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Potassium and sulphur are macronutrient and important for improving the growth, yield as well as quality of legume species but unfortunately are being fully ignored in the farmer's field for lentil cultivation. Due to their deficiency, yield of lentil crop has decreased up to the marked levels. The performance of five lentil genotypes namely GS-6, GS-10, P-14216, P-14223 and NVUT-E3 was evaluated against different potassium and sulphur levels i.e. K-S = 00-00, K-S = 30-15, K-S = 60-30 kg ha-1 at the experimental fields of Pulse Research Sub-Station, Tandojam. The results indicated a significant (P?0.05) impact of potassium and sulphur on lentil genotypes for all measured traits. The growth and yield traits of all genotypes were enhanced as the potassium and sulphur levels were increased. The highest growth and yield traits were recorded when the plants were treated with K-S = 60-30 kg ha-1. The control plots showed lower performance. Among the genotypes, GS-10 responded well as compared to other genotypes. While the performance of genotype NVUT-E3 was observed lower. It was concluded that potassium and sulphur at the rate of 60-30 kg ha-1 proved best for producing higher yields, while genotype GS-10 exhibited maximum results in all growth and yield traits. Keywords: Interactive impact, Potassium, Sulphur, Lentil Genotypes, Growth, Yield.

Potassium (K) comes under a category of major plant nutrients and is essentially required for plant to complete its life cycle. It is involved in promoting the growth yield and quality of most crops. There are confusions regarding applying accurate potassium dose and investigating the performance of two mungbean cultivars under potassium applications, an experimental trial was laid down at the research area of Pulse Research Sub-Station, Tandojam to determine the performance of two mungbean (AEM-96 and C-23) cultivars in the presence of five potassium applications i.e., 00, 20, 30, 40, and 50 kg K ha-1. The outcomes from the study showed that each trait was significantly improved by increasing the applications of potassium. A significant (P≤0.05) improvement in the growth parameters (Plant height and branches per plant), yield attributes (pods per plant, seeds per pod, seed weight per plant and 1000-seed weight) and yield traits (seed yield and biological yield) was observed in both cultivars under the application of 50 kg K ha-1. While both cultivars showed similar lower performance in accordance with control (00 kg K ha-1) plots. From cultivars, AEM-96 produced best results as compared to C-23 for each trait on each potassium level. In this regard, mungbean cultivar AEM-96 with 50 kg K ha-1 was recommended for cultivation to obtain good growth and yield performance.

Introduction:Trauma has become the major health care challenge, with abdomen being the third most commonly involved region of the body. Gastrointestinal tract injuries require prompt attention owing to potential for sepsis, caused either by blunt or penetrating injuries. Blunt trauma usually affects solid organs while as penetrating trauma mostly affects Gastrointestinal tract, commonly ileum, jejunum, colon, etc Material and methods:The patients with traumatic gastrointestinal perforation resulting from both blunt as well as penetrating trauma, were identified based on clinical presentation like pain abdomen, vomiting, fever, distension of abdomen, tenderness and supportive radiological evidences. The patients were examined and resuscitated and data was collected and organized according to the following categories: age, gender, clinical presentation, mode of trauma, duration of injury prior to admission/ presentation, radiological assessment, diagnosis, anatomical location. Results:Maximum patients were found to be in the age group of 21-40 years, with male preponderance. RTA (50%) was the most common mode of trauma, with Ileum (61.36%) being the most commonly involved site of GI tract. Conclusion:Traumatic GIT injuries is on the rise, mainly among young males with RTA being the most common mode of trauma. &nbsp

