Author: "Svetlana V. Ratynskaia" - Searchworks@Jio Institute Digital Library Search Results

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114 results on '"Svetlana V. Ratynskaia"'

1. Energy deposition and melt deformation on the ITER first wall due to disruptions and vertical displacement events

Author: R. R. Khayrutdinov, G. Pautasso, Gregor Simic, E. Matveeva, R.A. Pitts, E. Thoren, Benjamin Stein-Lubrano, Kenzo Ibano, Victor Lukash, Jonathan Coburn, F. J. Artola, Svetlana V. Ratynskaia, M. Brank, Michael Lehnen, and Leon Kos
Subjects: Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Materials science, Vertical displacement, Composite material, Deformation (meteorology), Condensed Matter Physics, Deposition (chemistry), Energy (signal processing)
Abstract: An analysis workflow has been developed to assess energy deposition and material damage for ITER vertical displacement events (VDEs) and major disruptions (MD). This paper describes the use of this workflow to assess the melt damage to be expected during unmitigated current quench (CQ) phases of VDEs and MDs at different points in the ITER research plan. The plasma scenarios are modeled using the DINA code with variations in plasma current I p, disruption direction (upwards or downwards), Be impurity density n Be, and diffusion coefficient χ. Magnetic field line tracing using SMITER calculates time-dependent, 3D maps of surface power density q ⊥ on the Be-armored first wall panels (FWPs) throughout the CQ. MEMOS-U determines the temperature response, macroscopic melt motion, and final surface topology of each FWP. Effects of Be vapor shielding are included. Scenarios at the baseline combination of I p and toroidal field (15 MA/5.3 T) show the most extreme melt damage, with the assumed n Be having a strong impact on the disruption duration, peak q ⊥ and total energy deposition to the first wall. The worst-cases are upward 15 MA VDEs and MDs at lower values of n Be, with q ⊥,max = 307 MW m−2 and maximum erosion losses of ∼2 mm after timespans of ∼400–500 ms. All scenarios at 5 MA avoided melt damage, and only one 7.5 MA scenario yields a notable erosion depth of 0.25 mm. These results imply that disruptions during 5 MA, and some 7.5 MA, operating scenarios will be acceptable during the pre-fusion power operation phases of ITER. Preliminary analysis shows that localized melt damage for the worst-case disruption should have a limited impact on subsequent stationary power handling capability.
Published: 2022

2. Reassessing energy deposition for the ITER 5 MA vertical displacement event with an improved DINA model

Author: V.E. Lukash, B. Stein-Lubrano, J. Coburn, R.R. Khayrutdinov, M. Brank, R.A. Pitts, Svetlana V. Ratynskaia, F. J. Artola, G. Simic, Michael Lehnen, Kenzo Ibano, Leon Kos, E. Thoren, and E. Matveeva
Subjects: Physics, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Jet (fluid), Vertical displacement event, Safety factor, Field line, Materials Science (miscellaneous), TK9001-9401, Plasma, Effective radiated power, Computational physics, Nuclear Energy and Engineering, Heat flux, Heat transfer, Halo width, Melt motion, Plasma-facing components, Nuclear engineering. Atomic power, Halo
Abstract: The beryllium (Be) main chamber wall interaction during a 5 MA/1.8 T upward, unmitigated VDE scenario, first analysed in [J. Coburn et al., Phys. Scr. T171 (2020) 014076] for ITER, has been re-evaluated using the latest energy deposition analysis software. Updates to the DINA disruption model are summarized, including an improved numerical convergence for the 0D power balance, limitations on the safety factor within the plasma core, and the choice to maintain a constant plasma + halo poloidal cross-section. Such updates result in a broad halo region and higher radiated power fractions compared to previous models. The new scenario lasts for ~75 ms and deposits ~29 MJ of energy, with the radial distribution of parallel heat flux q ‖ r resembling an exponential falloff with an effective λ q = 75 - 198 mm. A maximum halo width w h of 0.52 m at the outboard midplane is observed. SMITER field line tracing and energy deposition simulations calculate a q ⊥ , m a x of ~83 MW/m2 on the upper first wall panels (FWP). Heat transfer calculations with the MEMOS-U code show that the FWP surface temperature reaches ~1000 K, well below the Be melt threshold. Variations of this 5 MA scenario with Be impurity densities from 0 to 3∙1019 m−3 also remain below the melt threshold despite differences in energy deposition and duration. These results are in contrast to the early study which predicted melt damage to the first wall [J. Coburn et al., Phys. Scr. T171 (2020) 014076], and emphasize the importance of accurate models for the halo width w h and the heat flux distribution q ‖ r within that halo width. The 2020 halo model in DINA has been compared with halo current experiments on COMPASS, JET, and Alcator C-Mod, and the preliminary results build confidence in the broad halo width predictions. Results for the 5 MA VDE are compared with those for a 15 MA equivalent, generated using the new DINA model. At the higher current, significant melting of the upper FWP is to be expected.
Published: 2021

3. The adhesion of tungsten dust on plasma-exposed tungsten surfaces

Author: G. Riva, A. Uccello, D. Ripamonti, M. De Angeli, Espedito Vassallo, L. Laguardia, G. Daminelli, M. Pedroni, Svetlana V. Ratynskaia, and Panagiotis Tolias
Subjects: Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Materials science, Dust remobilization, Materials Science (miscellaneous), Dispersity, chemistry.chemical_element, Adsorbates, Tungsten, complex mixtures, 01 natural sciences, 010305 fluids & plasmas, Sputtering, 0103 physical sciences, Surface roughness, Composite material, Electrostatic detachment, 010302 applied physics, Argon, Plasma, Adhesion, equipment and supplies, lcsh:TK9001-9401, Nuclear Energy and Engineering, chemistry, Deuterium, Dust adhesion, lcsh:Nuclear engineering. Atomic power, Pull-off force
Abstract: The adhesion of tungsten dust is measured on plasma-exposed and non-exposed tungsten substrates with the electrostatic detachment method. Tungsten substrates of comparable surface roughness have been exposed to the deuterium plasmas of the GyM linear device and the argon plasmas of rf glow discharges under conditions which invariably modify the surface composition due to physical sputtering. The adhesion has been systematically characterized for different spherical nearly monodisperse dust populations. Independent of the dust size, an approximate 50% post-exposure reduction of the average and spread of the adhesive force has been consistently observed and attributed to surface chemistry modifications. Keywords: Dust adhesion, Pull-off force, Dust remobilization, Electrostatic detachment, Adsorbates, Sputtering
Published: 2019

4. MEMOS 3D modelling of ELM-induced transient melt damage on an inclined tungsten surface in the ASDEX Upgrade outer divertor

Author: Boris Bazylev, Panagiotis Tolias, S. Pestchanyi, R.A. Pitts, Svetlana V. Ratynskaia, E. Thoren, EUROfusion Mst Team, K. Krieger, ASDEX Upgrade Team, Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics, Max Planck Society, and EUROfusion MST1 Team
Subjects: Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Materials science, Materials Science (miscellaneous), Divertor, chemistry.chemical_element, Thermionic emission, Mechanics, Tungsten, 01 natural sciences, lcsh:TK9001-9401, 010305 fluids & plasmas, Magnetic field, Surface tension, symbols.namesake, Nuclear Energy and Engineering, ASDEX Upgrade, chemistry, Heat flux, 0103 physical sciences, symbols, Physics::Accelerator Physics, lcsh:Nuclear engineering. Atomic power, 010306 general physics, Lorentz force
Abstract: The first MEMOS 3D simulations of liquid metal motion on an inclined bulk tungsten sample transiently molten by edge-localized modes (ELMs) are reported. The exposures took place at the outer ASDEX-Upgrade divertor with the tungsten surface tangent intersecting the magnetic field at ∼ 18°. Simulations confirm that the observed poloidal melt motion is caused by the volumetric J × B force with J the bulk replacement current triggered by thermionic emission. The final erosion profile and total melt build up are reproduced by employing the escaping thermionic current dependence on the incident heat flux derived from dedicated particle-in-cell simulations. Modelling reveals that melt dynamics is governed by the volumetric Lorentz force, capillary flows due to thermal surface tension gradients and viscous deceleration. The effect of the evolving surface deformation, that locally alters the field-line inclination modifying the absorbed power flux and the escaping thermionic current, in the final surface morphology is demonstrated to be significant. Keywords: Melting, Tungsten, Divertor, Melt layer motion, MEMOS, Thermionic emission
Published: 2018

5. The MEMOS-U macroscopic melt dynamics code – benchmarking and applications

Author: K. Krieger, E. Thoren, EUROfusion Mst Team, Panagiotis Tolias, R.A. Pitts, Svetlana V. Ratynskaia, ASDEX Upgrade Team, Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics, Max Planck Society, and EUROfusion MST1 Team
Subjects: Materials science, 13. Climate action, Dynamics (music), 0103 physical sciences, Code (cryptography), Benchmarking, 010306 general physics, Condensed Matter Physics, 01 natural sciences, Mathematical Physics, Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics, 010305 fluids & plasmas, Computational science
Abstract: The MEMOS-U code, a significantly upgraded version of MEMOS-3D, has been developed to address macroscopic metallic melt motion in large-deformation long-displacement regimes, where melts spill onto progressively colder solid surfaces, that are ubiquitous in contemporary tokamaks and expected to be realized in ITER. The modelling of plasma effects, appearing via the free-surface boundary conditions, is discussed along with the sensitivity to external input. The crucial roles of convective and thermionic cooling are exemplified by simulations of ELM-induced tungsten leading edge melting. Key melt characteristics, revealed by previous MEMOS-U modelling of grounded sample exposures, are confirmed in new simulations of the recent floating sample exposures in ASDEX-Upgrade.
Published: 2021

