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Radiotherapy of thoracic neoplasms and accidental radiation exposure often results in pneumonitis and fibrosis of lungs. Here, we investigated the potential of amifostine analogs: DRDE-07, DRDE-30, and DRDE-35, in alleviating radiation-induced lung damage.C57BL/6 mice were exposed to 13.5 Gy thoracic irradiation, 30 min after intraperitoneal administration of the analogs, and assessed for modulation of the pathological response at 12 and 24 weeks.DRDE-07, DRDE-30 and DRDE-35 increased the survival of irradiated mice from 20% to 30%, 80% and 70% respectively. Reduced parenchymal opacity (X-ray CT) in the lungs of DRDE-30 pre-treated mice corroborated well with the significant decrease in Ashcroft score (p 0.01). Two-fold increase in SOD and catalase activities (p 0.05), coupled with a 50% increase in GSH content and a 60% decrease in MDA content (p 0.05) suggested restoration of the antioxidant defence system. A 20% to 40% decrease in radiation-induced apoptotic and mitotic death in the lung tissue (micronuclei: p 0.01), resulted in attenuated lung and vascular permeability (FITC-Dextran leakage) by 50% (p 0.01), and a commensurate reduction (~50%) in leukocyte infiltration in the injured tissue (p 0.05). DRDE-30 abrogated the activation of pro-inflammatory NF-κB and p38/MAPK signaling cascades, suppressing the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β: p 0.05; TNF-α: p 0.05; IL-6: p 0.05) and up-regulation of CAMs on the endothelial cell surface. Reduction in hydroxyproline content (p 0.01) and collagen suggested inhibition of lung fibrosis which was associated with attenuation of TGF-β/Smad pathway-mediated-EMT.DRDE-30 could be a potential prophylactic agent against radiation-induced lung injury.

Primary thioamides have been utilised directly in water, without any derivatisation, to selectively thioacylate primary amines. By employing 2-hydroxyethylamines, the reaction can be extended to the preparation of 2-thiazolines via formation of β-hydroxythioamides.

A mechanistically unprecedented approach for the formation of tertiary amides from N,N-dialkylchlorothiophosphoramidates and aldehydes has been developed. The reaction occurred via the activation of aldehydes with N,N-dialkylchlorothiophosphoramidates followed by amidation with dialkylamine pendent of the same phosphoramidate.

A very simple, environmentally benign, cost-effective, and efficient synthesis of disulfides from thiols using silica–PCl5/NaNO2 in aqueous medium has been described. The reaction was found to occur rapidly under mild conditions, and disulfides were obtained easily through a simple workup.

Primary thioamides (I) are used for the direct selective thioacetylation of primary amines (II) in water.

Monoalkylation of primary amines using amine hydrobromides and alkyl bromides has been carried out. Under controlled reaction conditions the reactant primary amine was selectively deprotonated and made available for reaction, while the newly generated secondary amine remained protonated, and did not participate in alkylation further. Reaction was carried out under mild reaction conditions and was applicable to a wide range of primary amines and alkyl bromides.

A mechanistically unprecedented approach for the formation of tertiary amides from N,N-dialkylchlorothiophosphoramidates and aldehydes has been developed. The reaction occurred via the activation of aldehydes with N,N-dialkylchlorothiophosphoramidates followed by amidation with dialkylamine pendent of the same phosphoramidate.

In the presented synthesis of the compounds (II) and (IV) aryl nitriles are the intermediates.

substituted thioamides starting from acyl halides and amines is an attractive method as it allows an easy introduction of diverse building blocks for constructing desired thioamides. This is a two step procedure. For avoiding a lengthy separation process and purification of intermediate, one-pot preparation techniques are highly preferred. The potential of one-pot procedure is enhanced if applied with microwave heating under solvent-free condition

A very simple, environmentally benign, cost-effective, and efficient synthesis of disulfides from thiols using silica–PCl5/NaNO2 in aqueous medium has been described. The reaction was found to occur rapidly under mild conditions, and disulfides were obtained easily through a simple workup.

N-Substituted thioamides were accessed from ketoximes by utilising PSCl3 as a uniquely capable reagent to induce Beckmann rearrangement as well as to capture the intermediate nitrilium ion.

Monoalkylation of primary amines using amine hydrobromides and alkyl bromides has been carried out. Under controlled reaction conditions the reactant primary amine was selectively deprotonated and made available for reaction, while the newly generated secondary amine remained protonated, and did not participate in alkylation further. Reaction was carried out under mild reaction conditions and was applicable to a wide range of primary amines and alkyl bromides.

Background Tobacco and alcohol are recognised as the major risk factors for both oral cavity (mouth) and oropharyngeal (throat) cancers, with increasing acceptance of the role of human papillomavirus (HPV) in the aetiology of oropharyngeal cancers. In addition, there is a significant increased risk for oral cancer among lower socioeconomic groups, males and older age groups. There is a growing evidence for the potential role of primary care professionals in smoking cessation and reducing alcohol-related harm. However, there are uncertainties about the best approaches/strategies to assess risk factors associated with oral cancer, effective components of preventive interventions for behaviour change and implementation strategies in primary care dental settings. Thus, in order to contribute to the prevention of oral cancer effectively, dental professionals need to assess patients on the major risk factors (tobacco, alcohol and HPV/sexual behaviours) and deliver appropriate prevention, taking into account the patient’s sociodemographic context. Aim The study aims to synthesise evidence on the best practice for undertaking an assessment of major behavioural risk factors associated with oral cancer and delivering effective behaviour change preventive interventions (e.g. advice, counselling, patient recall, signposting/referral to preventive services) by dental professionals in primary care dental settings. Method The study involves a systematic review and evidence appraisal. We will search for clinical guidelines and systematic reviews from the following databases: Cochrane Library, Ovid MEDLINE, EMBASE, Web of Science, PsychINFO, PubMed, TRIP and Google Scholar. We will also search websites of professional organisations/agencies and bibliographies/reference lists of selected papers. Quality will be assessed with the AGREE II (Appraisal of Guidelines for Research & Evaluation II) instrument for included clinical guidelines and the AMSTAR (A Measurement Tool to Assess Systematic Reviews) and ROBIS instruments for included systematic reviews. The best practice evidence will be assessed via a narrative synthesis of extracted data, considering publication quality. Discussion This systematic review will synthesise evidence on the best practice for oral cancer risk factor assessment and prevention and evaluate the relationship between available clinical guidelines and the review evidence base. This collation of evidence will be useful for making recommendations for future intervention, research and guideline development. Systematic review registration PROSPERO CRD42015025289 Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13643-015-0169-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.