Introduction:Liver abscess comprises 48% of all the visceral abscesses.Liver abscess is broadly divided into amoebic and pyogenic liver abscess with majority of the amoebic etiology in developing countries and pyogenic in developed countries. Early detection and localization secondary to advancements in CT and ultrasonography (US) advanced the treatment of pyogenic liver abscess considerably. Nowadays percutaneous treatment of pyogenic liver abscess whether single or multiple abscesses has become the standard of care. In addition, endoscopic and laparoscopic option for drainage in patients who are not responsive to antibiotic treatment have been explored with good outomes. Results: In our study, mean age of patients was 46.37 +- 17.93, Our youngest patient was 19 years of age and elder most was 80 years of age. 53.33% (24) patients were males and 46.67% (21) were females. 37 (82.22%) had high-grade fever. Majority i.e., 15/45 patients (33.33%) showed growth of Escherichia coli after 48 hours of inoculation. Streptococcus was other major group, growth was present in 24.44% of patients, in ten out of 45 patients (i.e., 22.22%), no growth was seen after 48 hours of inoculation. Klebsiellas and staph aureus was seen in five (11.11%) and four (8.89%) patients respectively. Majority 23/45 of our patients were managed by pigtail drainage i.e., 51.11%. 17/45 patients were managed by IV followed by oral antibiotics making this category of patients 37.77% of our total sample population. Open surgical drainage was done in four patients (8.88%), two out of them were directly taken for surgical intervention and other two after failure of pigtail drainage. Only one patient had to undergo Usg guided pigtail drainage after failure of IV antibiotic therapy. Conlusions: Hepatic abscesses are a relatively rare occurrence, but an important health problem nonetheless. Slight male preponderance as compared to female population. Percutaneous catheter drainage is safe and effective treatment option than minimal invasive/open surgical procedure, and is the most reliable and effective means of management.

The male-produced aggregation pheromones of the western flower thrips (WFT), Frankliniella occidentalis(Pergande), are seductive to both female and male conspecifics. In order to increase virus transmission, the Tomato spotted wilt orthotospovirus(TSWV) has changed every aspect of its vector behaviour. Prior to this, our findings demonstrated that TSWV changed the mating habits of F. occidentalis. Here, we examined the impact of TSWV on female F. occidentalis pheromone production and sensitivity to male scents. On solid-phase microextraction fibers, headspace volatiles were analysed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The findings revealed that there were three main constituents: (R)-lavandulyl acetate, neryl (S)-2-methylbutanoate, and two additional constituents, n-Hexadecane and n-Heneicosane. However, there were no appreciable differences in the amount of these chemicals produced in the volatiles between the susceptible and resistant strains with TSWV infectious status. Because of their pathogenic character, female predilection for male odours has diminished according to a Y-olfactometer study. The production of pheromones and the behaviour of viruliferous females toward male odours were both affected by TSWV infection, it can be concluded.

INTRODUCTION: Hydatid disease, commonly known as cystic echinococcosis (CE), is a parasitic infestation caused by the atworm Echinococcus granulosus. Abdominal pain is the most common symptom in hepatic hydatidosis, followed by a palpable mass and jaundice. The aim of this study was to determine the clinical presentation of abdominal hydatidosis in adults > 18 years of age. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This prospective study was conducted in Government Medical College Srinagar over a period of two years. This study included 30 patients after meeting inclusion and exclusion criteria. RESULTS: In our study, the most popular age group involved in this disease was 21-30 years (50%). The mean age in our study was 31.1±12.38 with range of 18-75years. . Most of our patients were women aged 18 years (60%) with a male to female ratio of 1:1.5. In our study, a correlation with dogs or cattle was observed in 6 cases (20%). In our study, the majority of patients presented with abdominal pain (80%). The majority of patients had no prodormal symptoms (53.3%). The most commonly affected organ in our study was the liver (93.3%), with the right lobe of the liver being affected in 71.4% (20) of cases. In our study, a single cyst was found in 25 cases (83.3%). All patients were treated surgically and did well with no major complications. CONCLUSION: Hydatid disease can occur in any age group. The liver is the most commonly affected organ, with abdominal pain being the most common complaint