6. Origin and nature of the emissive sheath surrounding hot tungsten tokamak surfaces

Author: Panagiotis Tolias, A. Podolnik, Svetlana V. Ratynskaia, and Matthias Komm
Subjects: Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Tokamak, Materials science, Secondary electron emission, Materials Science (miscellaneous), Astrophysics::High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, chemistry.chemical_element, Thermionic emission, Electron, Tungsten, 01 natural sciences, 010305 fluids & plasmas, law.invention, law, 0103 physical sciences, Melt motion, Astrophysics::Galaxy Astrophysics, 010302 applied physics, Deformation (mechanics), lcsh:TK9001-9401, Magnetic field, Field electron emission, Nuclear Energy and Engineering, chemistry, Virtual cathode, lcsh:Nuclear engineering. Atomic power, Atomic physics, Current (fluid), Schottky effect
Abstract: The accurate description of the emitted current that escapes from hot tungsten surfaces is essential for reliable predictions of the macroscopic deformation due to melt motion induced by fast transient events. A comprehensive analytical electron emission model is developed and its implementation in the particle-in-cell 2D3V code SPICE2 is discussed. The properties of emissive sheaths of present tokamaks, where thermionic emission is strongly suppressed by space-charge effects and by prompt re-deposition, are reviewed for arbitrary magnetic field inclination angles. The unique characteristics of emissive sheaths that emerge during ITER ELMs, where weakly impeded thermionic emission is coupled with field emission and competes with electron-induced emission, are revealed. The first ITER simulations are reported for normal inclinations.
Published: 2020

7. Thermal desorption spectrometry of beryllium plasma facing tiles exposed in the JET tokamak

Author: Pablo Vallejos Olivares, E. Stefanikova, Per Petersson, E. Tholerus, Svetlana V. Ratynskaia, Marek Rubel, Alvaro Garcia-Carrasco, Y. Zhou, I. Zychor, S. Menmuir, Thomas Johnson, Henric Bergsåker, Panagiotis Tolias, Petter Ström, A. Baron-Wiechec, Elisabeth Rachlew, A. Weckmann, Lorenzo Frassinetti, Torbjörn Hellsten, Igor Bykov, Materials Physics, and Department of Physics
Subjects: Materials science, Tokamak, Fuel retention, DEUTERIUM, Thermal desorption spectrometry, Thermal desorption, Analytical chemistry, chemistry.chemical_element, Tritium, Mass spectrometry, 114 Physical sciences, 01 natural sciences, 7. Clean energy, 010305 fluids & plasmas, law.invention, law, 0103 physical sciences, General Materials Science, 010306 general physics, Civil and Structural Engineering, Jet (fluid), ta114, Mechanical Engineering, Plasma, Plasma facing component, Nuclear Energy and Engineering, Deuterium, chemistry, JET, Beryllium
Abstract: Corrigendum: 10.1016/j.fusengdes.2018.08.007. The phenomena of retention and de-trapping of deuterium (D) and tritium (T) in plasma facing components (PFC) and supporting structures must be understood in order to limit or control total T inventory in larger future fusion devices such as ITER, DEMO and commercial machines. The goal of this paper is to present details of the thermal desorption spectrometry (TDS) system applied in total fuel retention assessment of PFC at the Joint European Torus (JET). Examples of TDS results from beryllium (Be) wall tile samples exposed to JET plasma in PFC configuration mirroring the planned ITER PFC is shown for the first time. The method for quantifying D by comparison of results from a sample of known D content was confirmed acceptable. The D inventory calculations obtained from Ion Beam Analysis (IBA) and TDS agree well within an error associated with the extrapolation from very few data points to a large surface area.
Published: 2018

8. Sustained W-melting experiments on actively cooled ITER-like plasma facing unit in WEST

Author: Panagiotis Tolias, M. Richou, L. Dubus, V. Bruno, Eric Nardon, E. Delmas, Fabrice Rigollet, Lena Delpech, K. Krieger, Patrick Maget, X. Regal-Mezin, J. W. Coenen, P. Mandelbaum, C. Desgranges, T. Loarer, J-L Schwob, Clarisse Bourdelle, Marc Missirlian, C. Pocheau, E. Tsitrone, C. Reux, R. Mitteau, A. Durif, J. L. Gardarein, A. Ekedahl, Jonathan Gaspar, A. Grosjean, A. Podolnik, E. Thoren, Nicolas Fedorczak, S. Brezinsek, X. Courtois, R. Dejarnac, Svetlana V. Ratynskaia, J. Gerardin, C. Guillemaut, M. Firdaouss, Yann Corre, N. Chanet, M. Diez, O. Skalli-Fettachi, Rémy Nouailletas, M. Houry, P. Moreau, J. P. Gunn, P Reilhac, WEST Team, Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA), Max-Planck-Institut für Plasmaphysik [Garching] (IPP), Royal Institute of Technology [Stockholm] (KTH ), Institut fur Energie und Klimaforschung - Plasmaphysik (IEK-4), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH | Centre de recherche de Juliers, Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft = Helmholtz Association-Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft = Helmholtz Association, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Czech Academy of Sciences [Prague] (CAS), Institut FRESNEL (FRESNEL), Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-École Centrale de Marseille (ECM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut universitaire des systèmes thermiques industriels (IUSTI), Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Azrieli College of Engineering, Jerusalem, Israel, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem (HUJ), European Project: 633053,H2020,EURATOM-Adhoc-2014-20,EUROfusion(2014), Institut de Recherche sur la Fusion par confinement Magnétique (IRFM), Department of Space and Plasma Physics [Stockholm], KTH School of Electrical Engineering, Royal Institute of Technology [Stockholm] (KTH )-Royal Institute of Technology [Stockholm] (KTH ), Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft = Helmholtz Association, Institute of Plasma Physics [Praha], Rigollet, Fabrice, and Implementation of activities described in the Roadmap to Fusion during Horizon 2020 through a Joint programme of the members of the EUROfusion consortium - EUROfusion - - H20202014-01-01 - 2018-12-31 - 633053 - VALID
Subjects: [PHYS]Physics [physics], Materials science, [SPI] Engineering Sciences [physics], Nuclear engineering, Heat flux calculation, Plasma, Condensed Matter Physics, 01 natural sciences, IR thermography, Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics, 010305 fluids & plasmas, Unit (housing), [PHYS.MECA.MEMA]Physics [physics]/Mechanics [physics]/Mechanics of materials [physics.class-ph], Plasma Facing Unit, [SPI]Engineering Sciences [physics], [PHYS.MECA.MEMA] Physics [physics]/Mechanics [physics]/Mechanics of materials [physics.class-ph], Tungsten melting, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-PLASM-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Plasma Physics [physics.plasm-ph], [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-PLASM-PH] Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Plasma Physics [physics.plasm-ph], 0103 physical sciences, [SPI.MECA.THER]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Mechanics [physics.med-ph]/Thermics [physics.class-ph], 010306 general physics, Mathematical Physics, [SPI.MECA.THER] Engineering Sciences [physics]/Mechanics [physics.med-ph]/Thermics [physics.class-ph]
Abstract: The consequences of tungsten (W) melting on divertor lifetime and plasma operation are high priority issues for ITER. Sustained and controlled W-melting experiment has been achieved for the first time in WEST on a poloidal sharp leading edge of an actively cooled ITER-like plasma facing unit (PFU). A series of dedicated high power steady state plasma discharges were performed to reach the melting point of tungsten. The leading edge was exposed to a parallel heat flux of about 100 MW.m−2 for up to 5 s providing a melt phase of about 2 s without noticeable impact of melting on plasma operation (radiated power and tungsten impurity content remained stable at constant input power) and no melt ejection were observed. The surface temperature of the MB was monitored by a high spatial resolution (0.1 mm/pixel) infrared camera viewing the melt zone from the top of the machine. The melting discharge was repeated three times resulting in about 6 s accumulated melting duration leading to material displacement from three similar pools. Cumulated on the overall sustained melting periods, this leads to excavation depth of about 230 μm followed by a re-solidified tungsten bump of 200 μm in the JxB direction.
Published: 2021

9. Adhesion measurements for tungsten dust deposited on tungsten surfaces

Author: Panagiotis Tolias, R. Donde, G. Riva, M. De Angeli, Svetlana V. Ratynskaia, M. Pedroni, G. Daminelli, and Espedito Vassallo
Subjects: Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Materials science, Materials Science (miscellaneous), Metallurgy, chemistry.chemical_element, Gas dynamics, Adhesion, Tungsten, equipment and supplies, complex mixtures, 01 natural sciences, lcsh:TK9001-9401, respiratory tract diseases, 010305 fluids & plasmas, Nuclear Energy and Engineering, chemistry, 0103 physical sciences, Deposition (phase transition), lcsh:Nuclear engineering. Atomic power, 010306 general physics
Abstract: The first experimental determination of the pull-off force for tungsten dust adhered to tungsten surfaces is reported. Dust deposition is conducted with gas dynamics methods in a manner that mimics sticking as it occurs in the tokamak environment. Adhesion measurements are carried out with the electrostatic detachment method. The adhesion strength is systematically characterized for spherical micron dust of different sizes and planar surfaces of varying roughness. The experimental pull-off force is nearly two orders of magnitude smaller than the predictions of contact mechanics models, but in strong agreement with the Van der Waals formula. A theoretical interpretation is provided that invokes the effects of nanometer-scale surface roughness for stiff materials such as tungsten.
Published: 2017

10. Modification of adhered dust on plasma-facing surfaces due to exposure to ELMy H-mode plasma in DIII-D

Author: Svetlana V. Ratynskaia, Panagiotis Tolias, Adam McLean, M. De Angeli, D.L. Rudakov, Eric Hollmann, C.J. Lasnier, Igor Bykov, and G. Riva
Subjects: Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Materials science, DIII-D, Tokamak, Materials Science (miscellaneous), Carbon dust, chemistry.chemical_element, Tungsten, complex mixtures, 01 natural sciences, Remobilization, 010305 fluids & plasmas, 0103 physical sciences, Composite material, Fusion, education, 010302 applied physics, education.field_of_study, Divertor, Thermal contact, Dust, Plasma, lcsh:TK9001-9401, respiratory tract diseases, Nuclear Energy and Engineering, chemistry, Adhesion, lcsh:Nuclear engineering. Atomic power, Sublimation (phase transition), Wetting
Abstract: Transient heat load tests have been conducted in the lower divertor of DIII-D using DiMES manipulator in order to study the behavior of dust on tungsten Plasma Facing Components (PFCs) during ELMy H-mode discharges. Samples with pre-adhered, pre-characterized dust have been exposed at the outer strike point (OSP) in a series of discharges with varied intra-(inter-) ELM heat fluxes. We used C dust because of its high sublimation temperature and non-metal properties. Al dust as a surrogate for Be and W dust were employed as relevant to that in the ITER divertor. The poor initial thermal contact between the substrate and the particles led to overheating, sublimation and shrinking of the carbon dust, and wetting induced coagulation of Al dust. Little modification of the W dust was observed. An enhanced surface adhesion and improvement of the thermal contact of C and Al dust were the result of exposure. A post mortem “adhesive tape” sampling showed that 70% of Al
Published: 2017

