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Sukolilo District has 115,855 inhabitants with a population density of 4,897 inhabitants/square kilometers. The increase of population simultaneously increase the rate of waste generation. The increase in the rate of waste generation affects waste collection. Thus, optimization of waste management in operational, technical, and community participation aspects in Sukolilo District, Surabaya City, is needed. The optimization of waste management require to forecast the population, the amount of waste generation, and its effect on the number of waste transportation fleets in the next 10 years. Therefore, this research presented the data in order to solve the issue of waste management. This research is convenienly offered to be one of the major consideration for the Sukolilo District Government in accordance with the waste management issue. Field surveys were conducted to collect data on population, waste generation, and the condition of the waste fleet. Then, the data was analyzed with linear regression model to estimate the total waste generation and waste fleet. The projected population growth in 2030 is 146,054 people. The calculation of the amount of waste generation based on the formula from the Indonesian Ministry of Environment Regulation in 2030 is 26,655 tons/year. Meanwhile based the result of this study, the simple linear regression equation in 2030 is 65,442 tons/year. The increase in waste generation from 2021 to 2030 reached 35,041 tons, with a percentage of 115%. Thus, that, the calculation of the waste fleet requirements for the next 10 years is 40 waste container tanks and 20 arm roll trucks. Population growth in Sukolilo District is in line with the total amount of waste generation. Therefore, it is necessary to add a waste fleet at that location in the next 10 years. The authors suggest that improving the quality and the quantity of the waste fleet is indeed recommended. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) in the environmental sector, namely targeting the community to achieve universal access to clean water and sanitation by 2030 can be met. So it is necessary (WWTP) with considerations of cleanliness, health, and safety. Objective: to review the existence of WWTPs in Indonesia, the quality of existing WWTPs in Indonesia, and the cost of treating WWTPs in Indonesia. Method: comprehensive literature review. The data source used comes from Google Scholar with a time span of 2017-2021. The articles used after the screening process were 17 articles Results:. only 15 provinces have IPAL services, and only 10 provinces have been studied. The quality of WWTP from the parameters studied still does not meet the quality standards set, the cost of WWTP maintenance is relatively cheap. The recommendation given is that it is hoped that WWTP planning will be carried out in locations where there is no WWTP, in order to reduce environmental pollution. It is necessary to check the WWTP equipment at least once every 1-3 months so that the content in the waste is treated optimally and reduces the negative impact on the river. The monthly fee can be increased, but the local government must also supervise the operation of the WWTP. Conclusion: Based on previous research, the BOD and COD parameters still do not meet the quality standards. The cost of WWTP treatment paid by residents with a monthly fee system is still affordable, but the wastewater produced still does not meet the quality standards. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The problem in the small industry of making tempe is that the residual waste from its production is directly discharged into the river without any prior processing. If done continuously will cause various problems to the surrounding environment. Objective: To analyze changes in turbidity, pH, BOD, COD, TSS in the tempewastewater treatment process. Methods: This research is a pre-experimental research. The sample size used in this study was 40 liters of tempeh liquid waste left over from production. The number of samples used in this study was 3 times including before filtration 1 time and after filtration 2 times. Results:. The results showed that turbidity decreased from the value before filtration 1153 NTU to 104 NTU (90.98%) in the second filtration. The pH increased from the value before filtration 4.36 to 9.07 (51.9%) in the second filtration. BOD decreased from the value before filtration 37843 mg/L to 4099 mg/L (89.17%) in the second filtration. COD decreased from the value before filtration 90597 mg/L to 9928 mg/L (89.04%) in the second filtration. TSS decreased from the pre-filtration value of 6,580 mg/L to 364.0 mg/L (94.46%) in the second filtration. Conclusion: There was a change in turbidity, pH, BOD, COD, TSS in the tempe wastewater treatment process. Slow sand filter combined with activated carbon has proven to be an alternative for tempe wastewater treatment. Suggestions that can be given are the role of the government to carry out monitoring by the local DLH to home industries, and industrial owners are advised to make WWTPs in order to reduce the pollution load. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The release of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) from consumer products into an environment has become a central issue for many countries. Despite that the fate and behaviors of AgNPs incorporated into a wastewater have been investigated by building a model of wastewater treatment process, the transport and retention behaviors of AgNPs influenced by the water flow in a river must be understood. The physical model of simulated river to mimic a natural flow of river was proposed to investigate the behaviors of AgNP transport in the river. The results showed that the large amount of AgNPs deposited on the riverbed as Ag sediment with only 1.26% of AgNPs remained in the water flow. The elemental content of Ag freely dispersed across the riverbed increases from the upstream to downstream area of the simulated river. Verification of the spatial distribution of Ag dispersed along the water flow may contribute to a better understanding of the fate and transport of AgNPs in the aquatic environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of antimicrobial food packaging is needed for food preservation and quality maintenance. Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have been widely used as an antimicrobial agent in food packaging technologies. However, the risks associated with their potential migration into foods are a major concern. This paper comprehensively reviews the use of AgNPs in food packaging technologies. The application of AgNPs in food packaging technologies has been regulated by the United States Food and Drug Administration and the European Food Safety Authority. The addition of AgNPs into food packaging can improve their barrier, mechanical, and antibacterial properties, as well as maintain the quality of foods. Migration of AgNPs from food packaging into foods is still a concern as it has implications for human health associated with their toxicity properties. A study on the toxicological properties of AgNPs released from food packaging needs to be carried out intensively to ensure their safety before being widely implemented. Moreover, comprehensive economic evaluation to implement AgNPs in food packaging is needed as such a study is missing in the literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article provides a comprehensive understanding of development of textiles functionalized with silver nanoparticles (AgNPs). There are three established methods to fabricate textiles functionalized with AgNPs, namely, solution‐immersion, layer‐by‐layer deposition, and sonochemical. In addition, several textile types such as cotton, wool, polyester, silk, cotton/polyester blend, polyamide, and regenerated cellulose have been used for the fabrication. The AgNP deposition mechanism on textiles is mainly due to electrostatic interaction between AgNPs and textile constituents. It was exhibited that the deposition of AgNPs on textiles can transform their textiles colors. In addition, it was demonstrated that the deposition of AgNPs on textiles is not permanent, particularly against washing treatment. Textiles modified with AgNPs have several promising applications such as antibacterial, antifungal, catalyst, electronic devices, water treatment, sun protection, air treatment, and surface‐enhanced Raman scattering, which are comprehensively discussed in this article. Future challenges in fabricating textiles functionalized with AgNPs remain on how this can be carried out to improve long‐term stabilization of AgNPs on textiles to achieve their permanent deposition by employing greener approaches. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A rainwater harvesting system (RWHS) was proposed for small and large commercial buildings in Malaysia as an alternative water supply for non-potable water consumption. The selected small and large commercial buildings are AEON Taman Universiti and AEON Bukit Indah, respectively. Daily rainfall data employed in this work were obtained from the nearest rainfall station at Senai International Airport, which has the longest and reliable rainfall record (29 years). Water consumption at both buildings were monitored daily and combined with the secondary data obtained from the AEON's offices. The mass balance model was adopted as the simulation approach. In addition, the economic benefits of RWHS in terms of percentage of reliability (R), net present value (NPV), return on investment (ROI), benefit-cost ratio (BCR), and payback period (PBP) were examined. Effects of rainwater tank sizes and water tariffs on the economic indicators were also evaluated. The results revealed that the percentages of reliability of the RWHS for the small and large commercial buildings were up to 93 and 100%, respectively, depending on the size of rainwater tank use. The economic benefits of the proposed RWHS were highly influenced by the tank size and water tariff. At different water tariffs between RM3.0/m 3 and RM4.7/m 3 , the optimum PBPs for small system range from 6.5 to 10.0 years whereas for the large system from 