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Enteral nutrition (EN) involves replacing all or part of a person's habitual diet with a nutritional formula. The impact of varying doses of EN on the gut microbiome remains understudied. Healthy adults replaced all (100% EN) or part (85% EN, 50% EN and 20% EN) of their energy requirements with EN for 7 days. Faecal samples were collected before and on day 7 of interventions. Faecal pH, short chain fatty acids (SCFAs), branched-chain fatty acids (BCFAs) and 16S rRNA sequencing were performed. Dietary assessment was performed with 7-day food diaries. Sixty-one participants (31 females; median (IQR) age: 24.7 (23.0–27.8) years) were recruited. A dose-dependent impact of EN on faecal microbiota, SCFAs, BCFAs) and pH was observed, with changes detectable at EN intakes of at least 50% of energy requirements. 100% and 85% EN reduced the abundance of fibre-fermenting taxa such as Agathobacter, Faecalibaterium, Succinivibrio and Acidaminococcus. In parallel, potentially harmful organisms like Eubacterium , Actinomyces, and Klebsiella increased. In the 50% EN group, adherence to a diet high in fish, vegetables, potatoes, non-alcoholic beverages, and fat spreads, and low in cereal products, milk, and meat negatively correlated with changes in microbiota structure (r = −0.75, P = 0.025). This signal was not observed when using compositional tools for microbiota analysis. EN detrimentally influences the faecal microbiota and diet-related bacterial metabolites in a dose-dependent manner, particularly at doses of at least 50%. The findings of this study have implications for the dietary management and counselling of patients receiving high volume EN. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: A significant body of literature has interrogated the critical role of diet in the development and management of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Summary: This review provides a summary and critical appraisal of the literature in this area, focussing on four distinct themes: nutritional epidemiology, animal and in vitro experiments, enteral nutrition, and food-based dietary therapies. Key Messages: Nutritional epidemiology and data from experiments in animals indicate that a western-type diet pattern is associated with increased risk of IBD onset. However, these findings have not been consistently replicated in the dietary management of IBD. Exclusive enteral nutrition (EEN) is the only dietary therapy with reproducible evidence of efficacy in the management of active Crohn's disease (CD). Use of EEN may also be useful for improving perioperative outcomes in CD, and as an adjuvant therapy to biologic therapy. Several dietary therapies for CD and ulcerative colitis have been proposed in the literature, but replication in well-controlled studies is needed before their routine use enters the clinical setting. Precision nutritional therapy might be an attractive therapeutic paradigm in a heterogenous disease like IBD. However, no recommendations for personalised dietary therapy can currently be made, and it is imperative we unravel the complex interplay between diet and gut inflammation before we are able to do so. Undoubtedly, diet is of critical importance in the development and management of IBD. However, the exact mechanism by which diet causes gut inflammation is still elusive, and dietary guidance is difficult to formulate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aims Patients with inflammatory bowel disease [IBD] are often affected during their reproductive years and may have many perinatal queries that require the comprehensive perspectives of a multidisciplinary team [MDT]. The purpose of this topical review is to assess the scientific evidence and provide expert opinion related to nutritional, psychological and supportive care of women and their infants throughout the prenatal, antenatal and infant periods. Methods A consensus expert panel of a paediatrician, gastroenterologists, nurses and dietitians was convened by the European Crohn's and Colitis Organisation. This panel critically reviewed literature related to the non-medical management of patients with IBD during preconception, pregnancy, the postnatal period and the first years of the infant's life. Statements were developed using an e-Delphi process over two rounds and were confirmed when ≥80% of experts agreed with the statements. Results A total of 19 current practice positions were developed that cover the preconception period, pregnancy and lactation, and early-life exposures associated with risk of IBD. Development of the infant microbiome and its role in the immune system and topics including nutritional optimization, psychological support and education relating to early life were reviewed. Conclusions Patients with IBD have unique nutritional and psychosocial needs that may affect fertility and pregnancy outcomes. The early-life environment of infants born to parents with IBD may be associated with subsequent development of IBD in offspring. An MDT is the optimal setting to support and counsel patients throughout the perinatal