11. Pre-plasma remobilization of ferromagnetic dust in FTU and possible interference with tokamak operations

Author: G. Gervasini, M. Iafrati, G. Riva, C. Castaldo, Ladislas Vignitchouk, D. Iraji, M. De Angeli, Svetlana V. Ratynskaia, M.L. Apicella, Panagiotis Tolias, G. Giacomi, E. Lazzaro, E. Giovannozzi, A. Uccello, Gustavo Granucci, Giorgio Maddaluno, De Angeli, M., Lazzaro, E., Tolias, P., Ratynskaia, S., Vignitchouk, L., Castaldo, C., Apicella, M. L., Gervasini, G., Giacomi, G., Giovannozzi, E., Granucci, G., Iafrati, M., Iraji, D., Maddaluno, G., Riva, G., and Uccello, A.
Subjects: Nuclear and High Energy Physics, discharge breakdown, discharge start-up, dust in tokamaks, dust mobilization, magnetic dust, Tokamak, Thomson scattering, Astrophysics::Cosmology and Extragalactic Astrophysics, 01 natural sciences, complex mixtures, 010305 fluids & plasmas, law.invention, Interference (communication), law, Physics::Plasma Physics, 0103 physical sciences, Astrophysics::Solar and Stellar Astrophysics, 010306 general physics, Astrophysics::Galaxy Astrophysics, dust in tokamak, Ir camera, Physics, Plasma, Condensed Matter Physics, Computational physics, respiratory tract diseases, Ferromagnetism, Astrophysics::Earth and Planetary Astrophysics
Abstract: Experimental evidence of the pre-plasma remobilization of ferromagnetic dust in FTU is presented. Thomson scattering data and IR camera observations document the occurrence of intrinsic dust remobilization prior to discharge start-up and allow for a rough calculation of the average mobilized dust density. Exposures of calibrated extrinsic non-magnetic and ferromagnetic dust to sole magnetic field discharges reveal that the magnetic moment force is the main mobilizing force, as confirmed by theoretical estimates. Pre-plasma remobilization probabilities are computed for varying dust sizes. The impact of prematurely remobilized dust on the breakdown and burn-through start-up phases is investigated together with the discharge termination induced once the plasma plateau is established.
Published: 2019

