sample. The data were collected through semi-structured interviews and were analysed using thematic analysis. The findings revealed that patriarchal social structures in and outside workplaces influence women academics' motivation for higher education and empowerment. However, some motivational factors, including economic stability, professional identity in society, intellectual fulfilment and support of fathers and husbands seemed instrumental in contributing to women academics' pursuits of higher education and attainment of positions in academia.

Abstract Background Treatment cost and high prevalence of Poly Cystic Ovarian Syndrome (PCOS) is a very challenging issue globally. Due to this reason; current study was conducted to determine pharmaco-economy of conventional and non-conventional treatments for the management of PCOS. Methods Prospective Cross-Sectional study was conducted in the metropolitan city of Karachi from January – December 2019. Primary data of 200 PCOS patients were collected from different hospitals and clinics. An instrument was used to collect data pertaining to the direct and indirect cost associated with the disease management. Collected data was analyzed by the tools for cost analysis and software called Statistical Package of Social Sciences (SPSS) – 22. Results In Cost Minimization Analysis (CMA); Allopathic treatment [Mean cost/month: PKR:4479.32 ± 350.95 (USD:27.46 ± 2.15)], Herbal treatment [Mean cost/month: PKR:1527.78 ± 78.15 (USD:9.37 ± 0.48)], Combination treatment [Mean cost/month: PKR:2803.09 ± 654.22 (USD:17.18 ± 4.01)], and Homoeopathic treatment [Mean cost/month: PKR:976.95 ± 46.19 (USD:5.99 ± 0.28)]. Incremental cost/month for Allopathic treatment is 358%, Herbal treatment is 56%, Combination treatment is 187%. In Cost Effectiveness Analysis (CEA); Allopathic treatment (Incremental cost-effectiveness ratio/month: 1334.24), Herbal treatment (Incremental cost-effectiveness ratio/month: 936.41), Combination treatment (Incremental cost-effectiveness ratio/month: 1017.09). Due to lowest cost of Homeopathic treatment, cost of Homeopathic treatment was considered as a threshold value. In-direct cost/month of Allopathic treatment is PKR:593.33 ± 24.00 (USD:3.64 ± 0.15), Herbal treatment is PKR:307.84 ± 26.69 (USD:1.89 ± 0.16), Combination treatment is PKR:409.09 ± 45.63 (USD:2.51 ± 0.28) and Homoeopathic treatment is PKR:300.00 ± 26.39 (USD:1.84 ± 0.16). Conclusion The most cost-effective is treatment is Homeopathic; Herbal treatment is second most cost-effective option for the treatment of PCOS. Lowest direct and indirect costs and short treatment duration collaboratively lessen the %incremental cost per year and incremental cost effectiveness ratio per year.

Understanding the influence of crop management practices on maize yield is crucial amidst the changing environmental conditions. Smallholder farming in tropical regions has long puzzled decision-makers in terms of maize management. Balancing alternative management practices, environmental factors, and economic outcomes is essential. In this study, we examine the relationships between maize yield and various factors including climate variables, soil quality parameters, cultivars, tillage practices, and fertilizer usage in Chiapas, Mexico. Pearson's correlation coefficient and T-test were employed to determine the statistical significance of the correlations. Our findings reveal strong positive associations between maize yields and factors such as planting, cultivar, vapor pressure, temperature, solar radiations and fertilizer inputs for nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium in lower elevation farms. Conversely, there is a negative correlation with elevation, slope, and system. Extensive data analysis was conducted to investigate the impact of different crop management practices on yield, utilizing both data visualization and analytics. Additionally, maize yield prediction was performed using six hybrid machine learning (ML) models, employing Grid Search and Random Search optimization techniques. Based on evaluation, Grid Search-based XGBoost exhibited the most accurate prediction results. Furthermore, explainable artificial intelligence (XAI) was employed to assess the individual impact of each input parameter on the ML model output.

AbstractFiber-reinforced polymer composites (FRPs) experience exposure to diverse environments throughout their intended design life. Investigating the aging process of FRPs immersed in water is crucial for enhancing the material’s durability. In this study, glass fiber, bamboo fiber, nanoclay and epoxy composites are produced using the hand lay-up process. Tensile and flexural tests are performed in adherence to ASTM standards. The water uptake percentage of soaked specimens is computed, and a comparison is drawn between the results of dry and water-immersed composite specimens. Water-soaking condition negatively affects all the composites. Water-soaked specimens exhibit lesser tensile and flexural strengths than dry specimens by 7.4–14.8% and 7–13.6%, respectively. The addition of nanoclay further improves the tensile and flexural strengths of epoxy and all composites by 6–11%. Water uptake (%) and water-soaking effects on the strength of composites decline when nanoclay is added. The addition of nanoclay declines the percentage of reduction of tensile strength from 8.6–14.8% to 7.4–12%. Similarly, the percentage of flexural strength reduction declines from 8–13.6% to 7–11%. The dry and water-soaked specimens’ fracture surfaces (Scanning Electron Microscope [SEM] images) show significant variations.

