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As the nano-world continues to evolve, nanotechnology offers tremendous potential in everyday goods and creating future, environmentally friendly technologies. The advantages of nanotechnology are being realized in various areas, including engineering, medicine, biology, the environment, and communication. However, nanomaterials production is expected to increase exponentially in the next few years, resulting in significant difficulties linked to their potentially harmful impacts on human health and the environment. Furthermore, the detrimental effect of the toxicity of nanomaterials on human health is one of the industry's most critical problems as it works to exhaust its supply of nano-products. The use of nanomaterials in biological applications is the scenario with the most significant risk. Therefore, the investigation of nanotoxicity and its interaction with biomolecules continues, as are many other projects. On the other hand, assessing and validating nanotoxicity in a biological system are complex tasks. This chapter aims to examine the difficulties associated with evaluating the toxicity of nanomaterials. The evaluation of toxicity and the problems encountered in assessing the effect on biological systems are historic. The findings of in-vitro, in-vivo, and in-silico investigations on the toxicity of engineered nanomaterials are described in this chapter. The various toxicity evaluation methods each have challenges that researchers must overcome when evaluating nanomaterials in powder form, solution-based approaches, and when interacting with biological systems. The evaluation tools and characterization methods are critical in overcoming the difficulties, while the cytotoxic tests consider nanoparticle form, morphology, and size.&nbsp

Background: Currently, cancer is rising as one of the dominant causes of human deaths worldwide. The application of nano-carriers may help to treat cancer through the delivery of anticancer drugs inside the tumor cells. Objective: The foremost objective behind this research was to formulate chondroitin sulfate tailored cellulose acetate phthalate (CSAC) core shield nanoparticles (NPs) containing 5-Fluorouracil (5-FU) as an anticancer drug. Methods: The FTIR and 1H-NMR spectroscopic methods were used to analyze and characterize the formulation of CSAC copolymer. NPs were typified by Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM), Entrapment efficiency and in-vitro drug release. Results: CSAC NPs were found to exhibit moderate release (95.59±0.15% in 34hrs) than CAP NPs (78.97±0.08% in 8 hours). In the course of cytotoxicity examination in A549 cancer cell line, the results revealed that these 5-FU loaded CSAC NPs showed an immense cytotoxic potentiality. Moreover, CSAC NPs exhibit least hemolytic activity when compared with CAP NPs and plain 5-FU. Conclusion: Conclusively, it was found that the CSAC NPs is an efficient carrier system for the better release of 5-FU in lung cancer.

Cancer therapy had got a new approach as a nanodiamond-conjugated anticancer drug. In this work, we have introduced a carbon nanomaterial (nanodiamond), to bind with anticancer drug [Usnic Acid (UA), 5-Fluorouracil (5-FU) and Curcumin (CUR)] with the help of linker (ADH) for cancer drug delivery and therapy. Nanodiamonds (ND) was initially carboxylated by the surface modification along the treatment with strong alkaline solution (H2SO4:HNO3) and then activated the carboxyl moiety of ND with the addition of EDC. Anticancer drugs were bound to the ND through a succession of chemical modifications by adipic acid dihydrazide (ADH). The ND-Drug conjugate was analyzed by Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (1H NMR) Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) Spectroscopy and Mass Spectroscopy (MS), Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Particle size, Zeta potential, Drug release, SRB assay against MCF-7 and Hep-G2 cells, Molecular docking, Pharmacophore mapping and DNA fragmentation. Spectroscopic analysis confirms the conjugation of nanodiamond with different anticancer drug. AFM and SEM photomicrograph represents the surface morphological features of ND-Drug conjugates. In- vitro investigation showed that ND-Drug conjugates have slow and sustained drug release characteristics. In-vitro cytotoxicity studies, an enormous cytotoxic potential of ND-Drug conjugates were showed against cancer cell line. Docking and pharmacophore mapping analysis were also suggested that the ND-Drug conjugates possess effective interaction with significant proteins and pharmacophore mapping was suggested that ND-Drug conjugates were specifically matched with hypo 1 model with good fit value. Above all findings were suggested that the ND-Drug conjugates may be a potential inhibitor of MCF-7 and Hep-G2 cancer cells to act as a drug candidate. According to all these data it can be confirm that the ND-Drug conjugates could be an effective agent for drug delivery and could be promising in future for tumor targeting strategy.