12. Dependence on plasma shape and plasma fueling for small edge-localized mode regimes in TCV and ASDEX Upgrade

Author: V. Piergotti, F. Pesamosca, Bogdan Hnat, A. Sperduti, A. Krivska, J. Vicente, Panagiotis Tolias, Emanuele Poli, Matthias Hoelzl, Benedikt Geiger, A. Jardin, J. Ayllon-Guerola, G. Apruzzese, T. Lunt, J. Galdon-Quiroga, Riccardo Maggiora, M. Tardocchi, M. Koubiti, T. Jonsson, Bruce Lipschultz, P. Innocente, A. Gude, I Miron, M. G. Dunne, G. F. Harrer, A. Moro, A. Iantchenko, K. Galazka, P. Poloskei, K. Bogar, Roberto Ambrosino, G. Ferr, Vladimir E. Moiseenko, Istvan Cziegler, L. Guimarais, S. Vartanian, B. Erds, G. Pucella, V. Bobkov, James Buchanan, Raffaele Albanese, Harry M. Meyer, D. Boeyaert, G. F. Matthews, Eva Macusova, V. S. Marchenko, R. Zagórski, J. Buermans, A. Fil, W. Zhang, Giuseppe Gorini, B. Tal, D. Zaloga, Hugo Bufferand, A. Romano, L. Colas, J. Zebrowski, M. Weiland, L. Barrera-Orte, Matjaž Panjan, A.J. Thornton, E. Wolfrum, Miglena Dimitrova, R. M. McDermott, R. Lombroni, O. Tudisco, F. Reimold, E. R. Solano, X. Feng, Petra Bilkova, M. Groth, E. Alessi, D. S. Gahle, Olivier Février, I. Voitsekhovitch, Matthew Carr, A. Bock, O. Vasilovici, C. Ham, Lorenzo Figini, Guglielmo Rubinacci, Peter Lang, Pierre Manas, S. Costea, A. Kirk, F. Causa, J. Adamek, Vu N. M. T., M. Cavedon, O. Grover, Geert Verdoolaege, M. Spolaore, L. Sanchis-Sanchez, P. Bohm, P. V. Kazantzidis, Sarah Newton, M. Tomes, M.-L. Mayoral, J. R. Harrison, C. Mazzotta, H. Reimerdes, Jorge Morales, D. Brunetti, J. Gonzalez-Martin, Tomas Markovic, S. S. Henderson, D. Ricci, J. Juul Rasmussen, F. Janky, S. Saarelma, Z. Popovic, C. Tsironis, J. J. Rasmussen, S. K. Hansen, Sandra C. Chapman, Volker Naulin, H. Arnichand, Roberto Paccagnella, M. Faitsch, Anders Nielsen, M. Kong, V. Igochine, C. Piron, C. Bowman, Jorge Ferreira, D. Sytnykov, K. G. McClements, Olivier Sauter, Ondrej Ficker, Matthias Wiesenberger, T. Ravensbergen, C. Reux, Irena Ivanova-Stanik, Dirk Reiser, M. Bernert, M. Vallar, J-M Moret, M. Gruca, D. I. Refy, P. Cano Megias, Benoit Labit, M. Schubert, Giuliana Sias, O. Bogar, P. J. Mc Carthy, I. Faust, Gergely Papp, F. Matos, J. Garcia, C. Marini, E. L. Sorokovoy, Dimitri Voltolina, George Wilkie, J. M. Santos, R. R. Sheeba, Vladimir Weinzettl, Sergei Kasilov, J. Cerovsky, Matteo Agostini, G. Tardini, Laurie Porte, F. Dolizy, L. Gil, Matthias Komm, A. Dal Molin, B. Sieglin, Roch Kwiatkowski, M. C. C Messmer, Toke Koldborg Jensen, Vinodh Bandaru, Ben F. McMillan, Alessandra Fanni, Daniele Carnevale, Shimpei Futatani, D. P. Coster, V. Korovin, S. E. Sharapov, Patrik Ollus, J. Gath, A. Czarnecka, D. Gallart, M. Peterka, P. Vallejos Olivares, Jernej Kovacic, Nicolas Fedorczak, Silvio Ceccuzzi, L. Piron, J. Rosato, G. Kocsis, Stefan Kragh Nielsen, M. Garcia-Mu oz, Radomir Panek, S. F. Smith, Paolo Bettini, A. Mariani, R. Dejarnac, Lorenzo Frassinetti, D. Douai, L. Garzotti, H. J. Sun, C.K. Tsui, N. den Harder, John Elmerdahl Olsen, F. Bombarda, M. Francesco, Piero Martin, D. Hogeweij, P. Blanchard, F. Bouquey, Gabor Por, Luca Boncagni, Carlo Sozzi, Martin Hron, P. A. Schneider, V. P. Loschiavo, David Terranova, D. Aguiam, D. Choi, M. Gobbin, D. Iglesias, M. Reich, G. Avdeeva, A. Gallo, O. Biletskyi, M. Aradi, F. Liu, M. Griener, Antti Snicker, L. Kripner, Jérôme Bucalossi, L. Hesslow, Nick Walkden, M. Rodriguez-Ramos, T. C. Blanken, Cristian Galperti, F. Jaulmes, G. Calabr, G.A. Rattá, W. Bin, S. Garavaglia, V. Plyusnin, Andreas Frank Martitsch, A. Zisis, Rita Lorenzini, Duccio Testa, M. Passeri, Ola Embréus, N. Krawczyk, K. Särkimäki, Davide Galassi, D. Samaddar, M. Oberkofler, E. Seliunin, D. Brida, P. Buratti, F. Nabais, J. Ongena, J. Likonen, Yann Camenen, M. J. Mantsinen, F. Carpanese, S. Wiesen, P. Piovesan, Mirko Salewski, J. Hawke, Florian Laggner, R. Bilato, M. Wischmeier, L. Pigatto, G. I. Pokol, G. Giruzzi, Jens Madsen, D. Gadariya, L. Stipani, Christian Theiler, J. Stober, Michael Barnes, Timothy Goodman, R. D. Nem, J. J. Dominguez-Palacios Duran, F. Militello, Y. Kulyk, D. J. Cruz Zabala, A. Drenik, P. Manz, M. Scheffer, V. Pericoli Radolfini, B. Tilia, John Omotani, B. Vanovac, B. S. Schneider, E. Fable, Jakub Urban, T. Gyergyek, A. N. Karpushov, M. Farnik, Jakub Seidl, Christopher G. Albert, Antoine Merle, A. Cathey, D. A. Ryan, Sergio Galeani, R. Scannell, A. Havranek, G. de Carolis, C. Soria-Hoyo, S. Gibson, D. Carralero, D. Meshcheriakov, Morten Stejner, B. P. Duval, Francesco Cordella, Mitja Kelemen, Svetlana V. Ratynskaia, Stefano Coda, L. Calacci, C. Cianfarani, Faa Federico Felici, A. C. A. Figueiredo, L. Panaccione, E. Viezzer, Fabio Villone, Daniele Milanesio, Winfried Kernbichler, Mario Sassano, A. Teplukhina, S. Zoletnik, L. Laguardia, P. Molina Cabrera, Taina Kurki-Suonio, D. Micheletti, P. Zanca, Daniel Dunai, S. Feng, J. Decker, Stylianos Varoutis, Lorella Carraro, M. Wensing, Gustavo Granucci, Artur Palha, A. Kappatou, J. Garcia-Lopez, Felix I. Parra, Ye. O. Kazakov, S. Brezinsek, Didier Mazon, A. Lahtinen, I. Paradela Perez, P. Chmielewski, L. Giacomelli, Alessandro Pau, Gianluca Spizzo, R. Delogu, R. J. Akers, H. De Oliveira, Petr Vondracek, F. P. Orsitto, J. Hobirk, L. Xiang, A. Burckhart, B. Maljaars, V. Petrzilka, Ocleto D'Arcangelo, P. David, D. Grekov, Tamás Szepesi, Y. Andr be, P. Hacek, M. Toscano-Jimenez, T. Pütterich, L. Cordaro, V. Nikolaeva, F. Orain, M. Rabinski, C. Ionita-Schrittwieser, T. Tala, Maria Ester Puiatti, A. Casolari, T. Happel, Pär Strand, Benjamin Daniel Dudson, P. Mantica, Z. Huang, D. Colette, G. Ciraolo, Jan Mlynar, W. Suttrop, C. Meineri, J. Horacek, Seppo Sipilä, M. Gospodarczyk, S. Mastrostefano, Jesús Vega, Antti Hakola, Kevin Verhaegh, Roman Schrittwieser, C. Marchetto, M. Willensdorfer, Jari Varje, D. C. van Vugt, J. Faustin, Mathias Hoppe, M. Dreval, A. Perek, C. Angioni, Laure Vermare, U. A. Sheikh, J. F. Rivero-Rodriguez, G. Rubino, S.N. Reznik, Tsv K Popov, S. Nowak, A. S. Jacobsen, J. R. Martin Solis, David Moulton, Heinz Isliker, K. Wu, Anna Salmi, F. Nespoli, S. Elmore, O. Kudlacek, A. Kallenbach, Rok Zaplotnik, D. L. Keeling, L. Giannone, M. Maraschek, Carlos B. da Silva, F. Hitzler, M. Valovic, M. W. Jakubowski, L. Gabellieri, Jozef Varju, Marco Cecconello, M. Valisa, Vlado Menkovski, Gábor Cseh, E. Thoren, T. Eich, R. Coelho, F. Bagnato, Matteo Zuin, Alexander Kendl, G. Rocchi, G. Pautasso, D. Naydenkova, R. O. Pavlichenko, M. Fontana, Lionello Marrelli, Tommaso Bolzonella, Nicola Vianello, Pascale Hennequin, R. Ochoukov, Tom Wauters, Christian Hopf, Ch. Fuchs, E. Giovannozzi, Fulvio Auriemma, Roberto Maurizio, Stefan Buller, Massimo Nocente, K. Krieger, G. Grenfell, N. Rispoli, R. Dux, Barbara Cannas, Laboratoire de Physique des Plasmas (LPP), Université Paris-Saclay-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-École polytechnique (X)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL), Labit, B., Eich, T., Harrer, G. F., Wolfrum, E., Bernert, M., Dunne, M. G., Frassinetti, L., Hennequin, P., Maurizio, R., Merle, A., Meyer, H., Saarelma, S., Sheikh, U., Adamek, J., Agostini, M., Aguiam, D., Akers, R., Albanese, R., Albert, C., Alessi, E., Ambrosino, R., Andr be, Y., Angioni, C., Apruzzese, G., Aradi, M., Arnichand, H., Auriemma, F., Avdeeva, G., Ayllon-Guerola, J. M., Bagnato, F., Bandaru, V. K., Barnes, M., Barrera-Orte, L., Bettini, P., Bilato, R., Biletskyi, O., Bilkova, P., Bin, W., Blanchard, P., Blanken, T., Bobkov, V., Bock, A., Boeyaert, D., Bogar, K., Bogar, O., Bohm, P., Bolzonella, T., Bombarda, F., Boncagni, L., Bouquey, F., Bowman, C., Brezinsek, S., Brida, D., Brunetti, D., Bucalossi, J., Buchanan, J., Buermans, J., Bufferand, H., Buller, S., Buratti, P., Burckhart, A., Calabr, G., Calacci, L., Camenen, Y., Cannas, B., Cano Megias, P., Carnevale, D., Carpanese, F., Carr, M., Carralero, D., Carraro, L., Casolari, A., Cathey, A., Causa, F., Cavedon, M., Cecconello, M., Ceccuzzi, S., Cerovsky, J., Chapman, S., Chmielewski, P., Choi, D., Cianfarani, C., Ciraolo, G., Coda, S., Coelho, R., Colas, L., Colette, D., Cordaro, L., Cordella, F., Costea, S., Coster, D., Cruz Zabala, D. J., Cseh, G., Czarnecka, A., Cziegler, I., D'Arcangelo, O., Dal Molin, A., David, P., De Carolis, G., De Oliveira, H., Decker, J., Dejarnac, R., Delogu, R., Den Harder, N., Dimitrova, M., Dolizy, F., Dominguez-Palacios Duran, J. J., Douai, D., Drenik, A., Dreval, M., Dudson, B., Dunai, D., Duval, B. P., Dux, R., Elmore, S., Embreus, O., Erds, B., Fable, E., Faitsch, M., Fanni, A., Farnik, M., Faust, I., Faustin, J., Fedorczak, N., Felici, F., Feng, S., Feng, X., Ferreira, J., Ferr, G., Fevrier, O., Ficker, O., Figini, L., Figueiredo, A., Fil, A., Fontana, M., Francesco, M., Fuchs, C., Futatani, S., Gabellieri, L., Gadariya, D., Gahle, D., Galassi, D., Galazka, K., Galdon-Quiroga, J., Galeani, S., Gallart, D., Gallo, A., Galperti, C., Garavaglia, S., Garcia, J., Garcia-Lopez, J., Garcia-Mu