Wheat yellow rust (YR) caused by Puccinia striiformis is lethal for the leaf photosynthetic process, which substantially affects yield components and ultimately causes drastic yield reduction. The current study aimed to identify all-stage YR resistance linked QTLs in the best cross-combination. Experimental materials were phenotyped for disease severity in YR-hot spot area at Cereal Crops Research Institute, Pirsabak Pakistan in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province in 2019 and 2020 and 2020 and 2021 Rabi seasons. The AN179 × KS17 was found to be the best cross combination, which showed high resistance to YR, whereas crosses AN179 × PK15 and PR129 × PK15 demonstrated susceptibility to YR with high disease severity. The recombinant inbred lines (RIL) F2 wheat population Annong-179/Khaista-17 demonstrated highly desirable YR resistance and yield component traits. Simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers were used to genotype the RIL population and their parents. Three novel QTLs linked to all-stage YR resistance were found on chromosomes 2BS, 3BS and 6BS, which explained 1.24, 0.54, and 0.75 phenotypic variance, respectively. Incorporation of the newly identified novel YR-resistance associated QTLs into hybridization wheat breeding program could be effective for marker-assisted selection of the improved and sustainable resistance.

With the global coronavirus pandemic in its second year world has recorded over 160 million instances of COVID-19 cases, with nearly 2% of global fatality. This paper presents the study conducted at secondary care hospital of union territory of JK.A retrospective study was conducted at District Hospital Pulwama, a secondary care hospital from Feb. 2020 to ending 2020 in which we included 985 RT-PCR confirmed COVID-19 cases.A total of 985 patients was included, among them 58.37% were symptomatic, 41.63% were asymptomatic and 23.65% were having underlying comorbidities. Among symptomatic patients fatigue [74.42% females; 68.35% males], cough [73.02% females; 67.67% males] and fever [62.62% males; 56.11% females] were the most common symptoms. Hypertension [67.67% males; 66.33% females], T2DM [36.36% males; 36.34% females] and COAD [32.65% males; 39.56% females] were the common comorbidities among symptomatic patients. New-onset hyperglycaemia was observed in 0.86% of symptomatic patients. CRP and D-Dimer were present above the normal value in 14.60% and 14.43% of symptomatic patients respectively. 14 patients [1.46%] expired during the study period, among them, 42.85% was males and 57.15% were females. HTN [100%], T2DM [98.57%] and COAD [50.00%] was the most common comorbidity among dead patients. Among the expired patients, all(100%) were having hypertension, CRPgt;10 and D-Dimergt;500 followed by T2DM and lymphopenia(78.5%).This retrospective study provides the characteristics of COVID-19 patients in secondary care hospitals of the Union Territory of Jamp;K and highlights the common clinical features along with common co-morbid risk factors along with the presence of laboratory finding one has to take into consideration while treating a COVID-19 patient at a secondary care hospital.

Introduction:Liver abscess comprises 48% of all the visceral abscesses.Liver abscess is broadly divided into amoebic and pyogenic liver abscess with majority of the amoebic etiology in developing countries and pyogenic in developed countries. Early detection and localization secondary to advancements in CT and ultrasonography (US) advanced the treatment of pyogenic liver abscess considerably. Nowadays percutaneous treatment of pyogenic liver abscess whether single or multiple abscesses has become the standard of care. In addition, endoscopic and laparoscopic option for drainage in patients who are not responsive to antibiotic treatment have been explored with good outomes. Results:In our study, mean age of patients was 46.37 +- 17.93, Our youngest patient was 19 years of age and elder most was 80 years of age. 53.33% (24) patients were males and 46.67% (21) were females. 37 (82.22%) had high-grade fever. Majority i.e., 15/45 patients (33.33%) showed growth of Escherichia coli after 48 hours of inoculation. Streptococcus was other major group, growth was present in 24.44% of patients, in ten out of 45 patients (i.e., 22.22%), no growth was seen after 48 hours of inoculation. Klebsiellas and staph aureus was seen in five (11.11%) and four (8.89%) patients respectively. Majority 23/45 of our patients were managed by pigtail drainage i.e., 51.11%. 17/45 patients were managed by IV followed by oral antibiotics making this category of patients 37.77% of our total sample population. Open surgical drainage was done in four patients (8.88%), two out of them were directly taken for surgical intervention and other two after failure of pigtail drainage. Only one patient had to undergo Usg guided pigtail drainage after failure of IV antibiotic therapy. Conlusions:Hepatic abscesses are a relatively rare occurrence, but an important health problem nonetheless. Slight male preponderance as compared to female population. Percutaneous catheter drainage is safe and effective treatment option than minimal invasive/open surgical procedure, and is the most reliable and effective means of management. &nbsp