3.0 to 4.5 years. Interestingly, the large commercial RWHS offers better NPV, ROI, BCR, and PBP compared to the small system, suggesting more economic benefits for the larger system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is the first time to do investigation the reliability and validity of thirty kinetic and isotherm models for describing the behaviors of adsorption of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) onto different adsorbents. The purpose of this study is therefore to assess the most reliable models for the adsorption of AgNPs onto feasibility of an adsorbent. The fifteen kinetic models and fifteen isotherm models were used to test secondary data of AgNPs adsorption collected from the various data sources. The rankings of arithmetic mean were estimated based on the six statistical analysis methods of using a dedicated software of the MATLAB Optimization Toolbox with a least square curve fitting function. The use of fractal-like mixed 1, 2-order model for describing the adsorption kinetics and that of Fritz-Schlunder and Baudu models for describing the adsorption isotherms can be recommended as the most reliable models for AgNPs adsorption onto the natural and synthetic adsorbent materials. The application of thirty models have been identified for the adsorption of AgNPs to clarify the usefulness of both groups of the kinetic and isotherm equations in the rank order of the levels of accuracy, and this significantly contributes to understandability and usability of the proper models and makes to knowledge beyond the existing literatures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This is the first investigation to demonstrate the use of biochemical contents present within Cyperus rotundus, Eleusin indica, Euphorbia hirta, Melastoma malabathricum, Clidemia hirta and Pachyrhizus erosus extracts for the reduction of silver ion to silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) form. In addition, the antibacterial capability of the synthesized AgNPs and plant extracts alone against a rare bacterium, Chromobacterium haemolyticum (C. haemolyticum), was examined. Moreover, ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy (UV-vis), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) and inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICPOES) of the synthesized AgNPs were characterized. The smallest AgNPs can be produced when Cyperus rotundus extracts were utilized. In addition, this study has found that the synthesis efficiencies using all plant extracts are in the range of 72% to 91% with the highest percentage achieved when Eleusin indica extract was employed. All synthesized AgNPs have antibacterial capability against all examined bacteria depending on their size and bacteria types. Interestingly, Melastoma malabathricum and Clidemia hirta extracts have demonstrated an antibacterial ability against C. haemolyticum. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The degradation of organic dyes in the presence of modified TiO2 is still under intensive investigation. We report here an evaluation of the photocatalytic activity of nitrogen- (N-) and sulfur- (S-) doped TiO2 for the degradation of phenol and methylene blue (MB). N-doped TiO2 (N-TiO2), S-doped TiO2 (S-TiO2), and N-S-doped TiO2 (N-S-TiO2) were prepared using the sol-gel method. The photocatalytic activity was evaluated in a batch reactor using phenol and MB as models of pollutants. In addition, this investigation was performed using a household lamp as the visible light source. Properties of the synthesized materials in terms of Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) surface analysis, field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and photocatalytic ability were examined. Our study shows that N-S-TiO2 exhibits better photocatalytic degradation ability for all the considered dyes compared to the other doped TiO2 materials. In conclusion, we have successfully prepared and evaluated the photocatalytic activity of N- and S-doped TiO2 for the degradation of phenol and MB using an ordinary household lamp. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Exploration of natural resources as composite fillers is still under intensive investigation. Previous works mention that nano-size natural fillers provide an alternative solution to improve certain composite properties compared with macro- and micro-size nanofibers. This work prepared biocomposites formulated from recycled acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) reinforced by nano powders or long fibers of oil palm empty fruit bunch (OPEFB). Composite properties in terms of density, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, surface morphology, melt flow rate, tensile strength, impact strength, and hardness were studied. The density of all composites generally increased with increasing filler loading. Composites with nano powder fillers had lesser voids than those composites with the long fiber. Melt flow rate of all composites fluctuated with filler loadings. Increasing filler loadings for composites with long fiber increased brittleness. By contrast, composites with nano powder fillers were more elastic at the higher filler loading. It was confirmed that impact and hardness properties of the composites with nano powder fillers increased with increasing filler loading. Moreover, composites with long fiber fillers decreased their impact and hardness properties with filler loadings increase. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Magnetic field application in controlling sludge bulking and foaming is reviewed. • Factors affecting sludge bulking and foaming are discussed. • Existing approaches are capable but with certain limitations. • Understanding the complex process of sludge bulking and foaming is still needed. The formation of bulking and foaming in biological wastewater treatment could cause a series of operational issues with biomass and effluent quality, ultimately affect the treatment performance of the system. The essential parameters influencing the growth of bulking and foaming bacteria are comprehensively summarised in this paper. Existing bulking and foaming control approached are critically reviewed and addressed, as well as their drawbacks and limitations. Despite the abundance of information and implementation, a complete control technique for limiting filamentous sludge bulking and foaming remains insufficient. Magnetic field application is emphasised as a viable control strategy in this regard. The present review study provides new insight of this application by comparing the use of magnetic fields to conventional treatments. Future outlooks on the use of magnetic fields to prevent BFB proliferation were also highlighted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Advances in pretreatment technologies for handling POME are reviewed. • Current pretreatment technologies can handle POME but with certain limitations. • The use of magnetic composite adsorbents is promising to treat POME. • Future studies should focus on nitrogenous matter, oil, and grease removal in POME. The palm oil mill effluent (POME) from palm milling oil activities is discharged into various water bodies which poses several environmental problems including turbidity, increases COD and BOD, adds oil and grease, increases total nitrogen, and other pollutants. Therefore, it requires effective treatment to remove the pollutants before disposal. The objective was to critically discuss the performance of POME pretreatments along with their limitations. To offer a coverage on the present less efficient technologies, the opportunities and challenges of advanced pretreatments that combine magnetic materials and natural composites as adsorbents are comprehensively reviewed here. Moreover, potential of various magnetic materials for POME pretreatment has been described. Several existing pretreatment methods such as physical pretreatments, chemical pretreatments, coagulation-flocculation, and adsorption can remove pollutant content from POME with certain limitations and the use of magnetic composite adsorbents can enhance the treatment efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Abundance of ARB and ARGs in anaerobic sludge digestion (ASD) are reviewed. • ASD can remove ARGs depending on operational and environmental parameters. • Some ARGs can be enriched after ASD and Firmicutes are commonly found. • Differentiating eARGs from iARGs is critical and should be explored in the future. Currently, anaerobic sludge digestion (ASD) is considered not only for treating residual sewage sludge and energy recovery but also for the reduction of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs). The current review highlights the reasons why antibiotic resistant bacteria (ARB) and ARGs exist in ASD and how ASD performs in the reduction of ARB and ARGs. ARGs and ARB have been detected in ASD with some reports indicating some of the ARGs can be completely removed during the ASD process, while other studies reported the enrichment of ARB and ARGs after ASD. This paper reviews the performance of ASD based on operational parameters as well as environmental chemistry. More studies are needed to improve the performance of ASD in reducing ARGs that are difficult to handle and also differentiate between extracellular (eARGs) and intracellular ARGs (iARGs) to achieve more accurate quantification of the ARGs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are intensively investigated for their superior physical, chemical, and biological properties. A proper knowledge of these properties is essential to maximizing the potential applications of AgNPs in several areas while minimizing their risks to humans and the environment. This paper aims to critically review AgNPs from the perspectives of research trends, global consumption, synthesis, properties, and future challenges. Generally, AgNPs can be synthesized using three methods, namely physical, chemical, and biological, and the related works as well as their numerous advantages and disadvantages are presented in this review. In addition, AgNPs can be potentially explored for various applications. Future challenges on (AgNP) synthesis, their