Platelets are small anucleated cell fragments that ensure the stopping of bleeding. In blood metastasis of cancer, Platelets are essential. One of the most important aspects of cancer metastasis is the interaction between platelets and circulating tumor cells. Platelets are involved in cancer spread and constitute a hazardous collation with the cancer cells. There are various factors involved in hemostasis and thrombosis, which can be activated by several cancer-related stimuli, including extracellular matrix (ECM), adenosine diphosphate (ADP), and Toll-like receptors (TLRs). Furthermore, it has been previously published that platelets build up inside the main tumors, producing growth factors that encourage tumor growth and angiogenesis. Additionally, tumor cells can interact with platelets through aggregation, further protecting cancer cells. Platelets interact both functionally and physically with different types of tumor cells via integrin and other surface receptors. Platelet integrin’s primary function is to maintain platelet adhesion and aggregation at vascular damage sites. Pharmacological treatments that target integrin have been shown to effectively inhibit experimental metastasis. This review paper summarized the recent advances and progress of mechanisms in platelet activation and its interaction with cancer cells in metastasis.

The families Metapelmatidae and Neanastatidae (Hymenoptera, Chalcidoidea) are recorded for the first time from Saudi Arabia based on the presence of Metapelma mirabile Brues, 1906 and Neanastatus africanus Ferrière, 1938, respectively.

Abstract The modulation of the chemical microenvironment surrounding metal nanoparticles (NPs) is an effective means to enhance the selectivity and activity of catalytic reactions. Herein, a post‐synthetic modification strategy is developed to modulate the hydrophobic microenvironment of Ru nanoparticles encapsulated in a metal–organic framework (MOF), MIP‐206, namely Ru@MIP‐Fx (where x represents perfluoroalkyl chain lengths of 3, 5, 7, 11, and 15), in order to systematically explore the effect of the hydrophobic microenvironment on the electrocatalytic activity. The increase of perfluoroalkyl chain length can gradually enhance the hydrophobicity of the catalyst, which effectively suppresses the competitive hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). Moreover, the electrocatalytic production rate of ammonia and the corresponding Faraday efficiency display a volcano‐like pattern with increasing hydrophobicity, with Ru@MIP‐F7 showing the highest activity. Theoretical calculations and experiments jointly show that modification of perfluoroalkyl chains of different lengths on MIP‐206 modulates the electronic state of Ru nanoparticles and reduces the rate‐determining step for the formation of the key intermediate of N2H2*, leading to superior electrocatalytic performance.

Although environmental turbulence poses significant challenges for small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs), it also offers opportunities for them to thrive and compete. Scholars generally acknowledge the effectiveness of dynamic capabilities (DCs) and artificial intelligence (AI) applications in responding quickly to market uncertainties; however, their impact on boosting firm performance during real-time environmental turbulence requires further investigation. To address this gap, this study examined the influence of environmental turbulence on SME innovation using AI applications and DCs and how new opportunities can be leveraged to maintain a competitive advantage. This study adopted a quantitative approach, and survey data were collected from 487 managers and owners of SMEs that implemented DCs and AI during real-time environmental turbulence. The results indicate that the elements of environmental turbulence influence SMEs’ implementation of both DCs and AI, acting as mediators between disruptive elements and enhancing firm performance during challenging times. The theoretical and practical implications of these findings are discussed in depth.

Abstract Stereotactic radiotherapy is a term collectively used to describe the radiation treatment techniques that allow for the delivery of highly precise ionizing radiation. It is usually a high dose per session in single or few fractions. This treatment approach has been in medical use for over six decades and has primarily evolved in the last two decades. Many patients benefit from this unique non‐conventional radiotherapy approach. Its indications include various malignant, benign and functional problems in cranial and body sites. This technique is not widespread in developing countries compared to developed countries. This work is an educational narrative review for learners in radiation oncology. We aim to share the knowledge of this practice to improve precision radiation oncology globally. This review summarizes the basics of stereotactic radiotherapy, the technical prerequisites, the clinical considerations, the practical recommendations and the learning points from each site‐specific region.