Introduction:Hydatid disease is a disease that has been known since antiquity and was described by Hippocrates with the particular term Liver filled with water followed by famous Arabian physician Al-rhazes who wrote on hydatid cyst of liver about 1000 years ago. Hydatid disease commonly known as Cystic Echinococcosis (CE) is a parasitic infestation caused by flatworm Echinococcus granulosus.Hydatid disease is characterized by cystic lesions occurring in different parts of body most commonly liver (65%), lungs (15%). Unusual sites of involvement include muscles (5%), bones (5%),kidney (3%), spleen (2%), diaphragm (1%), ovary (0.2%).The peritoneal cavity, thyroid, breast, gall bladder, omentum are rarely involved. Methods:Our study was a prospective observational study conducted in Postgraduate Department of General Surgery, Government Medical College, Srinagar, J&K for a period of 2 years. This study included 30patients after fulfilment of inclusion and exclusion criteria. Ethical clearance was obtained from institutional Ethical Committee. Results:In this study 30 cases of hydatid disease were studied, the most common age group involved in this disease was 21-30 years. . Most of our patients were females 18 cases (60%) and males 12 cases (40%). Male: Female ratio of our study is 1:1.5. Majority of patients presented with abdominal pain 24 cases (80%) followed by vomiting in 5 cases (16.7%), palpable mass was found in 1 case (3.3%) and Jaundice in 1 case (3.3%). Laparoscopic hydatid cystectomy for hydatid liver was done in 10 cases (33.3%). Open hydatid cystectomy was done in 17 cases (56.7%). Conclusion:Hydatid disease can occur in any age group but is seen most commonly in middle age , females, patients belonging to low socioeconomic status and involved in farming. Low socioeconomic status, agricultural activities and association with dogs or cattle were risk factors for the disease. Absence of history of contact with cattle or dogs doesnt rule out the possibility of disease.&nbsp

Objective: To investigate the rate of attendance at Alcohol Tobacco and Other Drug Services (ATODS) for patients discharged from an acute mental health unit with a primary/secondary diagnosis of substance use disorder (SUD); and describe factors, demographics, diagnoses and service provision that relate to their attendance. Method: All inpatients between 1 November 2016 and 31 October 2017 with a diagnosis of SUD were compared for their attendance at ATODS within 30 days of discharge. Other measures included their admission data (e.g. demographics, diagnosis), and indices of their illness severity. Results: Of 1295 admissions for a total of 900 patients, 32.4% of patients had an SUD diagnosis. Only 10.3% of these patients attended ATODS. There were no significant differences by gender, age, indigenous status, illness severity or dual diagnosis intervention during their inpatient stay on attendance. Relative to the SUD-only group, individuals with any psychiatric comorbidity were three–four times less likely to attend ATODS. Conclusion: Despite the ongoing emphasis on dual diagnosis treatment, the rate of engagement with ATODS remains low. Further review is needed to determine whether enhanced information sharing or case management models may improve attendance rates.

