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This paper presents a class comprising three series of Ohmic switches, elucidating their design principles, simulation outcomes and the findings derived from measuring the initial batch of manufactured samples. The design of the membranes employs meandered beams to achieve a small actuation voltage. Initial electro-mechanical simulations, conducted within the Ansys Workbench environment, projected actuation voltages ranging from 5 to 8 Volts, whereas the measured values were marginally higher. The electromagnetic behavior of these devices demonstrated a generally qualitative concordance with simulations performed in the Ansys HFSS environment, exhibiting satisfactory performance in terms of return loss ( < −20.22dB) and isolation ( < −14.86dB) across the 5–30GHz frequency spectrum. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As the demands for immediate and effective responses increase in both the civilian and military domains, unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) swarms emerge as effective solutions in which multiple cooperative UAVs can work together to achieve specific goals. However, how to manage such complex systems to ensure real-time adaptability lacks sufficient research. Hence, in this article, we propose the cooperative cognitive dynamic system (CCDS) to optimize the management of UAV swarms. CCDS leverages a hierarchical and cooperative control structure that enables real-time data processing and decision. Accordingly, CCDS optimizes UAV swarm management via dynamic reconfigurability and adaptive intelligent optimization. In addition, CCDS can be integrated with a biomimetic mechanism to efficiently allocate tasks for UAV swarms. Further, the distributed coordination of CCDS ensures reliable and resilient control, thus enhancing adaptability and robustness. Finally, the potential challenges and future directions are analyzed to provide insights into managing UAV swarms in dynamic heterogeneous networking. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Emergency alert systems (EASs) have been deployed in some countries in order to broadcast emergency alerts and warning messages to the public. In this letter, we describe an innovative electronic embedded solution, named Firetec switch, intended to be placed in the FM radio stations. This switch will be supported by a server placed at the authorized officials, with the capability to generate the audio alerting messages. One interesting challenge is to deliver the messages only to the local public, in the catastrophe neighborhood, by using FM radio stations. This letter focuses on the description of the Firetec switch hardware and software. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In realistic sound scenarios, cutting-edge active noise control (ANC) systems still suffer critical instabilities since these systems works under impulsive noise signals. To decrease the negative impact of this noise, several authors have made extraordinary efforts to develop efficient algorithms in terms of convergence speed and misadjustment. However, these algorithms still exhibits limited convergence capabilities. In this letter, we present for the first time, the development of a switching algorithm based on the maximum versoria criterion (MVC) algorithm. Our results demonstrate that the proposed switching algorithm exhibits good convergence properties while maintaining a lower-computational cost when compared with existing algorithms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The exponential growth of Internet of Things (IoT) devices has ushered in an era of vast data generation, necessitating abundant resources for data storage and processing. Cloud environment forms a notorious paradigm for such data accommodation. Meanwhile, the privacy issues assimilated in IoT data provoke huge complications in data placement. In addition, it is significant to consider factors such as energy efficiency, energy utility of cloud and data access time of IoT applications while allotting resources for IoT data. In light of this circumstance, this research proposes a Fuzzy- Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) framework to optimize IoT-oriented data placement in cloud data centers. The fuzzy Logic is adept at handling the uncertainty inherent in parameters such as resource availability and privacy sensitivity. Through membership functions and a Fuzzy Inference System, imprecise attributes are quantified, enabling smarter decision-making. Using its intelligence, it prioritizes the task with high sensitivity and resource availability to perform ideal allocation preferring best suitable resource feature unit. The integration of improved PSO leverages its capability to explore complex solution spaces and converge on optimal solutions. The greedy strategy in improved PSO assists in exploring most-optimal virtual machine instance in cloud to improve its resource efficacy. These facets culminate in a framework that holistically manages IoT-generated data, optimizing energy consumption, resource utilization, and data access time, while simultaneously upholding privacy constraints. The results underscore the potency of this approach in offering optimal data management in cloud environments, achieving better resource utilization of 89%, privacy sensitivity of 98.5%, and less energy consumption of 0.7 kWh. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In wafer etching, regular cleaning and maintenance of process chambers are necessary to reduce particle contamination of etched wafers during the wafer transfer process. Investigating alternative cleaning and maintenance is imperative. This study analyzed the number of particles falling onto a silicon wafer when the pressure difference within the process chamber was manipulated. We observed that rapid opening of the pressure control valve, which regulates the chamber’s pressure, caused contamination during wafer transport. This was particularly true when the change in the pressure ratio was considerable. The by-products near the side of the chamber’s pressure control valve were activated and transported. We verified this finding by adjusting the opening ratio of the pressure control valve (i.e., its degree of opening). We proposed that during the transition step of the etching process, this opening ratio can be controlled by regulating the process pressure through gas flow settings. This method could suppress the deposition of reflected particles originating from the turbomolecular pump’s pumping line on wafers, thereby minimizing the contamination of wafers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Integrated photonics is a cutting-edge field that merges optics and electronics on a single microchip, revolutionizing how we manipulate and transmit light. Imagine traditional bulky optical systems condensed onto a chip smaller than a fingernail, enabling faster communication, more efficient sensors, and advanced computing. At its core, integrated photonics relies on guiding light through waveguides etched onto semiconductor substrates, analogous to how wires conduct electricity in traditional electric circuits. These waveguides can route, modulate, and detect light signals with unprecedented precision and speed. This technology holds immense promise across various domains. Despite its immense potential, integrated photonics faces challenges, including manufacturing complexities and integration with existing electronic systems. However, ongoing research and advancements continue to push the boundaries, promising a future where light-based technologies seamlessly integrate into our everyday lives, powering a new era of innovation and connectivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plasmonics is an emerging and very advantageous technology which provides high speed and tiny size devices for fulfilling the demand of today's high-speed world. SPPs are the information carrying elements in plasmonics, which are capable of breaking the diffraction limit. Plasmonics technology has shown its application in uncountable nanophotonic applications like switching, filtering, light modulation, sensing and in many more fields. Modulators are the key components of integrated photonic system. Various modulators which work on different effects are discussed in this study for providing a universal idea of modulators to researchers. Some useful plasmonic active materials are also discussed which are used in most of plasmonic modulators and other active devices. Previously, many researchers have worked on many kinds of modulators and switches, which operate on different kind of operating principles. For providing an overview about plasmonic modulators, their classification and their operation, we have discussed the state of art of some previously introduced modulators and switches which operates on electro-refractive effects and include electro-optic effect, Pockels effect, free charge carrier dispersion effect, phase change effect, elasto-optic effect, magneto-optic effect, and thermo-optic effect. Instead of different effects used in plasmonic switches and modulators different active materials like liquid crystals, graphene, vanadium di-oxide, chalcogenides, polymers, indium tin oxide, bismuth ferrite, barium titanate, and lithium niobate are also explained with their properties. Additionally, we also compared modulators based on different effects in terms of their design characteristics and performances. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract The utilization of switched inductors, involving parallel charging and series discharging of inductors, is extensively embraced in diverse DC–DC converters for attaining high voltage gain; nevertheless, the stress on switch voltage and diode current escalates considerably with an increased count of inductors integrated into the switched inductors network. In the classical multistage switched inductor converter, the switch voltage aligns with the output voltage, and the diode experiences a high current as the number of stages increases. This research recommends a DC–DC multistage converter for energy conversion and high voltage gain with low stress. In this paper, a novel multistage switched inductor converter is introduced and designed to attain higher voltage gain while mitigating the stresses on switch voltage and diode current. The proposed circuit is created by replacing the standard multistage switched inductor converter's possible diodes with power switches. All of the switching devices are connected in such a way that the output voltage and input current are shared by all of the switches and diodes, respectively. As a consequence, the voltage stress on switches and the current stress on diodes are comparatively low, resulting in a high efficiency compared to a typical multistage switched inductor converter. It's interesting to note that the proposed converter and a typical multistage switched inductor converter both require the same amount of components. Different operation modes, analysis, a non‐ideal model, and a comparison of the suggested and recently constructed converters are discussed. The effectiveness and performance of the circuit are validated experimentally.

