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Introduction: The intention of root canal preparation is to reduce infected content and create a root canal shape allowing for a well condensed root filling. Therefore, it is not necessary to remove excessive dentine for successful root canal preparation and concern must be taken not to over instrument as perforations can occur in the thin dentinal walls of primary molars. Aim: This study was done to evaluate the time preparation, the risk of lateral perforation and dentine removal of the stainless steel K file and K3 rotary instrumentation in primary teeth. Materials and Methods: Seventy-five primary molars were selected and divided into three groups. Using spiral computed tomography the teeth were scanned before instrumentation. Teeth were prepared using a stainless steel K file for manual technique. All the canals were prepared up to file size 35. In K3 rotary files (.02 taper) instrumentation was done up to 35 size file. In K3 rotary files (.04 taper) the instrumentation was done up to 25 size file and simultaneously the instrumentation time was recorded. The instrumented teeth were once again scanned and the images were compared with the images of the uninstrumented canals. Statistical Analysis: Data was statistically analysed using Kruskal Wallis One-way ANOVA, Mann-Whitney U-Test and Pearson’s Chisquare Test. Results: K3 rotary files (.02 taper) removed a significantly less amount of dentine, required less instrumentation time than a stainless steel K file. Conclusion: K3 files (.02 taper) generated less dentine removal than the stainless steel K file and K3 files (.04 taper). K3 rotary files (.02 taper) were more effective for root canal instrumentation in primary teeth.

A thorough knowledge of root canal anatomy and its variation is necessary for successful completion of root canal procedures. Morphological variations such as additional root canals in human deciduous dentition are rare. A mandibular second primary molar with more than four canals is an interesting example of anatomic variations, especially when three of these canals are located in the distal root. This case shows a rare anatomic configuration and points out the importance of looking for additional canals.

A talon cusp is a dental anomaly commonly occurring in the permanent dentition compared to the primary dentition. It commonly affects the maxillary anterior teeth. In primary dentition, the most commonly affected tooth is the maxillary central incisors. This is a rare case report of a 5-year-old male patient with a talon cusp affecting the mandibular primary lateral incisor. Recognition and treatment of this anomaly at early stages is important to avoid complications.