Abstract Background The fit between an intervention and its local context may affect its implementation and effectiveness. Researchers have stated that both fidelity (the degree to which an intervention is delivered, enacted, and received as intended) and adaptation to the local context are necessary for high-quality implementation. This study describes the implementation of an audit and feedback (AF)-based intervention to improve transition to type 1 diabetes adult care, at five sites, in terms of adaptation and fidelity. Methods An audit and feedback (AF)-based intervention for healthcare teams to improve transition to adult care for patients with type 1 diabetes was studied at five pediatric sites. The Framework for Reporting Adaptations and Modifications to Evidence-based Implementation Strategies (FRAME-IS) was used to document the adaptations made during the study. Fidelity was determined on three different levels: delivery, enactment, and receipt. Results Fidelity of delivery, receipt, and enactment were preserved during the implementation of the intervention. Of the five sites, three changed their chosen quality improvement initiative, however, within the parameters of the study protocol; therefore, fidelity was preserved while still enabling participants to adapt accordingly. Conclusions We describe implementing a multi-center AF-based intervention across five sites in Ontario to improve the transition from pediatric to adult diabetes care for youth with type 1 diabetes. This intervention adopted a balanced approach considering both adaptation and fidelity to foster a community of practice to facilitate implementing quality improvement initiatives for improving transition to adult diabetes care. This approach may be adapted for improving transition care for youth with other chronic conditions and to other complex AF-based interventions. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov NCT03781973. Registered 13 December 2018. Date of enrolment of the first participant to the trial: June 1, 2019.

A low-cost adsorbent developed from unmodified Azadirachta indica leaves was used for adsorptive removal of the Congo Red dye from an aqueous medium. The adsorbent was characterized by the Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) techniques. For optimization of operational parameters such as dye concentration, solution pH, adsorbent dose, contact time, and temperature, batch adsorption experiments were performed. It was found that for neem leaves powder (NLP), the optimum conditions were as follows: adsorbent dose of 0.8 g, contact time of 100 min having a solution with pH value of 5, adsorbate initial concentration of 40 ppm at temperature 60 °C where maximum amount of dye, i.e., 84%, removal was observed. The process followed pseudo-first-order kinetics, which reveals physical adsorption. According to isothermal investigations, sorption data were best fit with the Freundlich isotherm model. Thermodynamically, the adsorption of the Congo Red dye by the neem leaf powder was exothermic. Furthermore, the mechanistic removal of the Congo Red dye by the NLP has been explored with the help of the surface complex formation (PHREEQC) mechanism. Overall, the results of the study explore the promising nature of NLP for Congo Red dye removal. HIGHLIGHTS Providing clean water to the population is one of humanity's main challenges.; Adsorption is one of the most cost-effective and promising techniques for dye removal from polluted water.; 84% of Congo Red dye removal takes place at optimized conditions.; Isotherm, kinetic, and thermodynamics were studied.; The promising nature of the developed system was checked with tap water.;

Background: Cancer remains a significant global health concern, with colorectal cancer (CRC) showing a rising incidence, particularly among younger populations. Most CRC cases are linked to a complex interplay of genetic and environmental factors. The cytochrome P450 (CYP) superfamily, including enzymes like CYP2A13 and CYP2A6, plays a vital role in metabolizing environmental carcinogens such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and nitrosamines. Polymorphisms in these genes, alongside phase II glutathione-S-transferases (GSTs) involved in detoxification, can influence individual cancer risk. This study focuses on the association between these genetic polymorphisms and CRC risk in the Jammu & Kashmir, population, a region with high exposure to dietary and lifestyle-related carcinogens. Methodology: This hospital-based case-control study was conducted at the Sher-I-Kashmir Institute of Medical Sciences (SKIMS), Srinagar, J&K, India between March 2019 and March 2022. The study included 246 histopathologically confirmed colorectal cancer (CRC) cases, and an equal number of matched controls based on age (±5 years), gender, and place of residence. Blood samples were collected for DNA extraction, followed by genotyping of xenobiotic-metabolizing enzyme (XME) genes, including CYP2A13, CYP2A6, and GSTs using standard PCR-RFLP and multiplex PCR methods. Statistical analyses were performed using STATA software to assess the association between gene polymorphisms and CRC risk. Results: The study revealed key associations between genetic and environmental factors and CRC risk. The analysis demonstrated that cases had significantly lower education levels than controls. Family history of cancer, smoking, and dietary factors like red meat and salt tea consumption were more prevalent among cases. Genetic analysis identified significant interactions between various CYP and GST genotypes, and environmental factors such as smoking, pesticide exposure, and diet, with varying effects on CRC risk. Conclusion: The research underscores the influence of genetic and environmental factors on colorectal cancer (CRC) risk. Lower educational was associated with a heightened risk of CRC. Certain genotype variants of xenobiotic metabolizing enzymes (XME) were found to increase CRC risk, particularly in conjunction with smoking, pesticide exposure, and sun-dried vegetable consumption. A family history of cancer, especially CRC, further amplified the risk. These findings emphasize the importance of developing personalized CRC prevention and screening strategies that account for gene-environment interactions.