The utilization of switched inductors, involving parallel charging and series discharging of inductors, is extensively embraced in diverse DC–DC converters for attaining high voltage gain; nevertheless, the stress on switch voltage and diode current escalates considerably with an increased count of inductors integrated into the switched inductors network. In the classical multistage switched inductor converter, the switch voltage aligns with the output voltage, and the diode experiences a high current as the number of stages increases. This research recommends a DC–DC multistage converter for energy conversion and high voltage gain with low stress. In this paper, a novel multistage switched inductor converter is introduced and designed to attain higher voltage gain while mitigating the stresses on switch voltage and diode current. The proposed circuit is created by replacing the standard multistage switched inductor converter's possible diodes with power switches. All of the switching devices are connected in such a way that the output voltage and input current are shared by all of the switches and diodes, respectively. As a consequence, the voltage stress on switches and the current stress on diodes are comparatively low, resulting in a high efficiency compared to a typical multistage switched inductor converter. It's interesting to note that the proposed converter and a typical multistage switched inductor converter both require the same amount of components. Different operation modes, analysis, a non‐ideal model, and a comparison of the suggested and recently constructed converters are discussed. The effectiveness and performance of the circuit are validated experimentally. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The performance of the power converter bus bar is not only determined by its normal operational design, but also related to its fault ride-through ability consideration. Conventional busbar design only takes the normal operational performance into account. This article proposes an optimal busbar design method for the modular multilevel converter (MMC) submodule, which takes both the normal and fault ride-through performance into account. The normal operational design is to realize low stray inductance and balanced inductance distribution between parallel capacitor branches. The basic structural design guideline for the MMC submodule is presented. Taking both the stray inductance and manufacturing cost into account, the optimal layout of the busbar is proposed. To balance the capacitor branch currents, the mathematical model of the busbar stray inductance is built. The influence of different busbar structures on the stray inductance is analyzed. The analysis is verified by simulation results. To improve the fault ride-through capability, special consideration is taken into account to reduce the thermal and mechanical stress at the weakest point. Simulation and experimental results verify the efficacy of the proposed approaches. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Currently, the study of energy balancing in cascaded multilevel inverter cells is desirable due to the growing interest in implementing systems that minimize losses, ensure delivery of the maximum amount of power to the load, contribute to system reliability, and at the same time minimize the use of resources for its implementation. One of the ways to carry out energy balancing without resorting to additional topology is by modifying conventional modulation techniques. In this letter, the FPGA implementation of modulation strategies for energy balancing purposes is carried out. First, three conventional techniques are addressed: 1) phase-shifted carrier disposition; 2) level shift per carrier cycle; and 3) level shift per modulator cycle. Subsequently, the implementation of an alternative modulation strategy that performs energy balancing in the cascaded multilevel inverter, minimizing the use of digital resources, is presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract As a key component of high‐performance switches and routers, the packet forwarding engine (PFE) is mainly responsible for selecting the appropriate output port for tens of thousands of packets within an extremely short time frame. However, the performance of PFE is determined by the selected group membership algorithm. This paper puts forth a hybrid strategy–caching scalar‐pair and vectors routing and forwarding (CSVRF), consisting of virtual output port bitmap caching (VOPBC) and fractional‐N SVRF to address major multicast forwarding issues such as scalability by using content addressable memory. In CSVRF, a virtual output port bitmap cache is introduced, which includes the most popular combinations of output port bitmap and divides the big scalar‐pair into N sub‐groups to achieve parallel compute and the reusability of less bit‐length prime. The results demonstrate that the memory space and the forwarding latency are effectively reduced compared with previous work. In space efficiency, it only required 10% memory space compared with the original SVRF/fractional‐N SVRF, decreased 10% memory usage compared with pure VOPBC and nearly improved 1 to 4 orders of magnitude of packet processing time compared with the original SVRF and the fractional‐N SVRF respectively.

The Flying Capacitor Multi-Level (FCML) converteris heralded as enabling the utilization of low-voltageswitches within a high-voltage converter by evenly distributingthe voltage stress on a series string of switches through the useof “flying” capacitors. However, this advantage of the converterrequires that the flying capacitors do not deviate too far fromtheir ideal voltage distribution regardless of transients, loaddisturbances, or other parasitics to ensure the switches are notovervolted among other concerns. Previous works have identifiedcertain theoretic combinations of duty cycle and level countwhere the flying capacitor voltages do not naturally balanceand instead diverge. Although seemingly problematic, in practicethis behavior is not observed in practical implementations. Toresolve this discrepancy between FCML theory and experiment,we analyze the impact of switch output capacitance on theflying capacitor voltage balancing dynamics, and illustrate thiscapacitance has a naturally balancing effect.