The aim of the present study was to evaluate a marketed formulation against chemotherapy-induced cognitive dysfunction. The formulation, Mulmina™, contains natural compounds which are known to help in improving function as well as in preventing cognitive decline. All of the phytoconstituents in the formulation have been tested individually but this is the first study where such a formulation has been evaluated against chemotherapy-induced cognitive decline (CICD) in a mouse model. CICD was induced by cyclophosphamide (50 mg/kg), methotrexate (5 mg/kg), and 5-fluorouracil (5 mg/kg) (CMF), administered intraperitonially. CMF was administered in three cycles, with one injection per week for three weeks. The decline in cognition of the mice was evaluated by a test of locomotor activity (Open Field Test) followed by a test for spatial memory (Morris Water Maze). Biochemical parameters evaluated include brain cytokine levels and BDNF levels via ELISA. Hematological counts were also performed to evaluate any changes in blood profile using a veterinary blood cell counter. Levels of oxidative stress markers with respect to catalase activity and lipid peroxidation were also evaluated in the brain using UV-spectrophotometric analysis. Mulmina™ was able to show significant improvement in cognitive function post chemotherapy when compared to the untreated animals. Apart from improvement in spatial memory, there was also an improvement in biochemical parameters. The particular combination of phytochemicals in Mulmina™ proved themselves successful in alleviating the CICD in this preliminary study and pave a path for future studies which can establish the solid grounds with respect to molecular and pharmacological basis for the mechanism of action of Mulmina™.

Cadmium and barium doped TiO2 nanoparticles and their respective heterostructured nanomaterials (TiO2/ZnO) were successfully synthesized through simple sol-gel and reflux methods respectively. Optical, structural and morphological analysis of as synthesized material were done by using UV-Vis spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infra-red (FT-IR) spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive X-Ray analysis (EDX). The band gap values were calculated from the optical absorption spectra of nanomaterials. The band gap of TiO2 NPs (3.10 eV) was effectively tuned up to 2.82 eV by doping it with different concentrations of cadmium and barium followed by coupling with ZnO nanoparticles. The crystalline nature and phase purity of the materials were confirmed through XRD. Morphological analysis and elemental composition studies were performed with the help of SEM and EDX. Functional groups were detected through FTIR analysis. The nanostructured materials were used in combination with P3HT (as a hole conducting polymer) to fabricate photoactive blend for dye sensitized solar cell. The photovoltaic performances of fabricated device were investigated by using current voltage (I-V) measurements. The results showed that metal doped TiO2 and their respective nano structures (TiO2/ZnO) showed better conversion efficiencies than undoped TiO2. The maximum conversion efficiency (eta) was observed for Pyrocatechol violet sensitized Cd-TiO2/ZnO heterostructured nanomaterial which is 1.84%. The corresponding current density was found to be 13.11 mA/cm(2)., Higher education commission of Pakistan [6169/Federal//NRPU/RD/HEC/16], We are highly thankful to Higher education commission of Pakistan under project No-6169/Federal//NRPU/R&D/HEC/16 for financial support and Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, for providing labo-ratory and other facilities.

Botroclot is a marketed preparation containing hemocoagulase, which is an enzyme having coagulant activity, isolated from the snake Botrops atrox. This formulation is used in dental surgeries and other minor surgical wounds. However, the formulation remains untested in diabetic wounds. Hence, we proposed a study for the topical application of Botroclot in high-fat diet (HFD) + Streptozotocin (STZ) induced diabetic rats. HFD was fed initially to rats which facilitates the development of insulin resistance. Thereafter, an injection of STZ (40 mg/kg, i.p.) was given. This resulted in the development of diabetes with elevated fasting glucose and impaired glucose tolerance. After stabilization of blood glucose values, wounds were created by punch biopsy on the dorsal side of the palm of the rat to mimic the diabetic wounds frequently seen in the case of humans. Later, the application of Botroclot on these wounds was carried out for 15 days. Topical application of hemocoagulase improved the wound closure and there was a gradual decrease in inflammatory markers and a substantial increase in collagen deposition occurred. Histopathological findings indicated the same, with an increase in granulation tissue suggesting that the topical application moderately improves the wound healing in diabetic rats. We conclude that Botroclot can have a mild to moderate effect in improving collagen deposition and thus wound contraction, improving wound closure in diabetic wounds in rats. This study also establishes the basis for exploration of agents from venom-based sources in diabetic wound healing.