Prostate cancer is the most familiar category of malignancy in men with elevated morbidity and mortality. However, its present management with drugs frequently leads to chemotherapy resistance. It has been identified that the various researches on molecular imaging are incredibly supportive of premature diagnosing, restaging, staging, and specific healing of prostate cancer. Conventional prostate cancer treatment, and particularly chemotherapy, has encountered many challenges like its small level of accumulation, quick drug clearance, or drug resistance at the cancer site. The application of nanotechnology in now-a-days widely utilized in biomedicine field for the synthesis and formulation of different nanoparticulate therapeutic carriers suitable for the liberation of chemotherapeutic agent towards cancer therapy. Tumor-specific targeted drug delivery-based carriers were designed to heal prostate cancer. Among these, the developing nanotechnology has introduced several innovative testing technologies and medications for the treatment of prostate cancer; nanotechnology can significantly increase the management operation of prostate cancer by using specific physical and chemical properties, targeting techniques, or anchoring with imaging/pharmacological substances to provide innovative theranostics devices. This chapter discusses the state of the art developments in nanomaterial-based detection and diagnosis of prostate cancer and illustrates the methods utilized for the functionalization of targeted biomolecules and in the management of a variety of aspects related to prostate cancer with multifunctional nanoplatforms, nanoparticles, and nanobased drug delivery systems.

Blood cancer is caused by the accumulation of malignant transformations that are originated from the cells of primary or secondary lymphoid organs. The three major blood cancers are multiple myeloma, lymphoma, and leukemia. Blood cancer is possibly treated by chemotherapy, radiotherapy, immunotherapy, and transplantation of bone marrow. Various chemotherapeutic drugs are currently available for treating blood cancer, but still, the use of these clinical drugs is limited due to a lack of tumor cell specificity and dose-related toxicity. In addition, the poor pharmacokinetic profile of these chemotherapeutic agents requires the use of high doses and frequent administration of the drug to assert the threshold therapeutic levels at the site of tumor, thus leading to increased adverse effects in patients. There is an urgent need of developing a suitable and advanced drug delivery system with improved pharmacokinetic properties, safety, and efficacy of conventional therapeutics. The advanced drug delivery systems such as liposomes, nanoparticles, and dendrimer have enhanced pharmacokinetic properties for anticancer therapeutics. For earlier detection of cancer biomarkers in the blood circulation, new advanced drug delivery systems were designed with increased selectivity and sensitivity. They are proved to have enhanced efficacy of anticancer therapeutic drugs compared with conventional chemotherapy. The biocompatibility, biodegradable, and the small submicron-sized particles (20–200 nm) help in overcoming multiple drug resistance. The enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect of these small-sized particles allow them to get accumulated at the tumor sites resulting in rapid angiogenesis and inflammation. This chapter gives a description of different therapies as well as the advantages and limitations of advanced drug delivery formulations employed for treating various blood cancers. Additionally, recent investigations, formulations of nanomedicine, and their applications in the treatment of blood cancer are discussed in this chapter.

A new series of 2, 3-disubstituted quinazolin4(3H)one derivatives was synthesized in good yield with the use of different aldehydes and evaluate their antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory activities. Disubstituted quinazolin4(3H)one derivatives were synthesized from Semicarbazide Hydrochloride and semicarbazone as starting materials through oxadiazole as intermediates. This intermediate on reaction with benoxazinone in acidic media, finally converted into corresponding 2, 3-disubstituted quinazolinone derivatives. The synthesized compounds were characterized by their physical properties, Infra-red (IR), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), Mass spectroscopic (MS) and elemental analysis and evaluated for biological activities. Ten different analogues of 2, 3-disubstituted quinazolin4(3H)one were successfully synthesized. All the compounds were active against microbial growth and inflammation. They all give good to moderate result on comparison with standard drug. The results reveal that pharmacological activity of quinazolin4(3H)one nucleus can be increased much times on chemical modification. This is advantageous to approaching the treatment of different kinds of severe diseases.

The intention of present research work is to formulate usnic acid (UA) loaded heparin modified gellan gum (HAG) nanoparticles (NPs). HAG copolymer based conjugation was synthesized and characterized by 1H NMR and FT-IR spectroscopy. Plain and UA loaded HAG NPs were prepared via nanoprecipitation technique. NPs were typified and further characterized for particle size, polydispersity index, entrapment efficiency, zeta potential, atomic force microscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, X-ray diffraction analysis, and in-vitro release. In-vitro tube formation assay, tumorsphere assay, autophagy assay, DNA cleavage assay, internalization by confocal and FACS based internalization analysis, caspase assay and cell cycle assay were performed for biological activity. Obtained experimental results explored that HAG NPs displayed a sustained release of UA (95.67% in 48 h) compared to gellan gum NPs (96.12% in 8 h). In cytotoxicity studies, UA loaded HAG NPs exhibited an enormous cytotoxic potential against A549 cancer cells. In the in vivo bio-distribution study, using albino rat model the free UA concentration was found 7.09 ± 0.9%, 2.7 ± 1.5%, 7.5 ± 2.1, 9.2 ± 2%, and 6.25 ± 1.3% post two hours of intravenous administration, however, in the case of UA loaded HAG NPs the obtained level was 4.1 ± 1.10, 7.7 ± 1.30%, 2.21 ± 0.29%, 1.85 ± 0.25%, 2.2 ± 0.78%, 2.9 ± 1.21% respectively, in heart, lung, liver, spleen, intestine and kidney. The overall anticancer study and result of internalization deciphered the higher anticancer potential of UA loaded HAG NPs.