In this paper, we propose a method for calculating the DC source amplitude in an extended multilevel inverter (MLI) structure so that the maximum number of levels and the output voltage waveform are as close as possible to the sinusoidal wave with minimum total harmonic distortion (THD). For the developed structure, three algorithms are suggested to determine the amounts of DC voltage resources. The first important point about choosing the right amounts for the DC resources is that the number of levels should be as large as possible, and the second important point is that the intervals between the levels should be the same throughout the waveform. By observing these two points, the output voltage waveform can be as near as possible to the sinusoidal wave that we want. In this study, we used iteration-based methods to find suitable values for DC sources. Simulation results are offered to confirm the capability of the extended multilevel converter. After we solved the problem through calculation and analysis, a code was written in MATLAB with the aim that this time the code will tell us for what values of DC sources we will have the largest number of levels and as we expected, the output of the MATLAB code confirmed the correctness of the calculations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As a key component of high‐performance switches and routers, the packet forwarding engine (PFE) is mainly responsible for selecting the appropriate output port for tens of thousands of packets within an extremely short time frame. However, the performance of PFE is determined by the selected group membership algorithm. This paper puts forth a hybrid strategy–caching scalar‐pair and vectors routing and forwarding (CSVRF), consisting of virtual output port bitmap caching (VOPBC) and fractional‐N SVRF to address major multicast forwarding issues such as scalability by using content addressable memory. In CSVRF, a virtual output port bitmap cache is introduced, which includes the most popular combinations of output port bitmap and divides the big scalar‐pair into N sub‐groups to achieve parallel compute and the reusability of less bit‐length prime. The results demonstrate that the memory space and the forwarding latency are effectively reduced compared with previous work. In space efficiency, it only required 10% memory space compared with the original SVRF/fractional‐N SVRF, decreased 10% memory usage compared with pure VOPBC and nearly improved 1 to 4 orders of magnitude of packet processing time compared with the original SVRF and the fractional‐N SVRF respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Voltage source inverters are currently gaining popularity in a variety of power system applications, including renewable energy, HVdc, and microgrid. Among all the renewable energy applications, multilevel inverters (MLIs) are the most popular converters for high- and medium-power industries. This article reviews and compares many of the recently developed topologies for renewable energy integration with energy storage systems (ESSs). In addition, a new design of a seven-level inverter is proposed. It utilizes only six power electronic switches in its design of which four have unidirectional voltage-blocking capability and two have bidirectional voltage-blocking capability. Various simulation results of the proposed topology along with the total harmonic distortion (THD) contents of voltage and current are presented in detail under different loading conditions. Afterward, a new factor of comparison is proposed in which component ratings are also considered. Finally, a hardware prototype is built to check the authenticity of the proposed design, and satisfactory results are presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ulcers and chronic wounds are a large and expensive problem, costing billions of pounds a year and affecting millions of people. Electrical stimulation has been known to have a positive effect on wound healing since the 1960s and this has been confirmed in numerous studies, reducing the time to heal, and the incidence of adverse events such as infections. However, because each study used different parameters for the treatment, inclusion criteria and metrics for quantifying the success, it is currently hard to combine them statistically and gain a true picture of its efficacy. As such, electrical stimulation has not been universally adopted as a recommended treatment for various types of wound. This paper summarises the biological basis for electrical simulation treatment and reviews the clinical evidence for its effectiveness. Notable is the lack of research focused on the electrodes used to deliver electrostimulation treatment. However, a significant amount of work has been conducted on electrodes for other medical applications in the field of e-textiles. This e-textile work is reviewed with a focus on its potential in electrostimulation and proposals are made for future developments to improve future studies and applications for wound healing via electrical stimulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is a continuously evolving, unmet need for RF (Radio Frequency) Filters that operate contiguously over multiple frequency