oz, M., Garzotti, L., Gath, J., Geiger, B., Giacomelli, L., Giannone, L., Gibson, S., Gil, L., Giovannozzi, E., Giruzzi, G., Gobbin, M., Gonzalez-Martin, J., Goodman, T. P., Gorini, G., Gospodarczyk, M., Granucci, G., Grekov, D., Grenfell, G., Griener, M., Groth, M., Grover, O., Gruca, M., Gude, A., Guimarais, L., Gyergyek, T., Hacek, P., Hakola, A., Ham, C., Happel, T., Harrison, J., Havranek, A., Hawke, J., Henderson, S., Hesslow, L., Hitzler, F., Hnat, B., Hobirk, J., Hoelzl, M., Hogeweij, D., Hopf, C., Hoppe, M., Horacek, J., Hron, M., Huang, Z., Iantchenko, A., Iglesias, D., Igochine, V., Innocente, P., Ionita-Schrittwieser, C., Isliker, H., Ivanova-Stanik, I., Jacobsen, A., Jakubowski, M., Janky, F., Jardin, A., Jaulmes, F., Jensen, T., Jonsson, T., Kallenbach, A., Kappatou, A., Karpushov, A., Kasilov, S., Kazakov, Y., Kazantzidis, P. V., Keeling, D., Kelemen, M., Kendl, A., Kernbichler, W., Kirk, A., Kocsis, G., Komm, M., Kong, M., Korovin, V., Koubiti, M., Kovacic, J., Krawczyk, N., Krieger, K., Kripner, L., Krivska, A., Kudlacek, O., Kulyk, Y., Kurki-Suonio, T., Kwiatkowski, R., Laggner, F., Laguardia, L., Lahtinen, A., Lang, P., Likonen, J., Lipschultz, B., Liu, F., Lombroni, R., Lorenzini, R., Loschiavo, V. P., Lunt, T., Macusova, E., Madsen, J., Maggiora, R., Maljaars, B., Manas, P., Mantica, P., Mantsinen, M. J., Manz, P., Maraschek, M., Marchenko, V., Marchetto, C., Mariani, A., Marini, C., Markovic, T., Marrelli, L., Martin, P., Martin Solis, J. R., Martitsch, A., Mastrostefano, S., Matos, F., Matthews, G., Mayoral, M. -L., Mazon, D., Mazzotta, C., Mc Carthy, P., Mcclements, K., Mcdermott, R., Mcmillan, B., Meineri, C., Menkovski, V., Meshcheriakov, D., Messmer, M., Micheletti, D., Milanesio, D., Militello, F., Miron, I. G., Mlynar, J., Moiseenko, V., Molina Cabrera, P. A., Morales, J., Moret, J. -M., Moro, A., Moulton, D., Nabais, F., Naulin, V., Naydenkova, D., Nem, R. D., Nespoli, F., Newton, S., Nielsen, A. H., Nielsen, S. K., Nikolaeva, V., Nocente, M., Nowak, S., Oberkofler, M., Ochoukov, R., Ollus, P., Olsen, J., Omotani, J., Ongena, J., Orain, F., Orsitto, F. P., Paccagnella, R., Palha, A., Panaccione, L., Panek, R., Panjan, M., Papp, G., Paradela Perez, I., Parra, F., Passeri, M., Pau, A., Pautasso, G., Pavlichenko, R., Perek, A., Pericoli Radolfini, V., Pesamosca, F., Peterka, M., Petrzilka, V., Piergotti, V., Pigatto, L., Piovesan, P., Piron, C., Piron, L., Plyusnin, V., Pokol, G., Poli, E., Poloskei, P., Popov, T., Popovic, Z., Por, G., Porte, L., Pucella, G., Puiatti, M. E., Putterich, T., Rabinski, M., Juul Rasmussen, J., Rasmussen, J., Ratta, G. A., Ratynskaia, S., Ravensbergen, T., Refy, D., Reich, M., Reimerdes, H., Reimold, F., Reiser, D., Reux, C., Reznik, S., Ricci, D., Rispoli, N., Rivero-Rodriguez, J. F., Rocchi, G., Rodriguez-Ramos, M., Romano, A., Rosato, J., Rubinacci, G., Rubino, G., Ryan, D. A., Salewski, M., Salmi, A., Samaddar, D., Sanchis-Sanchez, L., Santos, J., Sarkimaki, K., Sassano, M., Sauter, O., Scannell, R., Scheffer, M., Schneider, B. S., Schneider, P., Schrittwieser, R., Schubert, M., Seidl, J., Seliunin, E., Sharapov, S., Sheeba, R. R., Sias, G., Sieglin, B., Silva, C., Sipila, S., Smith, S., Snicker, A., Solano, E. R., Hansen, S. K., Soria-Hoyo, C., Sorokovoy, E., Sozzi, C., Sperduti, A., Spizzo, G., Spolaore, M., Stejner, M., Stipani, L., Stober, J., Strand, P., Sun, H., Suttrop, W., Sytnykov, D., Szepesi, T., Tal, B., Tala, T., Tardini, G., Tardocchi, M., Teplukhina, A., Terranova, D., Testa, D., Theiler, C., Thoren, E., Thornton, A., Tilia, B., Tolias, P., Tomes, M., Toscano-Jimenez, M., Tsironis, C., Tsui, C., Tudisco, O., Urban, J., Valisa, M., Vallar, M., Vallejos Olivares, P., Valovic, M., Van Vugt, D., Vanovac, B., Varje, J., Varju, J., Varoutis, S., Vartanian, S., Vasilovici, O., Vega, J., Verdoolaege, G., Verhaegh, K., Vermare, L., Vianello, N., Vicente, J., Viezzer, E., Villone, F., Voitsekhovitch, I., Voltolina, D., Vondracek, P., Vu, N. M. T., Walkden, N., Wauters, T., Weiland, M., Weinzettl, V., Wensing, M., Wiesen, S., Wiesenberger, M., Wilkie, G., Willensdorfer, M., Wischmeier, M., Wu, K., Xiang, L., Zagorski, R., Zaloga, D., Zanca, P., Zaplotnik, R., Zebrowski, J., Zhang, W., Zisis, A., Zoletnik, S., Zuin, M., Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne, Max-Planck-Institut für Plasmaphysik, Vienna University of Technology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Université Paris-Saclay, JET, Czech Academy of Sciences, National Research Council of Italy, University of Lisbon, University of Naples Federico II, Graz University of Technology, University of Naples Parthenope, Agenzia nazionale per le nuove tecnologie, l'energia e lo sviluppo economico sostenibile, Danmarks Tekniske Universitet, University of Seville, University of Oxford, EUROfusion Programme Management Unit, National Science Center Kharkov Institute of Physics and Technology, Eindhoven University of Technology, Forschungszentrum Jülich, CEA, University of York, Royal Military Academy, Chalmers University of Technology, Tuscia University, Università di Roma Tor Vergata, CNRS, University of Cagliari, CIEMAT, Uppsala University, University of Warwick, Soltan Institute for Nuclear Studies, University of Innsbruck, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Durham University, BarcelonaTech, University of Strathclyde, Barcelona Supercomputing Center, University of Milan - Bicocca, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Fusion and Plasma Physics, J. Stefan Institute, VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, Dutch Institute for Fundamental Energy Research, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, National Technical University of Athens, National Centre for Nuclear Research, University of Helsinki, Université Côte d'Azur, Polytechnic University of Turin, NASU - Institute of Nuclear Research, University of Cassino and Southern Lazio, University College Cork, National Institute for Laser, Plasma and Radiation Physics, Department of Applied Physics, Sofia University St. Kliment Ohridski, Ghent University, Aalto-yliopisto, Aalto University, Labit, B, Eich, T, Harrer, G, Wolfrum, E, Bernert, M, Dunne, M, Frassinetti, L, Hennequin, P, Maurizio, R, Merle, A, Meyer, H, Saarelma, S, Sheikh, U, Adamek, J, Agostini, M, Aguiam, D, Akers, R, Albanese, R, Albert, C, Alessi, E, Ambrosino, R, Andr be, Y, Angioni, C, Apruzzese, G, Aradi, M, Arnichand, H, Auriemma, F, Avdeeva, G, Ayllon-Guerola, J, Bagnato, F, Bandaru, V, Barnes, M, Barrera-Orte, L, Bettini, P, Bilato, R, Biletskyi, O, Bilkova, P, Bin, W, Blanchard, P, Blanken, T, Bobkov, V, Bock, A, Boeyaert, D, Bogar, K, Bogar, O, Bohm, P, Bolzonella, T, Bombarda, F, Boncagni, L, Bouquey, F, Bowman, C, Brezinsek, S, Brida, D, Brunetti, D, Bucalossi, J, Buchanan, J, Buermans, J, Bufferand, H, Buller, S, Buratti, P, Burckhart, A, Calabr, G, Calacci, L, Camenen, Y, Cannas, B, Cano Megias, P, Carnevale, D, Carpanese, F, Carr, M, Carralero, D, Carraro, L, Casolari, A, Cathey, A, Causa, F, Cavedon, M, Cecconello, M, Ceccuzzi, S, Cerovsky, J, Chapman, S, Chmielewski, P, Choi, D, Cianfarani, C, Ciraolo, G, Coda, S, Coelho, R, Colas, L, Colette, D, Cordaro, L, Cordella, F, Costea, S, Coster, D, Cruz Zabala, D, Cseh, G, Czarnecka, A, Cziegler, I, D'Arcangelo, O, Dal Molin, A, David, P, De Carolis, G, De Oliveira, H, Decker, J, Dejarnac, R, Delogu, R, Den Harder, N, Dimitrova, M, Dolizy, F, Dominguez-Palacios Duran, J, Douai, D, Drenik, A, Dreval, M, Dudson, B, Dunai, D, Duval, B, Dux, R, Elmore, S, Embreus, O, Erds, B, Fable, E, Faitsch, M, Fanni, A, Farnik, M, Faust, I, Faustin, J, Fedorczak, N, Felici, F, Feng, S, Feng, X, Ferreira, J, Ferr, G, Fevrier, O, Ficker, O, Figini, L, Figueiredo, A, Fil, A, Fontana, M, Francesco, M, Fuchs, C, Futatani, S, Gabellieri, L, Gadariya, D, Gahle, D, Galassi, D, Galazka, K, Galdon-Quiroga, J, Galeani, S, Gallart, D, Gallo, A, Galperti, C, Garavaglia, S, Garcia, J, Garcia-Lopez, J, Garcia-Mu oz, M, Garzotti, L, Gath, J, Geiger, B, Giacomelli, L, Giannone, L, Gibson, S, Gil, L, Giovannozzi, E, Giruzzi, G, Gobbin, M, Gonzalez-Martin, J, Goodman, T, Gorini, G, Gospodarczyk, M, Granucci, G, Grekov, D, Grenfell, G, Griener, M, Groth, M, Grover, O, Gruca, M, Gude, A, Guimarais, L, Gyergyek, T, Hacek, P, Hakola, A, Ham, C, Happel, T, Harrison, J, Havranek, A, Hawke, J, Henderson, S, Hesslow, L, Hitzler, F, Hnat, B, Hobirk, J, Hoelzl, M, Hogeweij, D, Hopf, C, Hoppe, M, Horacek, J, Hron, M, Huang, Z, Iantchenko, A, Iglesias, D, Igochine, V, Innocente, P, Ionita-Schrittwieser, C, Isliker, H, Ivanova-Stanik, I, Jacobsen, A, Jakubowski, M, Janky, F, Jardin, A, Jaulmes, F, Jensen, T, Jonsson, T, Kallenbach, A, Kappatou, A, Karpushov, A, Kasilov, S, Kazakov, Y, Kazantzidis, P, Keeling, D, Kelemen, M, Kendl, A, Kernbichler, W, Kirk, A, Kocsis, G, Komm, M, Kong, M, Korovin, V, Koubiti, M, Kovacic, J, Krawczyk, N, Krieger, K, Kripner, L, Krivska, A, Kudlacek, O, Kulyk, Y, Kurki-Suonio, T, Kwiatkowski, R, Laggner, F, Laguardia, L, Lahtinen, A, Lang, P, Likonen, J, Lipschultz, B, Liu, F, Lombroni, R, Lorenzini, R, Loschiavo, V, Lunt, T, Macusova, E, Madsen, J, Maggiora, R, Maljaars, B, Manas, P, Mantica, P, Mantsinen, M, Manz, P, Maraschek, M, Marchenko, V, Marchetto, C, Mariani, A, Marini, C, Markovic, T, Marrelli, L, Martin, P, Martin Solis, J, Martitsch, A, Mastrostefano, S, Matos, F, Matthews, G, Mayoral, M, Mazon, D, Mazzotta, C, Mc Carthy, P, Mcclements, K, Mcdermott, R, Mcmillan, B, Meineri, C, Menkovski, V, Meshcheriakov, D, Messmer, M, Micheletti, D, Milanesio, D, Militello, F, Miron, I, Mlynar, J, Moiseenko, V, Molina Cabrera, P, Morales, J, Moret, J, Moro, A, Moulton, D, Nabais, F, Naulin, V, Naydenkova, D, Nem, R, Nespoli, F, Newton, S, Nielsen, A, Nielsen, S, Nikolaeva, V, Nocente, M, Nowak, S, Oberkofler, M, Ochoukov, R, Ollus, P, Olsen, J, Omotani, J, Ongena, J, Orain, F, Orsitto, F, Paccagnella, R, Palha, A, Panaccione, L, Panek, R, Panjan, M, Papp, G, Paradela Perez, I, Parra, F, Passeri, M, Pau, A, Pautasso, G, Pavlichenko, R, Perek, A, Pericoli Radolfini, V, Pesamosca, F, Peterka, M, Petrzilka, V, Piergotti, V, Pigatto, L, Piovesan, P, Piron, C, Piron, L, Plyusnin, V, Pokol, G, Poli, E, Poloskei, P, Popov, T, Popovic, Z, Por, G, Porte, L, Pucella, G, Puiatti, M, Putterich, T, Rabinski, M, Juul