release into the environment, and scaling up production, as presented in the review, suggest that several potential topics for future works are available to promote a safer and more efficient use of these nanoparticles. Studies on AgNPs in Malaysia have increased since the Malaysian government officially established a directorate for nanotechnology development. This calls for a proper set of policies on AgNPs starting from their production to utilization as well as their effects on various related industries and the environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We propose a simple computer based phenomenological model to simulate the characteristics of river flow velocity in large scale. We use shuttle radar tomography mission based digital elevation model in grid form to define the terrain of catchment area. The model relies on mass-momentum conservation law and modified equation of motion of falling body in inclined plane. We assume inelastic collision occurs at every junction of two river branches to describe the dynamics of merged flow velocity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study deals with the synthesis of zeolite from natural kaolinite using hydrothermal treatment and evaluation of its phase transformation behaviors. The synthesized zeolites were modified with silver ion by using the ion exchange method for the enhancement of antibacterial properties. The characterizations were performed by using X‐ray diffraction spectroscopy, Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy, field emission scanning electron microscopy, and energy‐dispersive X‐ray. Disk diffusion technique (DDT) was used for the evaluation of the antibacterial property of the modified zeolites. This study observed the transformation of kaolinite into amorphous metakaolin after calcination treatment at 900°C and the successful reconstruction of amorphous metakaolin into synthesized crystal zeolite in the presence of sodium hydroxide as an activating agent. It was also found that the zeolite type A was produced at 100°C, while sodalites were produced at 120 and 140°C. DDT analysis revealed that the modified zeolites showed significant antibacterial capability against Escherichia coli ATCC 11229 and Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 6538. In general, the present study has proven that the zeolites can be synthesized from natural material and can be modified with silver ion to enhance their antibacterial activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to evaluate the capability of Ageratum conyzoides and Mikania micrantha extracts to synthesize silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) and their antibacterial capability against gram‐positive and gram‐negative bacteria. Several properties of the synthesized AgNPs, including plasmonic, biomolecule bonding, shape, size, and antibacterial, were investigated. Ultraviolet–visible (UV–vis) spectroscopy was employed for characterizing their plasmonic properties. Functional groups on the produced AgNPs were investigated by Fourier‐transform infrared (FT‐IR) spectroscopy. The size and shape of the AgNPs were identified using the field‐emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM). Inhibition zone measurement was carried out for evaluating the antibacterial capability. This study showed that the extracts of A. conyzoides and M. micrantha were able reducing agents as evidenced by the formation of the spherical AgNPs. UV–vis spectroscopy, FT‐IR spectroscopy, and FESEM confirmed the physicochemical characteristics of AgNPs. AgNPs that were synthesized using M. micrantha were slightly smaller than those produced using A. conyzoides. In general, the present work establishes that the synthesized AgNPs have antibacterial capability depending on their size and synthesis procedure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The issue of dye disposal into the environment has received considerable critical attention. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the biodegradation and detoxification of Solvent Green 3 (SG3) by halophilic Hortaea sp. For toxicity examination, SG3 (before and after degradation) was inspected against two plants, which are Sorghum vulgare and Triticum aestivum. The maximum specific growth rate of the bacterium was 0.13 h−1. The fastest duration for the complete removal of the dye and chemical oxygen demand was achieved at the lowest concentration of the dye. The presence of Cu2+ performed a higher removal capability compared to other employed metal ions. The 1,2-dioxygenase performed the highest enzymatic activity (up to 488 U/L). The 1,2-dioxygenase and laccase were responsible for the biodegradation and detoxification of SG3. SG3 can be degraded by Hortaea sp. into lower toxicity compounds via two routes, which are initially transformed into 1,4-diaminoanthracene-9,10-dione and p-toluidine before degraded into phthalic acid and 4-hydroxybenzoic acid, respectively. The biodegraded product of SG3 achieved better the germination percentage, plumule, and radical lengths of the plants compared to SG3. In general, this study