octaves or bands. Unlike traditional switched filter banks, these new filters require similar levels of RF performance but with more filters and a smaller overall footprint. Legacy systems typically operate over a sub-octave and filters meant to break down information from the aperture to sub-bands (octave wide) or a little less. These wideband filters, pre-LNA (low noise amplifier), were minimal loss but very large. This paper will examine two new solutions to miniature, wideband, and contiguous filtering, their different capabilities, and where the new filter technologies can enable new overall system capabilities. The commercial (cell phone) vs DoD (Department of Defense) requirement differences which drive very different needs for RF filters highlight the SWAP-C (Size, Weight, and Power - Cost) challenge as wideband, contiguous vs. not, is considered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper proposes a high isolation of single pole double throw (SPDT) PIN diode switch using switchable dumbbell-shaped defected ground structure (DGS). The proposed SPDT switch was designed for radio frequency (RF) front-end transceiver of antenna array multiple input multiple output (MIMO) in millimeter wave 28 GHz band. The switchable dumbbell-shaped DGS can be switched between allpass and bandstop responses where the bandstop response of the DGS can be utilized as a high isolation in the SPDT PIN diode switch circuit. A simple mathematical analysis is explained in this paper for the bandstop and allpass responses of the switchable dumbbell-shaped DGS. The propose SPDT switch was designed based on Roger RT/Duroid 5880 with 0.254 mm thickness and relative dielectric constant of 2.2. The simulated result showed that the proposed SPDT PIN diode switch produced an isolation of 36.36 dB at 27.3 GHz (center of 28 GHz band), which was 63% higher than the conventional SPDT design. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Piezoelectric actuators have been widely applied to precision positioning platforms. However, the positioning accuracy of piezoelectric ceramic has been significantly affected by its characteristics of hysteresis. Owing to the voltage-keeping feature of capacitive load for piezoelectric ceramic, this paper has proposed a switch-based driving in sequence method, which alternately drives each layer of PZT by using switches. Based on the driving in sequence method, the proposed method is capable of reducing the hysteresis to 1/N of the hysteresis under traditional voltage driving method, while significantly lowering the scale and cost of hardware, compared with the previous driving in sequence method. Thus, it allows for application to hundreds of layers of piezoelectric ceramic. According to experiment results, the hysteresis under different frequencies from 0.1 to 500 Hz for homemade seven-layer piezoelectric ceramic can be reduced from 12.5 to 2.1%. Furtherly, the residual hysteresis can be corrected by applying a simple quadratic-polynomial feedforward control, and the hysteresis is constrained within 0.8%, even with feedforward parameters that are not strictly calibrated. The dual-amplifier driving in sequence method proposed in this paper can significantly reduce the hysteresis in open-loop control of piezoelectric stack actuators, effectively improving the positioning and driving performance and saving cost. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article investigates behavior of flying capacitor multilevel (FCML) converters in single-phase buck-type power factor correction (PFC) applications. Recent developments in FCML converters using gallium nitride (GaN) transistors are leveraged to improve power density of a single-phase 240 \text{V}_{\text{RMS}} ac to direct 48 V dc conversion stage in data center power delivery applications. Here, we experimentally demonstrate this concept in a digitally controlled six-level FCML converter hardware prototype. The experimental prototype can deliver 4.5 A average output current at 48 V, resulting in 216 W output power. A key contribution of this article is experimental demonstration of an FCML buck converter in a single-phase PFC application where the flying capacitor voltages follow fractions of the rectified input voltage by swinging at twice-line frequency.

This paper presents a control technique for flying capacitor multi-level (FCML) converters to achieve zero-voltage switching (ZVS) across the full range of duty cycles, with application in high power density and high efficiency power converters. Previous works have used variable frequency control to enable ZVS at specific duty cycles in FCML converters, but have not been able to use these methods to enable ZVS across the full range. This work uses dynamic level selection and variable frequency control to increase inductor current ripple at duty cycle ranges for which ZVS was previously unattainable. An experimental 5-level FCML prototype has been built using GaN devices on a single-sided PCB to demonstrate this control technique. We demonstrate 4-level and 5-level operation with ZVS at duty cycles that are not possible with 5-level operation alone, as well as a dynamic level transition with active capacitor voltage balancing.