Rasmussen, J, Rasmussen, J, Ratta, G, Ratynskaia, S, Ravensbergen, T, Refy, D, Reich, M, Reimerdes, H, Reimold, F, Reiser, D, Reux, C, Reznik, S, Ricci, D, Rispoli, N, Rivero-Rodriguez, J, Rocchi, G, Rodriguez-Ramos, M, Romano, A, Rosato, J, Rubinacci, G, Rubino, G, Ryan, D, Salewski, M, Salmi, A, Samaddar, D, Sanchis-Sanchez, L, Santos, J, Sarkimaki, K, Sassano, M, Sauter, O, Scannell, R, Scheffer, M, Schneider, B, Schneider, P, Schrittwieser, R, Schubert, M, Seidl, J, Seliunin, E, Sharapov, S, Sheeba, R, Sias, G, Sieglin, B, Silva, C, Sipila, S, Smith, S, Snicker, A, Solano, E, Hansen, S, Soria-Hoyo, C, Sorokovoy, E, Sozzi, C, Sperduti, A, Spizzo, G, Spolaore, M, Stejner, M, Stipani, L, Stober, J, Strand, P, Sun, H, Suttrop, W, Sytnykov, D, Szepesi, T, Tal, B, Tala, T, Tardini, G, Tardocchi, M, Teplukhina, A, Terranova, D, Testa, D, Theiler, C, Thoren, E, Thornton, A, Tilia, B, Tolias, P, Tomes, M, Toscano-Jimenez, M, Tsironis, C, Tsui, C, Tudisco, O, Urban, J, Valisa, M, Vallar, M, Vallejos Olivares, P, Valovic, M, Van Vugt, D, Vanovac, B, Varje, J, Varju, J, Varoutis, S, Vartanian, S, Vasilovici, O, Vega, J, Verdoolaege, G, Verhaegh, K, Vermare, L, Vianello, N, Vicente, J, Viezzer, E, Villone, F, Voitsekhovitch, I, Voltolina, D, Vondracek, P, Vu, N, Walkden, N, Wauters, T, Weiland, M, Weinzettl, V, Wensing, M, Wiesen, S, Wiesenberger, M, Wilkie, G, Willensdorfer, M, Wischmeier, M, Wu, K, Xiang, L, Zagorski, R, Zaloga, D, Zanca, P, Zaplotnik, R, Zebrowski, J, Zhang, W, Zisis, A, Zoletnik, S, Zuin, M, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya. Departament de Física, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya. ANT - Advanced Nuclear Technologies Research Group, Control Systems Technology, Science and Technology of Nuclear Fusion, Data Mining, Sensorics for fusion reactors, and Magneto-Hydro-Dynamic Stability of Fusion Plasmas
Subjects: Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Settore ING-INF/04, Work package, grassy ELM, ballooning modes, Nuclear physics, 01 natural sciences, Flattening, Ballooning, 010305 fluids & plasmas, grassy ELMs, separatrix density, ASDEX Upgrade, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-PLASM-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Plasma Physics [physics.plasm-ph], 0103 physical sciences, 010306 general physics, Edge-localized mode, QC, H-mode, plasma triangularity, type-II ELMs, Physics, Física [Àrees temàtiques de la UPC], type-II ELM, Plasma, Condensed Matter Physics, Null (physics), Shear (sheet metal), Física nuclear, Atomic physics, ballooning mode
Abstract: Within the EUROfusion MST1 work package, a series of experiments has been conducted on AUG and TCV devices to disentangle the role of plasma fueling and plasma shape for the onset of small ELM regimes. On both devices, small ELM regimes with high confinement are achieved if and only if two conditions are fulfilled at the same time. Firstly, the plasma density at the separatrix must be large enough (), leading to a pressure profile flattening at the separatrix, which stabilizes type-I ELMs. Secondly, the magnetic configuration has to be close to a double null (DN), leading to a reduction of the magnetic shear in the extreme vicinity of the separatrix. As a consequence, its stabilizing effect on ballooning modes is weakened. Peer Reviewed Article escrit per 365 autors/autores: Labit, B.; Eich, T.; Harrer, G. F.; Wolfrum, E.; Bernert, M.; Dunne, M. G.; Frassinetti, L.; Hennequin, P.; Maurizio, R.; Merle, A.; Meyer, H.; Saarelma, S.; Sheikh, U.; Adamek, J.; Agostini, M.; Aguiam, D.; Akers, R.; Albanese, R.; Albert, C.; Alessi, E.; Ambrosino, R.; Andr be, Y.; Angioni, C.; Apruzzese, G.; Aradi, M.; Arnichand, H.; Auriemma, F.; Avdeeva, G.; Ayllon-Guerola, J. M.; Bagnato, F.; Bandaru, V. K.; Barnes, M.; Barrera-Orte, L.; Bettini, P.; Bilato, R.; Biletskyi, O.; Bilkova, P.; Bin, W.; Blanchard, P.; Blanken, T.; Bobkov, V.; Bock, A.; Boeyaert, D.; Bogar, K.; Bogar, O.; Bohm, P.; Bolzonella, T.; Bombarda, F.; Boncagni, L.; Bouquey, F.; Bowman, C.; Brezinsek, S.; Brida, D.; Brunetti, D.; Bucalossi, J.; Buchanan, J.; Buermans, J.; Bufferand, H.; Buller, S.; Buratti, P.; Burckhart, A.; Calabr, G.; Calacci, L.; Camenen, Y.; Cannas, B.; Cano Megías, P.; Carnevale, D.; Carpanese, F.; Carr, M.; Carralero, D.; Carraro, L.; Casolari, A.; Cathey, A.; Causa, F.; Cavedon, M.; Cecconello, M.; Ceccuzzi, S.; Cerovsky, J.; Chapman, S.; Chmielewski, P.; Choi, D.; Cianfarani, C.; Ciraolo, G.; Coda, S.; Coelho, R.; Colas, L.; Colette, D.; Cordaro, L.; Cordella, F.; Costea, S.; Coster, D.; Cruz Zabala, D. J.; Cseh, G.; Czarnecka, A.; Cziegler, I.; D’Arcangelo, O.; Dal Molin, A.; David, P.; De Carolis, G.; De Oliveira, H.; Decker, J.; Dejarnac, R.; Delogu, R.; Den Harder, N.; Dimitrova, M.; Dolizy, F.; Domínguez-Palacios Durán, J. J.; Douai, D.; Drenik, A.; Dreval, M.; Dudson, B.; Dunai, D.; Duval, B. P.; Dux, R.; Elmore, S.; Embréus, O.; Erds, B.; Fable, E.; Faitsch, M.; Fanni, A.; Farnik, M.; Faust, I.; Faustin, J.; Fedorczak, N.; Felici, F.; Feng, S.; Feng, X.; Ferreira, J.; Ferr, G.; Février, O.; Ficker, O.; Figini, L.; Figueiredo, A.; Fil, A.; Fontana, M.; Francesco, M.; Fuchs, C.; Futatani, S.; Gabellieri, L.; Gadariya, D.; Gahle, D.; Galassi, D.; Gałązka, K.; Galdon-Quiroga, J.; Galeani, S.; Gallart, D.; Gallo, A.; Galperti, C.; Garavaglia, S.; Garcia, J.; Garcia-Lopez, J.; Garcia-Mu oz, M.; Garzotti, L.; Gath, J.; Geiger, B.; Giacomelli, L.; Giannone, L.; Gibson, S.; Gil, L.; Giovannozzi, E.; Giruzzi, G.; Gobbin, M.; Gonzalez-Martin, J.; Goodman, T. P.; Gorini, G.; Gospodarczyk, M.; Granucci, G.; Grekov, D. 1; Grenfell, G.; Griener, M.; Groth, M.; Grover, O.; Gruca, M.; Gude, A.; Guimarais, L.; Gyergyek, T.; Hacek, P.; Hakola, A.; Ham, C.; Happel, T.; Harrison, J.; Havranek, A.; Hawke, J.; Henderson, S.; Hesslow, L.; Hitzler, F.; Hnat, B.; Hobirk, J.; Hoelzl, M.; Hogeweij, D.; Hopf, C.; Hoppe, M.; Horacek, J.; Hron, M.; Huang, Z.; Iantchenko, A.; Iglesias, D.; Igochine, V.; Innocente, P.; Ionita-Schrittwieser, C.; Isliker, H.; Ivanova-Stanik, I.; Jacobsen, A.; Jakubowski, M.; Janky, F.; Jardin, A.; Jaulmes, F.; Jensen, T.; Jonsson, T.; Kallenbach, A.; Kappatou, A.; Karpushov, A.; Kasilov, S.; Kazakov, Y.; Kazantzidis, P. V.; Keeling, D.; Kelemen, M.; Kendl, A.; Kernbichler, W.; Kirk, A.; Kocsis, G.; Komm, M.; Kong, M.; Korovin, V.; Koubiti, M.; Kovacic, J.; Krawczyk, N.; Krieger, K.; Kripner, L.; Křivská, A.; Kudlacek, O.; Kulyk, Y.; Kurki-Suonio, T.; Kwiatkowski, R.; Laggner, F.; Laguardia, L.; Lahtinen, A.; Lang, P.; Likonen, J.; Lipschultz, B.; Liu, F.; Lombroni, R.; Lorenzini, R.; Loschiavo, V. P.; Lunt, T.; MacUsova, E.; Madsen, J.; Maggiora, R.; Maljaars, B.; Manas, P.; Mantica, P.; Mantsinen, M. J.; Manz, P.; Maraschek, M.; Marchenko, V.; Marchetto, C.; Mariani, A.; Marini, C.; Markovic, T.; Marrelli, L.; Martin, P.; Martín Solís, J. R.; Martitsch, A.; Mastrostefano, S.; Matos, F.; Matthews, G.; Mayoral, M.-L.; Mazon, D.; Mazzotta, C.; Mc Carthy, P.; McClements, K.; McDermott, R.; McMillan, B.; Meineri, C.; Menkovski, V.; Meshcheriakov, D.; Messmer, M.; Micheletti, D.; Milanesio, D.; Militello, F.; Miron, I. G.; Mlynar, J.; Moiseenko, V.; Molina Cabrera, P. A.; Morales, J.; Moret, J.-M.; Moro, A.; Moulton, D.; Nabais, F.; Naulin, V.; Naydenkova, D.; Nem, R. D.; Nespoli, F.; Newton, S.; Nielsen, A. H.; Nielsen, S. K.; Nikolaeva, V.; Nocente, M.; Nowak, S.; Oberkofler, M.; Ochoukov, R.; Ollus, P.; Olsen, J.; Omotani, J.; Ongena, J.; Orain, F.; Orsitto, F. P.; Paccagnella, R.; Palha, A.; Panaccione, L.; Panek, R.; Panjan, M.; Papp, G.; Paradela Perez, I.; Parra, F.; Passeri, M.; Pau, A.; Pautasso, G.; Pavlichenko, R.; Perek, A.; Pericoli Radolfini, V.; Pesamosca, F.; Peterka, M.; Petrzilka, V.; Piergotti, V.; Pigatto, L.; Piovesan, P.; Piron, C.; Piron, L.; Plyusnin, V.; Pokol, G.; Poli, E.; Pölöskei, P.; Popov, T.; Popovic, Z.; Pór, G.; Porte, L.; Pucella, G.; Puiatti, M. E.; Pütterich, T.; Rabinski, M.; Juul Rasmussen, J.; Rasmussen, J.; Rattá, G. A.; Ratynskaia, S.; Ravensbergen, T.; Réfy, D.; Reich, M.; Reimerdes, H.; Reimold, F.; Reiser, D.; Reux, C.; Reznik, S.; Ricci, D.; Rispoli, N.; Rivero-Rodriguez, J. F.; Rocchi, G.; Rodriguez-Ramos, M.; Romano, A.; Rosato, J.; Rubinacci, G.; Rubino, G.; Ryan, D. A.; Salewski, M.; Salmi, A.; Samaddar, D.; Sanchis-Sanchez, L.; Santos, J.; Särkimäki, K.; Sassano, M.; Sauter, O.; Scannell, R.; Scheffer, M.; Schneider, B. S.; Schneider, P.; Schrittwieser, R.; Schubert, M.; Seidl, J.; Seliunin, E.; Sharapov, S.; Sheeba, R. R.; Sias, G.; Sieglin, B.; Silva, C.; Sipilä, S.; Smith, S.; Snicker, A.; Solano, E. R.; Hansen, S. K.; Soria-Hoyo, C.; Sorokovoy, E.; Sozzi, C.; Sperduti, A.; Spizzo, G.; Spolaore, M.; Stejner, M.; Stipani, L.; Stober, J.; Strand, P.; Sun, H.; Suttrop, W.; Sytnykov, D.; Szepesi, T.; Tál, B.; Tala, T.; Tardini, G.; Tardocchi, M.; Teplukhina, A.; Terranova, D.; Testa, D.; Theiler, C.; Thorén, E.; Thornton, A.; Tilia, B.; Tolias, P.; Tomes, M.; Toscano-Jimenez, M.; Tsironis, C.; Tsui, C.; Tudisco, O.; Urban, J.; Valisa, M.; Vallar, M.; Vallejos Olivares, P.; Valovic, M.; Van Vugt, D.; Vanovac, B.; Varje, J.; Varju, J.; Varoutis, S. 1; Vartanian, S.; Vasilovici, O.; Vega, J.; Verdoolaege, G.; Verhaegh, K.; Vermare, L.; Vianello, N.; Vicente, J.; Viezzer, E.; Villone, F.; Voitsekhovitch, I.; Voltolina, D.; Vondracek, P.; Vu, N. M. T.; Walkden, N.; Wauters, T.; Weiland, M.; Weinzettl, V.; Wensing, M.; Wiesen, S.; Wiesenberger, M.; Wilkie, G.; Willensdorfer, M.; Wischmeier, M.; Wu, K.; Xiang, L.; Zagorski, R.; Zaloga, D.; Zanca, P.; Zaplotnik, R.; Zebrowski, J.; Zhang, W.; Zisis, A.; Zoletnik, S.; Zuin, M.
Published: 2019