revealed that the dye can be completely removed by the bacterium and can be transformed into lower toxicity compounds. • Biotransformation and detoxification of SG3 using Hortaea sp. were investigated. • Toxicity properties of SG3 and the degraded product were examined against plants. • The dye and chemical oxygen demand can be completely removed by Hortaea sp. • 1,2-Dioxygenase and laccase were responsible for biodegradation of SG3. • SG3 can be degraded by Hortaea sp. into lower toxicity compounds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We propose a procedure to remove lead (Pb) via catalytic chelation using peracetic acid (PAA) catalyzed using zinc aluminate (ZnAl2O4) prepared at different calcination temperatures of 900, 1,000, and 1,100 °C. In addition, their characterization in terms of the thermogravimetry analysis‐differential thermal analysis (TGA‐DTA), X‐ray diffraction (XRD), field‐emission scanning electron microscopy‐energy dispersive X‐ray analysis (FESEM‐EDX), Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) analysis, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP‐MS), and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) was achieved. Moreover, response surface methodology (RSM) was employed for modeling. This study confirms that the properties of ZnAl2O4 are highly influenced by the calcination temperature. In addition, up to 95.3% of Pb can be removed using the proposed approach by employing optimum parameters such as temperature, pH, treatment time, PAA concentration, catalyst loading, and dissolved oxygen. We propose a procedure to remove lead (Pb) via catalytic chelation using peracetic acid (PAA) catalyzed by zinc aluminate (ZnAl2O4) prepared at different calcination temperatures. Up to 95.3% of Pb can be removed by employing optimum parameters such as temperature, pH, treatment time, PAA concentration, catalyst loading, and dissolved oxygen. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since textiles have a porous and hydrophilic structure, they are ideal substrates for the settlement and growth of pathogenic bacteria. Therefore, fabrication of hydrophobic textiles to reduce their humidity has the potential to inhibit the growth of bacteria. On this basis, we report here an improvement of the antibacterial capability of textiles coated with TiO2-SiO2/chitosan using hydrophobization. Synthesis of TiO2-SiO2 clusters with chitosan was carried out using the sol-gel technique. In addition, hydrophobization of the textiles using hexadecyltrimethoxysilane (HDTMS) was carried out using a dip-spin coating method. In addition, their characteristics were examined using X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), UV-vis diffuse reflectance spectra (UV-DRS), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), water contact angle, and antibacterial activity. XRD, SEM, UV-DRS, FTIR, and water contact angle confirmed the physical and chemical properties of the modified textiles. In summary, the present work shows that the hydrophobization of textiles using HDTMS can enhance the antibacterial capability of cotton textiles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • A high performance biochar was produced from pepper stems. • Excellent adsorption capacity of Langmuir up to 569.6 mg/g was achieved. • The highest removal was obtained at acidic pH. • Adsorption of IBP was mainly of a physical nature. A potential biochar from pepper stems (PS-biochar) was developed via a one-stage pyrolysis process of precursor at 700 °C and employed to adsorb ibuprofen (IBP) in water media. Results showed that PS-biochar was a carbonaceous mesoporous adsorbent with well-developed porosity (S BET = 727.5 m2/g and V Total = 0.36 cm3/g) and rich surface functional groups. Mechanism of IBP adsorption consisted mainly of π- π interaction, pore filling, and H-bonding. The Langmuir monolayer capacity (569.6 mg/g) was very high compared to values reported in similar studies. The successful PS-biochar regeneration after four cycles in the batch system confirmed the high performance of the NaOH (0.1 M) as a desorbing agent. Therefore, the prepared biochar can be considered as a cost-effective and high-performance material for water decontamination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Alkaliphilic cyanobacteria are suitable candidates to study the effect of alkaline wastewater cultivation on molecular metabolic responses. In the present study, the impact of wastewater, alkalinity, and alkaline wastewater cultivation was studied on the biomass production, biochemical composition, and the alkalinity responsive molecular mechanism through metabolomics. The results suggested a 1.29 to 1.44-fold higher biomass production along with improved lipid, carbohydrate, and pigment production under alkaline wastewater cultivation. The metabolomics analysis showed 1.2-fold and 5.54-fold increase in the indole-acetic acid and phytoene biosynthesis which contributed to overall enhanced cell differentiation and photo-protectiveness. Furthermore, lower levels of Ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate (RuBP), and