Corona virus disease-2019 (COVID 19) is a respiratory disorder caused by bunches of serious respiratory disorders (i.e., coughing, fever, and breathing problems) like severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), and the 79% homology as well as gene sequences are basically similar to SARS-CoV, thus the name of COVID-19 also be distinguish as SARS-CoV-2 on January 7th. Nanoparticles may also improve drug pulmonary efficacy by enhancing residence time, as a consequence the efficient mucus complexation between mucin and nanoparticles caused increment the rate of permeation and tissue uptake and displayed sustainable release property. Advances in device technology have led to the development of more efficient delivery systems capable of delivering larger doses and finer particles into the lung. As more efficient pulmonary delivery devices and sophisticated formulations become available, physicians, and health professionals will have a choice of a wide variety of device and formulation combinations that will target-specific cells or regions of the lung, avoid the lung's clearance mechanisms and be retained within the lung for longer periods. Dry powder inhalers (DPIs) exhibit many unique advantages that have contributed to the incredible growth in the number of DPI pharmaceutical products. To improve the performance, there are a relatively large number of DPI devices available for different inhalable powder formulations. The present review different type of nanoaparticles and DPIs used for the treatment of COVID 19 infections.

Several sites that are contaminated with isomers of the chlorinated insecticide hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) are present across the globe and cause toxicity. For their bioremediation, we studied the degradation of HCH-isomers in contaminated soils by an isolate Pseudomonas aeruginosa ITRC-5. The degradation is optimal at 2 mg technical-HCH (t-HCH)/g soil, 15% water content, pH 8.0, temperature 28 °C and inoculum density 106 colony forming unit/g soil. Under these conditions, from 5 kg soil, >98% α- and γ-HCH, 17% β-HCH and 76% δ-HCH are degraded after 15 days of incubation, which is accompanied with the release of 600 μg chloride/mg t-HCH. Concomitant to the degradation, a four-fold reduction in the toxicity of HCH-isomers to earthworm, Eisenia foetida, is also observed. Addition of ITRC-5 enhanced the degradation of soil-applied HCH-isomers in ‘open field’ conditions as well, and 97%, 43%, 94% and 77% of α-, β-, γ- and δ-HCH, respectively, are degraded after 12 weeks of incubation. Thus, the bacterium causes microbial degradation and detoxification of HCH-isomers, and can be used for the bioremediation of contaminated soils.

Rumen flukes are parasitic trematodes (Platyhelminthes: Digenea) of major socioeconomic importance in many countries. Key representatives, such as Paramphistomum cervi, can cause “Rumen fluke disease” or paramphistomosis and undermine economic animal productivity and welfare. P. cervi is primarily a problem in sheep, goat and buffalo production as a consequence of reduced weight gain and milk production, clinical disease or death. Recent technological advances in genomics and bioinformatics now provide unique opportunities for the identification and pre-validation of drug targets and vaccines through improved understanding of the biology of pathogens such as P. cervi and their relationship with their hosts at the molecular level. Here, we report next generation transcriptome sequencing analysis for P. cervi. RNAseq libraries were generated from RNA extracted from 15 adult P. cervi parasites sampled from each of three different host species (sheep, goat and buffalo) and a reference transcriptome was generated by assembly of all Ion Torrent PGM sequencing data. Raw reads (7,433,721 in total) were initially filtered for host nucleotide contamination and ribosomal RNAs and the remaining reads were assembled into 43,753 high confidence transcript contigs. In excess of 50% of the assembled transcripts were annotated with domain- or protein sequence similarity derived functional information. The reference adult P. cervi transcriptome will serve as a basis for future work on the biology of this important parasite. Using the widely investigated trematode virulence factor and vaccine candidate Cathepsin L as an example, the epitope GPISIAINA was found to be conserved in P. cervi isolated from three different host species supporting its candidacy for vaccine development and illustrating the utility of the adult P. cervi transcriptome.