Detecting facial expressions is a challenging task in the field of computer vision. Several datasets and algorithms have been proposed over the past two decades; however, deploying them in real-world, in-the-wild scenarios hampers the overall performance. This is because the training data does not completely represent socio-cultural and ethnic diversity; the majority of the datasets consist of American and Caucasian populations. On the contrary, in a diverse and heterogeneous population distribution like the Indian subcontinent, the need for a significantly large enough dataset representing all the ethnic groups is even more critical. To address this, we present InFER++, an India-specific, multi-ethnic, real-world, in-the-wild facial expression dataset consisting of seven basic expressions. To the best of our knowledge, this is the largest India-specific facial expression dataset. Our cross-dataset analysis of RAF-DB vs InFER++ shows that models trained on RAF-DB were not generalizable to ethnic datasets like InFER++. This is because the facial expressions change with respect to ethnic and socio-cultural factors. We also present LiteXpressionNet, a lightweight deep facial expression network that outperforms many existing lightweight models with considerably fewer FLOPs and parameters. The proposed model is inspired by MobileViTv2 architecture, which utilizes GhostNetv2 blocks to increase parametrization while reducing latency and FLOP requirements. The model is trained with a novel objective function that combines early learning regularization and symmetric cross-entropy loss to mitigate human uncertainties and annotation bias in most real-world facial expression datasets.

An overview of the family Leucospidae (Hymenoptera, Chalcidoidea) is provided for the leucospid fauna of the Arabian Peninsula. Two genera containing four species are identified based on morphometrics and colour patterns. One species, Leucospis ayezae Usman, Anwar & Ahmad, sp. nov., is described. Leucospis elegans Klug had been previously recorded from Arabia Felix (= Yemen) and is recorded here for the first time from Saudi Arabia. The status of Leucospis aff. namibica from Yemen has been clarified, and this species is placed here in the genus Micrapion Kriechbaumer as M. clavaforme Steffan. An updated key and a map showing the distribution of the family Leucospidae in the Arabian Peninsula is provided. The occurrence and color morphs of all leucospid species that have been recorded so far from the region are briefly discussed.

Background: An adverse drug reaction (ADR) is defined as a harmful or unpleasant reaction due to the use of a drug and may cause different types of effects, such as side effects. The World Health Organization states that adverse drug effects are a response to harmful and unintended medicine and occur at doses normally used in men for the prevention, diagnosis, or therapy of disease or for modifying physiological function. Aims and Objectives: The objective of the study was ADR monitoring of commonly prescribed antimicrobial agents. Materials and Methods: The study was conducted at Rama Hospital and the Research Center Mandhana Kanpur. Data were collected from the patients attending the outpatient and inpatient departments (OPD and IPD) of the medicine departments during the study period at Rama Hospital Mandhana, Kanpur. The sample size was a total of 60 patients. The study duration was conducted for 1 year. Data were collected by analyzing OPDs and IPDs in the Department of Medicine. Results: There are different types of adverse drug effects; we observed only three types of adverse drug effects in this study. The most commonly observed ADR was type A (56.66%). Out of the total ADRs reported in antimicrobial agents, skin ADRs (42.02%) and gastrointestinal tract ADRs (57.97%) are higher. There are also three different types of severity conditions observed in patients prescribed antimicrobial drugs; among them, the most commonly observed severity conditions were mild (58.33%). Conclusion: These study findings suggest that antimicrobial drugs are generally safe for most patients but can cause mild ADRs. It is important to monitor patients for ADRs while taking antimicrobial drugs and to provide appropriate treatment if necessary. Pharmacovigilance programs can help to identify and monitor ADRs, which can lead to improved patient safety.

This systematic review focuses on issues and challenges related to pre-service English teachers (PSETs) in Malaysia for the past decade. Even though improving English language teachers' quality is a primary agenda in the Malaysian Education Blueprint 2013-2025, review studies documenting the recent issues and developments of pre-service teachers who are just joining the teaching profession are still lacking. Combining Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) with published review guidelines, the review utilised seven databases to look for current research. Subsequently, the final search yielded twenty articles for the qualitative synthesis using ATLAS.ti. It has been determined that the PSETs in Malaysia experience issues and challenges in terms of: (1) teaching competency; (2) professional development; (3) support; (4) the disparity between theories and classroom practices; (5) classroom management; and (6) transition stage in becoming a teacher. This study concludes that future teacher education needs to prepare trainee teachers to be more resilient and adaptable to new environments, challenges and unforeseen circumstances. Finally, several recommendations were highlighted for further studies.