higher levels of 2-phosphoglycerate and 3-phosphoglycerate suggested the efficient fixation of CO 2 into biomass, and storage compounds including polysaccharides, lipids, and sterols. Interestingly, except L -histidine and L -phenylalanine, all the metabolites related to protein biosynthesis were downregulated in response to wastewater and alkaline wastewater cultivation. The cells protected themselves from alkalinity and nutrient stress by improving the biosynthesis of sterols, non-toxic antioxidants, and osmo-protectants. Alkaline wastewater cultivation regulated the activation of carbon concentration mechanism (CCM), glycolysis, fatty-acid biosynthesis, and shikimate pathway. The data revealed the importance of alkaline wastewater cultivation for improved CO 2 fixation, wastewater treatment, and producing valuable bioproducts including phytoene, Lyso PC 18:0, and sterols. These metabolic pathways could be future targets of metabolic engineering for improving biomass and metabolite production. Alkalinity is an imperative factor, responsible for the contamination control and biochemical regulation in cyanobactera, especially during the wastewater cultivation. Currently, understanding of alkaline wastewater responsive molecular mechanism is lacking and most of the studies are focused on transcriptomics of model organisms for this purpose. In this study, untargeted metabolomics was employed to analyze the impact of wastewater and alkaline wastewater on the growth, CO 2 assimilation, nutrient uptake, and associated metabolic modulations of the alkaliphilic cyanobacterium Plectonema terebrans BERC10. Results unveiled that alkaline wastewater cultivation regulated the activation of carbon concentration mechanism (CCM), glycolysis, fatty-acid biosynthesis, and shikimate pathway. It indicated the feasibility of alkaline wastewater as promising low-cost media for cyanobacterium cultivation. The identified stress-responsive pathways could be future genetic targets for strain improvement. [Display omitted] • Alkalinity-responsive mechanism of Plectonema terebrans was elucidated through metabolomics • Sterol biosynthesis, carbon-nitrogen uptake, and protective mechanisms conferred stress-tolerance • Alkalinity especially favored the CO 2 sequestration, and protein biosynthesis • Synthesis of important metabolites may be enhanced by alkaline wastewater cultivation [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Advances in metabolic engineering offer remarkable opportunities in strain development. • Bioengineered microbial platforms offer advantages of higher yields. • Engineered strains can produce fourth-generation biofuels and biochemicals. • However, efficient product recovery needs future research. Producing bio-based chemicals is imperative to establish an eco-friendly circular bioeconomy. However, the compromised titer of these biochemicals hampers their commercial implementation. Advances in genetic engineering tools have enabled researchers to develop robust strains producing desired titers of the next-generation biofuels and biochemicals. The native and non-native pathways have been extensively engineered in various host strains via pathway reconstruction and metabolic flux redirection of lipid metabolism and central carbon metabolism to produce myriad biomolecules including alcohols, isoprenoids, hydrocarbons, fatty-acids, and their derivatives. This review has briefly covered the research efforts made during the previous decade to produce advanced biofuels and biochemicals through engineered microbial platforms along with the engineering approaches employed. The efficiency of the various techniques along with their shortcomings is also covered to provide a comprehensive overview of the progress and future directions to achieve higher titer of fourth-generation biofuels and biochemicals while keeping environmental sustainability intact. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The performance of helmet prototypes fabricated from acrylonitrile butadiene styrene composites filled with oil palm empty fruit bunch fibers was evaluated. The fibers were produced using a milling procedure, while the composites were fabricated using a single-screw extrusion. The physical characteristics of the produced fibers, which are water content, size, and density, were investigated. In addition, the mechanical properties of the produced helmets, including shock absorption, yield stress, frequency, and head injury criterion (HIC), were examined. The impact strength of the produced helmets increases with the rise of filler content. In addition, the helmets were also able to withstand a considerable pressure such that the transmitted pressure was far under the maximum value acceptable by the human skull. The present work also found that HICs exhibited by the investigated helmet prototypes fulfill all the practical guidelines as permitted by the Indonesian government. In terms of novelty, such innovation can be considered the first invention in Indonesia since the endorsement of the use of motorcycle helmets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]