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[EN] In this work, we study the potential of using kriging metamodelling to perform multi-objective structural design optimization using finite element analysis software and design standards while keeping the computational efforts low. A method is proposed, which includes sustainability and buildability objectives, and it is applied to a case study of reinforced concrete foundations for wind turbines based on data from a large Swedish wind farm project. Sensitivity analyses are conducted to investigate the influence of the penalty factor applied to unfeasible solutions and the size of the initial sample generated by Latin hypercube sampling. A multi-objective optimization is then performed to obtain the optimum designs for different weight combinations for the four objectives considered. Results show that the kriging-obtained designs from samples of 20 designs outperform the best designs in the samples of 1000 designs. The optimum designs obtained by the proposed method have a sustainability impact 8¿15% lower than the designs developed by traditional methods.

[ES] Los procesos de mecanizado representan una parte importante de los procesos que se llevan a cabo en la industria manufacturera. Con el fin de reducir el impacto ecológico y los costos operativos, estas empresas se han de volcarse a la mejora continua de sus procesos. Esta tesis tiene como objetivo la mejora de un proceso de brochado para una empresa automotriz. Esta herramienta está construida en HSS y revestida con TiN, forzándose a través de un orificio en la pieza a mecanizar. Debido a los múltiples puntos de corte que actúan simultáneamente, las fuerzas necesarias son muy elevadas. Los bajos valores del ángulo de alivio y la baja velocidad del proceso, conceden al lubricante un papel crítico en el proceso de brochado. Con el fin de estudiar el impacto del lubricante en el proceso de brochado se han simulado las condiciones de este proceso de la forma más fiel posible en un laboratorio mediante un proceso de roscado. Con la finalidad de examinar las fuerzas de corte necesarias y como estas evolucionaban a lo largo del proceso se ha llevado a cabo esta operación mediante el uso de diferentes lubricantes. Los resultados y su análisis han mostrado una influencia de la viscosidad en el proceso. La viscosidad es inversamente proporcional a la capacidad del fluido de acceder a ciertas zonas críticas, aumentando las fuerzas de rozamiento y la generación de virutas largas. Tanto el tamaño de la viruta, como la capacidad del lubricante de evacuarlas han mostrado fuertes influencias en el proceso., [EN] Machining processes are an important part of the manufacturing industry. Those companies are required to continuously improve their processes and make them more efficient, to reduce the ecological impact and operational costs. The aim of this thesis is to improve a circular broaching process for an automotive company. The broaching tool is made from solid HSS and TiN coated, which is pulled through a hole in the workpiece. Due to multiple cutting edges acting simultaneously, the cutting force is high. With a low relief angle of the cutting tool and low cutting speed, the lubricant plays a critical role in the broaching process. The thesis studies different cutting fluids in a laboratory, by simulating the impact of cutting fluids in a broaching process with tapping operations under similar conditions. The torques values and the behaviour of it during the process have been recorded for different lubricants. The lubricants were found to have a strong influence in the torque required and the chip formation. The relation between lubricant viscosity and lubrication performance was studied. In addition, the relation between chip formation and torque behaviour was explored, showing the importance of chip evacuation capacity. The process has been carried out by using different lubricants to examine the required cutting forces and how they evolved throughout the process. The results and the consecutive analysis have shown an influence of the viscosity in the process. The viscosity is inversely proportional to the capacity of the fluid to access certain critical areas, increasing the friction forces and the generation of long chips. Both the chip size and the ability of the lubricant to evacuate have strong influences on the process.

[EN] In the primary root and young hypocotyl of Arabidopsis, ACAULIS5 promotes translation of SUPPRESSOR OF ACAULIS51 (SAC51) and thereby inhibits cytokinin biosynthesis and vascular cell division. In this study, the relationships between ACAULIS5, SAC51 and cytokinin biosynthesis were investigated during secondary growth of Populus stems. Overexpression of ACAULIS5 from the constitutive 35S promoter in hybrid aspen (Populus tremula x Populus tremuloides) trees suppressed the expression level of ACAULIS5, which resulted in low levels of the physiologically active cytokinin bases as well as their direct riboside precursors in the transgenic lines. Low ACAULIS5 expression and low cytokinin levels of the transgenic trees coincided with low cambial activity of the stem. ACAULIS5 therefore, contrary to its function in young seedlings in Arabidopsis, stimulates cytokinin accumulation and cambial activity during secondary growth of the stem. This function is not derived from maturing secondary xylem tissues as transgenic suppression of ACAULIS5 levels in these tissues did not influence secondary growth. Interestingly, evidence was obtained for increased activity of the anticlinal division of the cambial initials under conditions of low ACAULIS5 expression and low cytokinin accumulation. We propose that ACAULIS5 integrates auxin and cytokinin signaling to promote extensive secondary growth of tree stems.

[EN] The 5d transition metals have attracted specific interest for high-pressure studies due to their extraordinary stability and intriguing electronic properties. In particular, iridium metal has been proposed to exhibit a recently discovered pressure-induced electronic transition, the so-called core-level crossing transition at the lowest pressure among all the 5d transition metals. Here, we report an experimental structural characterization of iridium by x-ray probes sensitive to both long- and short-range order in matter. Synchrotron-based powder x-ray diffraction results highlight a large stability range (up to 1.4 Mbar) of the low-pressure phase. The compressibility behaviour was characterized by an accurate determination of the pressure-volume equation of state, with a bulk modulus of 339(3) GPa and its derivative of 5.3(1). X-ray absorption spectroscopy, which probes the local structure and the empty density of electronic states above the Fermi level, was also utilized. The remarkable agreement observed between experimental and calculated spectra validates the reliability of theoretical predictions of the pressure dependence of the electronic structure of iridium in the studied interval of compressions.