Integrated photonics is a cutting-edge field that merges optics and electronics on a single microchip, revolutionizing how we manipulate and transmit light. Imagine traditional bulky optical systems condensed onto a chip smaller than a fingernail, enabling faster communication, more efficient sensors, and advanced computing. At its core, integrated photonics relies on guiding light through waveguides etched onto semiconductor substrates, analogous to how wires conduct electricity in traditional electric circuits. These waveguides can route, modulate, and detect light signals with unprecedented precision and speed. This technology holds immense promise across various domains. Despite its immense potential, integrated photonics faces challenges, including manufacturing complexities and integration with existing electronic systems. However, ongoing research and advancements continue to push the boundaries, promising a future where light-based technologies seamlessly integrate into our everyday lives, powering a new era of innovation and connectivity.

The dynamic pricing problem of a freeway corridor with high-occupancy toll (HOT) lanes was formulated and solved based on a point queue abstraction of the traffic system [1]. However, existing pricing strategies cannot guarantee that the closed-loop system converges to the optimal state, in which the HOT lanes' capacity is fully utilized but there is no queue on the HOT lanes, and a well-behaved estimation and control method is quite challenging and still elusive. This paper attempts to fill the gap by making three fundamental contributions: (i) to present a simpler formulation of the point queue model based on the new concept of residual capacity, (ii) to propose a simple feedback control theoretic approach to estimate the average value of time and calculate the dynamic price, and (iii) to analytically and numerically prove that the closed-loop system is stable and guaranteed to converge to the optimal state, in either Gaussian or exponential manners.

На общем фоне атак на корпоративные инфокоммуникации значительную их часть занимают попытки нарушения целостности и доступности информации путем дестабилизации сетевой инфраструктуры. Поскольку злонамеренные действия в этом направлении могут происходить на разных уровнях модели OSIи исходят в основном от «внутренних» нарушителей, в статье делается акцент на комплексное применение функционала обеспечения безопасности сетевой инфраструктуры, встроенного в программное обеспечение активного сетевого оборудования компании D-Link. В работе дана характеристика компонентов функционала безопасности сетевой инфраструктуры и их позиционирование с точки зрения целесообразности использования на уровнях иерархии сети. Функции безопасности уровня магистрали обеспечиваются средствами повышения отказоустойчивости сети при обрывах кабелей, разграничения и фильтрации трафика по различным критериям, защитой коммутаторов от несанкционированного доступа к их ЦПУ, контролем подключения сетевых узлов на основе анализа их связок IP/MAC/порт и их аутентификация на основе портов подключения и МАС-адресов. Средства безопасности уровня шлюза представлены новой линейкой сервисных маршрутизаторов для сектора SMB с отечественным программным обеспечением, что гарантирует независимость от зарубежных разработчиков и своевременное развитие их функционала в соответствии с тенденциями отрасли. Данные устройства совмещают в себе функции маршрутизатора, межсетевого экрана, настраиваемого коммутатора и сервера ряда сетевых протоколов. Новая функция маршрутизаторов по блокировке рекламы позволяет эффективно блокировать рекламные объявления, возникающие при просмотре web-страниц. Сервисные маршрутизаторы D-Link поддерживают работу с российским сервисом контентной фильтрации SkyDNS, который предлагает дополнительные возможности для организации безопасной работы в сети Интернет.

The high-altitude platform station (HAPS) concept has recently received notable attention from both industry and academia to support future wireless networks. A HAPS can be equipped with fifth-generation (5G) and beyond technologies such as massive multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) and reconfigurable intelligent surface (RIS). Hence, it is expected that HAPS will support numerous applications in both rural and urban areas. However, this comes at the expense of high energy consumption and thus shorter loitering time. To tackle this issue, we envision the use of a multimode HAPS that can adaptively switch among different modes so as to reduce energy consumption and extend the HAPS loitering time. These modes comprise a HAPS super macro base station (HAPS-SMBS) mode for enhanced computing, caching, and communication services; a HAPS relay station (HAPS-RS) mode for active communication; and a HAPS-RIS mode for passive communication. This multimode HAPS ensures that operations rely mostly on the passive communication payload, while switching to an energy-greedy active mode only when necessary. In this article, we begin with a brief review of HAPS features compared with other nonterrestrial systems, followed by an exposition of the different HAPS modes proposed. Subsequently, we illustrate the envisioned multimode HAPS and discuss its benefits and challenges. Finally, we validate the multimode efficiency through a case study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]