13. Resolidification-controlled melt dynamics under fast transient tokamak plasma loads

Author: R.A. Pitts, Ladislas Vignitchouk, K. Krieger, D. Iglesias, EUROfusion Mst Team, Jet Contributors, Panagiotis Tolias, Svetlana V. Ratynskaia, E. Thoren, ASDEX Upgrade Team, Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics, Max Planck Society, JET Contributors, and EUROfusion MST1 Team
Subjects: Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Tokamak, Materials science, Dynamics (mechanics), Plasma, Mechanics, Condensed Matter Physics, 01 natural sciences, 010305 fluids & plasmas, law.invention, law, 0103 physical sciences, Transient (oscillation), 010306 general physics
Abstract: Studies of macroscopic melt motion induced by fast transient power loads and the ensuing damage to plasma-facing components are critical for ITER. Based on state-of-the-art experiments, heat transfer is argued to be strongly entangled with fluid dynamics. The physics model of the MEMOS-U code is introduced. Simulations are reported of recent tokamak experiments concerning deliberate transient melting of beryllium main chamber tiles (JET) and tungsten divertor components (ASDEX Upgrade, JET). MEMOS-U is demonstrated to capture the main physics responsible for melt dynamics and to reproduce the observed surface deformation. The intricate role of resolidification is elucidated.
Published: 2020

14. Space-charge limited thermionic sheaths in magnetized fusion plasmas

Author: A. Podolnik, Panagiotis Tolias, Matthias Komm, and Svetlana V. Ratynskaia
Subjects: Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Materials science, Fusion plasma, chemistry.chemical_element, Thermionic emission, Tungsten, Condensed Matter Physics, 01 natural sciences, Space charge, 010305 fluids & plasmas, Magnetic field, Planar, chemistry, Physics::Plasma Physics, Physics::Space Physics, 0103 physical sciences, Astrophysics::Earth and Planetary Astrophysics, Particle-in-cell, Atomic physics, 010306 general physics
Abstract: A systematic particle-in-cell investigation is reported focusing on the sheaths surrounding hot planar surfaces that are embedded in fusion plasmas with an arbitrary magnetic field inclination angl ...
Published: 2020

15. First wall energy deposition during vertical displacement events on ITER

Author: J. Coburn, Leon Kos, E. Thoren, M. Brank, H. Anand, R.A. Pitts, Michael Lehnen, Svetlana V. Ratynskaia, and Panagiotis Tolias
Subjects: Materials science, 0103 physical sciences, Vertical displacement, Composite material, 010306 general physics, Condensed Matter Physics, 01 natural sciences, Deposition (chemistry), Mathematical Physics, Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics, Energy (signal processing), 010305 fluids & plasmas
Published: 2020

16. Molecular dynamics calculation of the spectral densities of plasma fluctuations

Author: Svetlana V. Ratynskaia, Panagiotis Tolias, Antonio Panarese, U. de Angelis, Domenico Bruno, and Savino Longo
Subjects: Physics, Plasma, Radius, Condensed Matter Physics, 01 natural sciences, 010305 fluids & plasmas, Molecular dynamics, Physics::Plasma Physics, 0103 physical sciences, Thermal, Coulomb, Cutoff, Atomic physics, 010306 general physics
Abstract: Spectral densities of plasma fluctuations are calculated for the thermal case using classical molecular dynamics (MD) assuming Coulomb interactions and a short-range cutoff radius. The aim of the calculation is to verify limits and performances of such calculations in the light of possible generalizations, e.g. collisional or non-ideal plasmas. Results are presented for ideal, collisionless, fully ionized thermal plasmas. Comparison with the analytical theory reveals a generally satisfactory agreement with possibility for improvement when more strict numerical parameters are used albeit with a strong increase in computational cost. The largest deviations have been observed in the vicinity of the weakly damped eigenmodes. The agreement is strong in other parts of the spectrum, where Landau damping is prominent, and overcomes the effects stemming from the excess collisionality and coupling as well as from the exclusion of short-range collisions.
Published: 2018

17. Interaction of adhered beryllium proxy dust with transient and stationary plasmas

Author: M. De Angeli, Thomas Morgan, G. Riva, Svetlana V. Ratynskaia, Panagiotis Tolias, D.U.B. Aussems, D. Ripamonti, and Science and Technology of Nuclear Fusion
Subjects: Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Materials science, Dust remobilization, Materials Science (miscellaneous), Analytical chemistry, chemistry.chemical_element, Tungsten, 01 natural sciences, complex mixtures, Mixed material effects, 010305 fluids & plasmas, Chromium, Aluminium, 0103 physical sciences, 010306 general physics, Phase diagram, Transient heat loads, Dust survivability, Plasma, lcsh:TK9001-9401, Copper, Magnetic field, respiratory tract diseases, Nuclear Energy and Engineering, chemistry, Dust adhesion, lcsh:Nuclear engineering. Atomic power, Beryllium
Abstract: Tungsten (W) substrates with adhered beryllium (Be) proxy dust - copper, chromium, aluminium - have been exposed in the Magnum-PSI linear device. Their interaction with transient and stationary plasmas has been systematically studied under varying heat fluxes and magnetic field topologies. The dust remobilization activities, macro-morphological changes and chemical modifications induced by the plasma incidence are documented. Aluminium is identified to be the most suitable surrogate material due to the similar binary phase diagram and nearly identical evaporation rates. Extrapolation suggests that Be dust cannot survive on hot W surfaces but it can trigger mixed Be/W effects prior to its plasma removal. Keywords: Transient heat loads, Dust remobilization, Dust survivability, Dust adhesion, Mixed material effects
Published: 2018

18. Electron reflection effects on particle and heat fluxes to positively charged dust subject to strong electron emission