[EN] The drying of Eucalyptus nitens is a troublesome process as the species is extremely prone to drying defects. This paper reports ongoing research to improve the understanding of surface checking and cell collapse in Chilean grown Eucalyptus nitens during drying. Computed tomography (CT) scanning was used as a powerful tool for studying the internal changes in the wood-material during the drying process. Different levels of temperatures have been tested with the same equilibrium moisture content (EMC) conditions and low air velocity. The results confirm that a low drying temperature and a low air velocity, which results in a slow rate of drying, reduce internal cell collapse and surface checking .

[EN] This paper presents a methodology for cost estimation in developing decision supports for production location issues. The purpose is to provide a structured work procedure to be used by practitioners to derive the knowledge needed to make informed decisions on where to locate production. This paper present a special focus on how to integrate cost effects during the decision process. The work procedure and cost models were developed in close collaboration with a group of industrial partners. The result is a structure of cost estimation tools aligned to different steps in the work procedure. The cost models can facilitate both cost estimation for manufacturing a product under new preconditions, including support costs, and cost simulations to analyse the risks of wrong estimations and uncertainties in the input parameters. Future research aims to test the methodology in ongoing transfer projects to further understand difficulties in managing global production systems. In existing models and methods presented in the literature, cost is usually estimated on a too aggregated level to be suitable for decision support regarding production system design. The cost estimation methodology presented here provides new insights on cost driving factors related to the production system.

(c) 2016 IEEE. Personal use of this material is permitted. Permission from IEEE must be obtained for all other users, including reprinting/ republishing this material for advertising or promotional purposes, creating new collective works for resale or redistribution to servers or lists, or reuse of any copyrighted components of this work in other works., This paper describes the design and realization of a transition from a microstrip line to a ridge gap waveguide operating between 95 and 115 GHz. The study includes simulations, measurements, and a Monte Carlo analysis of the assembly tolerances. The purpose of this tolerance study is to identify the most critical misalignments that affect the circuit performance and to provide guidelines about the assembly tolerance requirements for the proposed transition design

[EN] A new germanosilicate zeolite (denoted as ITQ-53) with extra-large pores has been synthesised using tri-tertbutylmethylphosphonium cation as the organic structure directing agent (OSDA). Rotation electron diffraction (RED) was used to identify ITQ-53 from an initially-synthesised sample containing impurities, and to solve its structure. The structure was refined against PXRD data of pure ITQ-53 samples obtained after synthesis optimisation. ITQ-53 is the first example of extra-large pore zeolites with tri-directional interconnected 14 x 14 x 14-ring channels. It is stable up to at least 650 degrees C. The structure of ITQ-53 changes from monoclinic to orthorhombic upon calcination.

The combination of different experimental techniques, such as solid C-13 and H-1 magic-angle spinning NMR spectroscopy, fluorescence spectroscopy and powder X-ray diffraction, together with theoretical calculations allows the determination of the unique structure directing the role of the bulky aromatic proton sponge 1,8-bis(dimethylamino)naphthalene (DMAN) towards the extra-large-pore ITQ-51 zeolite through supra-molecular assemblies of those organic molecules.

The synthesis of crystalline microporous materials containing large pores is in high demand by industry, especially for the use of these materials as catalysts in chemical processes involving bulky molecules. An extra-large-pore silicoaluminophosphate with 16-ring openings, ITQ-51, has been synthesized by the use of bulky aromatic proton sponges as organic structure-directing agents. Proton sponges show exceptional properties for directing extra-large zeolites because of their unusually high basicity combined with their large size and rigidity. This extra-large-pore material is stable after calcination, being one of the very few examples of hydrothermally stable molecular sieves containing extra-large pores. The structure of ITQ-51 was solved from submicrometer-sized crystals using the rotation electron diffraction method. Finally, several hypothetical zeolites related to ITQ-51 have been proposed.

[EN] The synthesis of crystalline molecular sieves with pore dimensions that fill the gap between microporous and mesoporous materials is a matter of fundamental and industrial interest(1-3). The preparation of zeolitic materials with extralarge pores and chiral frameworks would permit many new applications. Two important steps in this direction include the synthesis(4) of ITQ-33, a stable zeolite with 18 x 10 x 10 ring windows, and the synthesis(5) of SU-32, which has an intrinsically chiral zeolite structure and where each crystal exhibits only one handedness. Here we present a germanosilicate zeolite (ITQ-37) with extralarge 30-ring windows. Its structure was determined by combining selected area electron diffraction ( SAED) and powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) in a charge-flipping algorithm(6). The framework follows the SrSi2 (srs) minimal net(7) and forms two unique cavities, each of which is connected to three other cavities to form a gyroidal channel system. These cavities comprise the enantiomorphous srs net of the framework. ITQ-37 is the first chiral zeolite with one single gyroidal channel. It has the lowest framework density (10.3 T atoms per 1,000 angstrom(3)) of all existing 4-coordinated crystalline oxide frameworks, and the pore volume of the corresponding silica polymorph would be 0.38 cm(3) g(-1).