We present three cases for the management of paediatric tongue tie (ankyloglossia) through laser-assisted frenectomy and postoperative oral myofunctional exercises. Ankyloglossia, characterised by a restricted lingual frenulum, poses challenges in tongue movement and is traditionally treated with surgical interventions. Laser technology, particularly diode lasers, has shown promise in paediatric cases due to reduced bleeding, minimal discomfort and faster recovery. The case series presents three instances where patients underwent laser-assisted frenectomy, demonstrating improved tongue function and speech outcomes. The comprehensive approach includes adherence to safety protocols, meticulous surgical techniques and the integration of postoperative exercises. Results indicate significant improvement in speech and tongue mobility, with no reported pain or complications. The study underscores the efficacy, safety and patient-centric nature of the combined laser and exercise strategy in addressing ankyloglossia in paediatric dentistry, emphasising the need for further research and long-term follow-up studies to validate its sustained effectiveness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To summarise the evidence for the efficacy of oral health educational programmes provided to expectant mothers for preventing Early Childhood Caries (ECC) and to determine the most effective intervention programme.Materials and Methods: The search strategy included clinical trials in the Cochrane Oral Health Group's Trials Register, PubMed, Science Direct, Google Scholar, LILACS and ClinicalKey (up to 26 August 2013) in English. Reference lists of identified randomised controlled trials (RCTs) and review articles were also hand searched. Studies were selected according to predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria.Results: The search identified 392 studies, only four of which were included. Risk ratios (RR) were calculated. The quality of the evidence was assessed by the GRADE approach. Results showed statistically significant decreases in caries incidence (RR = 0.18, 95% CI [from 0.06 to 0.52]) in one study. Meta-analysis could not be performed.Conclusion: Oral health educational programmes for expectant mothers may have a positive impact in preventing ECC, although the evidence is weak. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Early Childhood Caries ( ECC) continues to be the most common public health issue in developing countries. Aim The purpose of this study was to assess the prevalence of ECC in 0- to 3-year-old children from rural areas of South India, using the ICDAS. Design A cross-sectional study was carried out with 1486 children aged 0-3 years in South India. Two calibrated examiners performed the oral examinations using International Caries Detection and Assessment System ( ICDAS) criteria. Data analysis involved the use of the new ICDAS epidemiological software tool. Results Prevalence of ECC in studied child population was 40.6%. Among the 604 children with ECC, only non-cavitated teeth were present in 314 children, and only cavitated teeth were present in 84 children. The remaining 206 children had both cavitated and non-cavitated teeth. Interesting lesion behavior was observed in 27 children, who had enamel lesions in mandibular canines only, in an otherwise sound dentition. On examining the teeth surfaces affected ( n = 102,274), 50.3% had non-cavitated surfaces and 49.7% had cavitated surfaces. Conclusions The results demonstrate the high prevalence of ECC in this population and the need to consider early diagnosis and specific preventive interventions. The authors of this study have also addressed their views about the use of ICDAS software tool. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Alcohol-mediated liver injury is associated with changes in the level of the major cellular antioxidant glutathione (GSH). It is interesting to investigate if the changes in intracellular GSH level through exogenous agents affect the intracellular cysteine content and the protein adduct formation indicative of oxidative insult in chronic alcohol treated liver cells. In VL-17A cells treated with 2 mMN-acetyl cysteine (NAC) or 0.1 mM ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) plus 100 mM ethanol, an increase in cysteine concentration which was accompanied by decreases in hydroxynonenal (HNE) and glutathionylated protein adducts were observed. Pretreatment of 100 mM ethanol treated VL-17A cells with 0.4 mM buthionine sulfoximine (BSO) or 1 mM diethyl maleate (DEM) had opposite effects. Thus, altered GSH level through exogenous agents may either potentiate or ameliorate chronic alcohol-mediated protein adduct formation and change the cysteine level in chronic alcohol treated VL-17A cells. The gene expression of non-treated and ethanol-treated hepatocytes in 2 microarray datasets was also compared to locate differentially expressed genes involved in cysteine metabolism. The study demonstrates that increased protein adducts formation and changes in cysteine concentration occur under chronic alcohol condition in liver cells which may increase alcohol-mediated oxidative injury. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Background: One of the objectives of root canal preparation is to clean and shape the root canal system while maintaining the original configuration. Therefore, it is important to keep the instruments centered to provide a correct enlargement, without excessive weakening of the root structure. Aim: The aim of the study was to compare canal transportation and centering ability of K3 (0.02% taper) and K3 (0.04% taper) with stainless steel hand K files in primary teeth using a spiral computed tomography (SCT) scan. Materials and Methods: A total of 75 extracted mandibular primary second molars was collected. Canals were divided randomly into three groups of 25 teeth each. Group I: K3 files (0.02% taper), Group II: K3 (0.04% taper), and Group III: Stainless steel hand K files. Three regions from apical, mid-root, and coronal levels of the canal were recorded. All the teeth were scanned before and after instrumentation by using SCT. Results: K3 (0.02% taper) showed less canal transportation and a better centering ratio than K3 (0.04% taper) and stainless steel hand K files. Statistical Analysis: The mean values were compared between different study groups and the P-value was calculated by using Kruskal- Wallis one-way ANOVA. The Mann-Whitney U-test followed by the Bonferroni correction method was employed to identify the significant groups at the 5% level. Conclusion: K 3 (0.02% taper) shaped root canals without significant shaping errors when compared to K3 (0.04% taper) and stainless steel hand K files in primary teeth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Background: In recent years, there has been a growing interest to explore the association between liver injury and diabetes. Advanced glycated end product (AGE) formation which characterizes diabetic complications is formed through hyperglycemia mediated oxidative stress and is itself a source for ROS. Further, in VL-17A cells over-expressing ADH and CYP2E1, greatly increased oxidative stress and decreased viability have been observed with high glucose exposure. Methods: In VL-17A cells treated with high glucose and pretreated with the different inhibitors of ADH and CYP2E1, the changes in cell viability, oxidative stress parameters and formation of AGE, were studied. Results: Inhibition of CYP2E1 with 10μM diallyl sulfide most effectively led to decreases in the oxidative stress and toxicity as compared with ADH inhibition with 2mM pyrazole or the combined inhibition of ADH and CYP2E1 with 5mM 4-methyl pyrazole. AGE formation was decreased in VL-17A cells when compared with HepG2 cells devoid of the enzymes. Further, AGE formation was decreased to the greatest extent with the inhibitor for CYP2E1 suggesting that high glucose inducible CYP2E1 and the consequent ROS aid AGE formation. Conclusions: Thus, CYP2E1 plays a pivotal role in the high glucose induced oxidative stress and toxicity in liver cells as observed through direct evidences obtained utilizing the different inhibitors for ADH and CYP2E1. General significance: The study demonstrates the role of CYP2E1 mediated oxidative stress in aggravating hyperglycemic insult and suggests that CYP2E1 may be a vital component of hyperglycemia mediated oxidative injury in liver. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Background: Root canal therapy in primary teeth is exceedingly complex due to the unique internal geometry of the pulp cavity., Aim: The purpose of this study was to evaluate variations in primary teeth root canal morphology and applicability of the Ahmed et al. (Int Endod J, 50, 2017, 761) alphanumeric system for classifying them., Design: A retrospective analysis of 2024 primary teeth from an existing CBCT database was performed for assessing variations in root canal morphology. Descriptive statistics and the chi-squared test were used for data analysis., Results: The maxillary canines exhibited splitting levels of 5.9% (right) and 6.6% (left), and merging levels of 1% (both sides); maxillary lateral incisors showed splitting levels of 2.6% (right) and 0.8% (left), with no merging observed; mandibular second molars had splitting levels of 1.5% (right) and 0.8% (left), with no merging observed; and mandibular lateral incisors exhibited a merging level of 0.9% (right), with no splitting observed., Conclusion: This study provides new insights into the variations in root canal morphology of primary teeth, particularly highlighting the variations found in primary canines. The Ahmed et al. (Int Endod J, 50, 2017, 761) classification system was found to be a useful tool for categorizing these variations., (© 2024 BSPD, IAPD and John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

We present three cases for the management of paediatric tongue tie (ankyloglossia) through laser-assisted frenectomy and postoperative oral myofunctional exercises. Ankyloglossia, characterised by a restricted lingual frenulum, poses challenges in tongue movement and is traditionally treated with surgical interventions. Laser technology, particularly diode lasers, has shown promise in paediatric cases due to reduced bleeding, minimal discomfort and faster recovery. The case series presents three instances where patients underwent laser-assisted frenectomy, demonstrating improved tongue function and speech outcomes. The comprehensive approach includes adherence to safety protocols, meticulous surgical techniques and the integration of postoperative exercises. Results indicate significant improvement in speech and tongue mobility, with no reported pain or complications. The study underscores the efficacy, safety and patient-centric nature of the combined laser and exercise strategy in addressing ankyloglossia in paediatric dentistry, emphasising the need for further research and long-term follow-up studies to validate its sustained effectiveness., Competing Interests: Competing interests: None declared., (© BMJ Publishing Group Limited 2024. No commercial re-use. See rights and permissions. Published by BMJ.)