Background: Midline incisions have advantage of rapid and wide access to the abdominal cavity with minimal damage to muscles, nerves and the vascular supply of the abdominal wall, hence causing minimal long term morbidity. The techniques of wound closure after midline laparotomy differ among operating surgeons and institutions. Faulty techniques and suture materials used play a crucial role in post-operative wound complications like stich abscess, surgical site infections, wound burst and incisional hernia. Aims: The aim of this study is to assess the outcome of midline abdominal wound closure using small tissue bites versus large tissue bites with reference to surgical site infection and wound dehiscence. Materials and methods: The study is the prospective observational study conducted in the department of general surgery Government Medical College Srinagar. A total of 100 cases were enrolled and studied who underwent midline laparotomy in the elective as well as emergency settings from 2015 to 2018. In 50 patients midline incisions were closed with large tissue bites placed at least 10 mm from the wound edge and 10 mm apart and in another 50 patients small tissue bites were used placed 5 - 7 mm from the wound edge and 5 - 7 mm apart and included only the aponeurosis in the stitches without peritoneum. Results: In all, 100 patients, 50 patients were subjected to large tissue bites and another 50 patients to small tissue bites. 15 patients out of 50 patients (30%) in large tissue bites group and 10 patients (20%) in small tissue bites developed surgical site infection. 8 patients out of 50 patients (16%) in large tissue bites group and 4 patients (8%) in small tissue bites developed wound dehiscence. Conclusion: A total of 100 patients who underwent abdominal surgery through midline incision were divided into two groups. In 50 patients midline wound was closed using large tissue bites and in other 50 patients; small tissue bites was used to close midline incision including only aponeurosis. The research findings show that the small stitch length between 5 to 7 mm depending on the wound site is the ideal stitch length to close a midline incision. However, there was no statistical deference seen in both groups with reference to surgical site infection and wound dehiscence.

The CCS (Carbon Capture and Storage) is one of the significant solutions to reduce CO_2 emissions from fossil fuelled electricity generation plants and minimize the effect of global warming. Economic analysis of CCS technology is, therefore, essential for the feasibility appraisal towards CO_2 reduction. In this paper LCOE (Levelized Cost of Electricity Generation) has been estimated with and without CCS technology for fossil fuel based power plants of Pakistan and also further compared with computed LCOE of WE (Wind Energy) based power plants of the Pakistan. The results of this study suggest that the electricity generation costs of the fossil fuel power plants increase more than 44% with CCS technology as compared to without CCS technology. The generation costs are also found to be 10% further on higher side when considering efficiency penalty owing to installation of CCS technology. In addition, the CO_2 avoided costs from natural gas plant are found to be 40 and 10% higher than the local coal and imported coal plants respectively. As such, the electricity generation cost of 5.09 Rs/kWh from WE plants is found to be competitive even when fossil fuel based plants are without CCS technology, with lowest cost of 5.9 Rs./kWh of CCNG (Combined Cycle Natural Gas) plant. Based on analysis of results of this study and anticipated future development of efficient and cheap WE technologies, it is concluded that WE based electricity generation would be most appropriate option for CO_2 reduction for Pakistan.