period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and aims Nutritional therapy with the Crohn's Disease Exclusion Diet + Partial Enteral Nutrition [CDED+PEN] or Exclusive Enteral Nutrition [EEN] induces remission and reduces inflammation in mild-to-moderate paediatric Crohn's disease [CD]. We aimed to assess if reaching remission with nutritional therapy is mediated by correcting compositional or functional dysbiosis. Methods We assessed metagenome sequences, short chain fatty acids [SCFA] and bile acids [BA] in 54 paediatric CD patients reaching remission after nutritional therapy [with CDED + PEN or EEN] [NCT01728870], compared to 26 paediatric healthy controls. Results Successful dietary therapy decreased the relative abundance of Proteobacteria and increased Firmicutes towards healthy controls. CD patients possessed a mixture of two metabotypes [M1 and M2], whereas all healthy controls had metabotype M1. M1 was characterised by high Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes, low Proteobacteria, and higher SCFA synthesis pathways, and M2 was associated with high Proteobacteria and genes involved in SCFA degradation. M1 contribution increased during diet: 48%, 63%, up to 74% [Weeks 0, 6, 12, respectively.]. By Week 12, genera from Proteobacteria reached relative abundance levels of healthy controls with the exception of E. coli. Despite an increase in SCFA synthesis pathways, remission was not associated with increased SCFAs. Primary BA decreased with EEN but not with CDED+PEN, and secondary BA did not change during diet. Conclusion Successful dietary therapy induced correction of both compositional and functional dysbiosis. However, 12 weeks of diet was not enough to achieve complete correction of dysbiosis. Our data suggests that composition and metabotype are important and change quickly during the early clinical response to dietary intervention. Correction of dysbiosis may therefore be an important future treatment goal for CD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The immunological effects of treatment with exclusive enteral nutrition (EEN) in Crohn's disease (CD) remain unknown. We characterized the plasma levels of inflammation-related proteins (IRPs) in children with CD and ulcerative colitis (UC) compared with noninflammatory controls (non-IBD) and explored the effect of EEN in CD., Methods: Ninety-two IRPs were quantified using Olink proteomics in children with CD (n = 53), UC (n = 11), and non-IBD (n = 19). For 18 children with active CD, IRPs were measured before and after 8 weeks of EEN. Relationships with disease phenotype and response to EEN were studied., Results: Compared with non-IBD, patients with active UC and CD had different levels of 27 (24 raised, 3 decreased) and 29 (26 raised, 3 decreased) IRPs, respectively. Exclusive enteral nutrition modified the levels of 19 IRPs (13 increased, 6 decreased including CCL23, interleukin-24, interleukin-6, and MMP-1). More pronounced changes in IRP profile were observed in patients with ileal involvement and a ≥50% decrease in fecal calprotectin during EEN compared with those with colonic involvement and a <50% decrease in fecal calprotectin, respectively. A machine-learning model utilizing baseline IRP profile predicted response to EEN with a sensitivity of 89%, specificity of 57%, and accuracy of 73%. Thymic stromal lymphopoietin was the most important IRP in the model, this being higher in responders., Conclusions: Inflammation-related proteins may be useful in the differential diagnosis of IBD. Exclusive enteral nutrition extensively modulated IRPs levels in children with active CD with more pronounced effects observed in patients who showed a reduction in FC and had ileal disease involvement., (© 2024 Crohn’s & Colitis Foundation. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of Crohn’s & Colitis Foundation.)

In the human gut resides a vast community of microorganisms which perform critical functions for the maintenance of whole body homeostasis. Changes in the composition and function of this community, termed microbiome, are believed to provoke disease onset, including non-communicable diseases. In this review, we debate the current evidence on the role of the gut microbiome in the pathogenesis, outcomes and management of paediatric gut disease. We conclude that even though the gut microbiome is altered in paediatric inflammatory bowel disease, coeliac disease, intestinal failure, necrotising enterocolitis and irritable bowel syndrome, there are currently very few implications for unravelling disease pathogenesis or guiding clinical practice. In the future, the gut microbiome may aid in disease differential diagnosis and prediction of clinical outcomes, and comprise a target for therapeutic interventions., Competing Interests: Competing interests: CS declares performing consultancy for Astarte Medical and honoraria from Danone-Nutricia. KG declares research grants, honoraria, and consultancy fees from Danone-Nutricia, Nestle Heath Science, Abbott, Baxter and Mylan., (© Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2022. No commercial re-use. See rights and permissions. Published by BMJ.)