Dyspepsia is a common clinical problem and has a great impact on the patient's quality of life. More than half of patients presenting with dyspepsia have no detectable lesion for their symptoms. The common organic causes of dyspepsia include peptic ulcer, esophagitis and cancer. The diagnostic test of choice is endoscopy. Age specific thresholds to trigger endoscopic evaluation may differ by gender, availability of resources and regional disease specific risks.The aim of the study was to determine the prevalence of significant endoscopic lesions in patients presenting with dyspepsia.This was a retrospective study. Data on patients presenting with dyspepsia and scheduled for upper gastrointestinal (UGI) endoscopy between January 2011 and December 2016 was collected.Nine thousand five hundred and twenty five patients with persistent dyspepsia were assessed by Upper GastroIntestinal (UGI) endoscopy. 58.8% were male. The mean age was 41 years. Endoscopy revealed normal findings or miscellaneous irrelevant findings in 6967 patients (73.1%). Significant endoscopic findings were diagnosed in 2558 (26.9%). These included peptic ulcers in 493 patients (5.1%), esophagitis in 560 (5.9%), erosive Gastroduodenitis in 1069 (11.2%), Varices in 40 patients (0.4%) and UGI malignancy in 279 (2.9%).The endoscopic diagnosis of persistent dyspepsia in our setting showed a predominance of functional disease. Every 4th person (26.7%) with persistent dyspepsia had organic lesions whereas UGI malignancy was an uncommon finding. The most frequent significant pathologies included erosive gastroduodenitis, esophagitis and peptic ulcer disease. Patients with recent onset of dyspepsia who are in the age group at risk of gastric malignancy should undergo early endoscopy. UGI endoscopy is simple procedure that can be undertaken for early diagnosis of benign as well as malignant lesions in patient presenting with dyspepsia.

Background: Aim of the study was to study the efficacy and cost-effectiveness of indigenously designed customized vacuum assisted closure (VAC) of wounds in our patients. The management of difficult to heal wounds has been the main force that led to the development of advanced gadgets for their management. The technique of vacuum assisted closure has revolutionized the management of difficult to heal wounds and delivers better results as compared to conventional technique. Our aim was to assess the efficacy and cost effectiveness of customized VAC therapy.Methods: This prospective study was conducted in the department of surgery and allied specialties, GMC Srinagar, from June 2018 and September 2020. During this period, 80 patients were subjected to VAC therapy and were included in this study.Results: VAC dressing was used in 80 patients. 55 were males and 25 were females. Most of the wounds in our study were located over lower limbs (70%). RTA was the most common mode of injury followed by fall from height. After the VAC therapy, 78.8% patients were managed by STSG, 11.3% by flap cover, 6.3% by secondary suturing and 3.8% healed by secondary intention. Pain was experienced by 30% of the patients, 7.5% had hypoalbuminemia, 3.8% had surrounding skin maceration. The average total cost of the VAC therapy was 863.13 (±399.82) Indian rupees (11.76 USD). The mean duration of hospital stay for our patients was 22 days.Conclusions: Customized VAC Therapy has revolutionary potential in the management of the difficult to treat wounds as far as its safety, speed and cost effectiveness is considered especially in a setup of poor income nations like ours.

Background: Acute pancreatitis presents as acute abdominal pain and is usually associated with raised pancreatic enzyme levels in the blood or urine. Aims and objectives of the study was to evaluate the role of serial BUN measurement as an early prognostic marker of acute pancreatitis.Methods: From each patient detailed history was taken, general and systemic examination were done and relevant investigations were conducted. BUN was repeated after 24 hours and the change in the level of BUN was noted. Imaging in the form of CT after 72 hours of admission were performed in each patient. The severity of acute pancreatitis was gauged by modified CTSI and the same was compared to the change in BUN values over first 24 hours of admission.Results: Mean BUN values at ‘0’ hour in severe acute pancreatitis and non-severe acute pancreatitis were 31.91±6.79 and 15.44±5.95 mg/dl, respectively. The difference between the two groups was statistically significant with p value of

Background: Aim of the study was to assess the etiology and determine the chemical composition of gallstones in our population.Methods: This was a prospective observational study conducted at GMC Srinagar from 2018 to 2020. One hundred patients having gall stone disease were enrolled into the study and after cholecystectomy was performed the stones chemical composition was analyzed by fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. The data was collated and analysed.Results: 54 patients had mixed stones with chemical composition of cholesterol, calcium carbonate and calcium bilirubinate; 39 had cholesterol stones and 7 patients had pigmented stone with chemical composition of cholesterol, calcium carbonate and calcium bilirubinate.Conclusions: Our results suggest that cholesterol, either singularly or in combination with calcium carbonate or bilirubin is a common component of gall stones in our population.