Author: Ladislas Vignitchouk, Panagiotis Tolias, Gian Luca Delzanno, and Svetlana V. Ratynskaia
Subjects: Physics, Plasma heating, Astrophysics::High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, chemistry.chemical_element, Thermionic emission, Astrophysics::Cosmology and Extragalactic Astrophysics, Plasma, Electron, Tungsten, Condensed Matter Physics, 7. Clean energy, 01 natural sciences, 010305 fluids & plasmas, chemistry, 0103 physical sciences, Reflection (physics), Particle, Current (fluid), Atomic physics, 010306 general physics, Astrophysics::Galaxy Astrophysics
Abstract: A new model describing dust charging and heating in unmagnetized plasmas in the presence of large electron emission currents is presented. By accounting for the formation of a potential well due to trapped emitted electrons when the dust is positively charged, this model extends the so-called OML+ approach, thus far limited to thermionic emission, by including electron-induced emission processes, and in particular low-energy quasi-elastic electron reflection. Revised semi-analytical formulas for the current and heat fluxes associated with emitted electrons are successfully validated against particle-in-cell simulations and predict an overall reduction of dust heating by up to a factor of 2. When applied to tungsten dust heating in divertor-like plasmas, the new model predicts that the dust lifetime increases by up to 80%, as compared with standard orbital-motion-limited estimates.
Published: 2018
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19. Survival and in-vessel redistribution of beryllium droplets after ITER disruptions

Author: Michael Lehnen, G. De Temmerman, D. Kiramov, Ladislas Vignitchouk, Panagiotis Tolias, R.A. Pitts, and Svetlana V. Ratynskaia
Subjects: Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Materials science, chemistry.chemical_element, Mechanics, Condensed Matter Physics, 01 natural sciences, 010305 fluids & plasmas, Physics::Fluid Dynamics, chemistry, 13. Climate action, 0103 physical sciences, Redistribution (chemistry), Vertical displacement, Beryllium, 010306 general physics
Abstract: The motion and temperature evolution of beryllium droplets produced by first wall surface melting after ITER major disruptions and vertical displacement events mitigated during the current quench a ...
Published: 2018
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20. Validating heat balance models for tungsten dust in cold dense plasmas

Author: M. De Angeli, J-P Banon, J.W.M. Vernimmen, E. Thoren, A. Shalpegin, F. Brochard, Ladislas Vignitchouk, H.J. van der Meiden, Panagiotis Tolias, M. Kantor, Svetlana V. Ratynskaia, Royal Institute of Technology [Stockholm] (KTH ), A.F. Ioffe Physical-Technical Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences [Moscow] (RAS), Istituto di Fisica del Plasma [Milano] (IFP), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche [Milano] (CNR), Dutch Institute for Fundamental Energy Research [Eindhoven] (DIFFER), Institut Jean Lamour (IJL), Université de Lorraine (UL)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Department of Mathematics [Sweden] (KTH), Stockholm University, Norwegian University of Science and Technology [Trondheim] (NTNU), and Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU)
Subjects: Materials science, tungsten, Evaporation, chemistry.chemical_element, Astrophysics::Cosmology and Extragalactic Astrophysics, Tungsten, 01 natural sciences, 010305 fluids & plasmas, orbital-motion-limited, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-PLASM-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Plasma Physics [physics.plasm-ph], 0103 physical sciences, Vaporization, Figure of merit, 010306 general physics, Astrophysics::Galaxy Astrophysics, Divertor, [SPI.PLASMA]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Plasmas, Plasma, Radius, Condensed Matter Physics, Computational physics, Nuclear Energy and Engineering, chemistry, Thermal radiation, [SPI.OPTI]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Optics / Photonic, Astrophysics::Earth and Planetary Astrophysics, dust, Pilot-PSI, [SPI.SIGNAL]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Signal and Image processing, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-DATA-AN]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Data Analysis, Statistics and Probability [physics.data-an]
Abstract: International audience; The first comparison of dust radius and surface temperature estimates, obtained from spectroscopic measurements of thermal radiation, with simulations of dust heating and vaporization by the MIGRAINe dust dynamics code is reported. The measurements were performed during controlled tungsten dust injection experiments in the cold and dense plasmas of Pilot-PSI, reproducing ITER divertor conditions. The comparison has allowed us to single out the dominating role of the work function contribution to the dust heating budget. However, in the plasmas of interest, dust was found to enter the strong vaporization regime, in which its temperature is practically insensitive to plasma properties and the various uncertainties in modelling. This makes the dust temperature a poor figure of merit for model validation purposes. On the other hand, simple numerical scalings obtained from orbital-motion-limited estimates were found to be remarkably robust and sufficient to understand the main physics at play in such cold and dense plasmas. Validating heat balance models for tungsten dust in cold dense plasmas 2
Published: 2018

21. OVERVIEW OF PHYSICS STUDIES ON ASDEX UPGRADE

Author: Neville C. Luhmann, J. Mailloux, A. Kappatou, Yann Camenen, R. Arredondo Parra, P. Petersson, G. F. Harrer, I. Gomez Ortiz, E. Giovannozzi, S. S. Henderson, C. Sommariva, Thomas Schwarz-Selinger, G. Fuchert, Christopher G. Albert, P. Piovesan, A. Herrmann, C. Piron, Robert Lunsford, J. Hobirk, F. Clairet, L. Xiang, Carlo Cazzaniga, A. Burckhart, B. Kurzan, Bernhard Ploeckl, G. Kocsis, A. Mancini, Benoit Labit, M. Reich, N. den Harder, Faa Federico Felici, M. Oberparleiter, Tamás Szepesi, Sibylle Günter, K. Behler, R. Merkel, Ocleto D'Arcangelo, G. Haas, Alessandro Bortolon, T. B. Cote, E. Trier, P. Simon, A. Gude, Daniele Milanesio, Winfried Kernbichler, Dorothea Gradic, M. Rodriguez-Ramos, G.A. Rattá, G. Croci, O. Tudisco, E. Heyn, M. Groth, J. Gonzalez Martin, Olivier Sauter, Irena Ivanova-Stanik, Massimo Nocente, J. R. Harrison, Martin Heyn, C. Bruhn, C. Ham, L. Shao, M. Schubert, F. Brochard, Yu Gao, Bernd Heinemann, Sandra C. Chapman, Armin Manhard, S. S. Denk, A. Jardin, D. P. Coster, G. Schall, L. Horvath, Alexander Creely, Roman Schrittwieser, Patrick J. McCarthy, C. Castaldo, B. Wiringer, M. J. Mantsinen, Till Höschen, Ph. Lauber, V. Mertens, Anders Nielsen, G. Suarez, M. E. Manso, M. Dibon, S. Wiesen, Mirko Salewski, C. D. Challis, J. Schweinzer, D. Douai, Lorenzo Frassinetti, R. C. Wolf, Mirko Ramisch, P. de Marne, Yueqiang Liu, H. van den Brand, S. Nowak, E. Joffrin, M. Teschke, Karl Schmid, D. Silvagni, L. Giannone, D. I. Refy, E. Wolfrum, M. Sertoli, Chanho Moon, O. J. W. F. Kardaun, A. Ross, S. Elgeti, A. Shalpegin, G. D. Conway, A. Sigalov, Alberto Bottino, Benedikt Geiger, M. Willensdorfer, D. C. van Vugt, Mark Maraschek, W. Zhang, M. Oberkofler, M. Griener, Stylianos Varoutis, Bill Scott, F. Monaco, W. Suttrop, Helmut Faugel, Christian Hopf, J. Vicente, Gerhard Raupp, S. Fietz, Omar Maj, D. Terranova, Q. Yu, E. Seliunin, L. Gil, K. Lackner, I. Novikau, S. Heinzel, G. Birkenmeier, O. Linder, I. Zammuto, H. Fünfgelder, Alessandro Biancalani, D. Prisiazhniuk, Analiza M. Silva, Volker Hauer, Ulrich Stroth, M. Faitsch, Toke Koldborg Jensen, S. Brezinsek, S. Garavaglia, V. Nikolaeva, C. Angioni, T. Maceina, Antti Snicker, O. Schmitz, T. Vierle, A. Scarabosio, D. Carlton, F. Penzel, M. Tardocchi, Riccardo Maggiora, V. Plyusnin, A. Bergmann, A. Bock, G. Rocchi, Andreas Frank Martitsch, J. W. Coenen, I. Erofeev, Pierre Manas, J. Stober, O. Meyer, M. A. Van Zeeland, A. S. Jacobsen, H. Meister, Jens Madsen, E. Smigelskis, A. Lohs, T. Happel, A. Gallo, F. Ryter, P. A. Schneider, A. Kallenbach, Alf Köhn, C. Bottereau, I. Paradela Perez, N. Arden, M. Koubiti, Gergely Papp, Burkhard Plaum, Jorge Ferreira, P. Denner, H. Greuner, Daniel Told, M. Weiland, T. Hayward-Schneider, B. Sieglin, A. Buhler, B. Böswirth, A. Krämer-Flecken, F. Jaulmes, J. Galdon-Quiroga, M. Balden, J. Pinzón Acosta, C. Sozzi, T. Bolzonella, G. Neu, Simon Freethy, T. Sehmer, K. Höfler, T. T. Ribeiro, F. Mink, Ursel Fantz, Q. Yang, Jeppe Olsen, M. Wischmeier, P. Mantica, Timothy Goodman, R. Delogu, T. Tala, Panagiotis Tolias, A. Houben, G. Tardini, A. Kirk, T. Odstrcil, R. Fischer, J. Juul Rasmussen, D. Carralero, H. F. Meyer, P. Martin, J. Miettunen, E. Maljaars, Matthew Carr, Z. Yang, G. Pautasso, B. P. Duval, E. Sytova, Stefano Coda, D. Meshcheriakov, Morten Stejner, S. Zoletnik, Thomas Zehetbauer, M. Li, F. Liu, R. Neu, A. Drenik, P. Manz, E. Fable, Otto Asunta, Zhixin Lu, S. Kálvin, Bruce Lipschultz, Vinodh Bandaru, A. Di Siena, Mattia Siccinio, S. Costea, Frank Jenko, Peter Lang, V. Rohde, Manfred Zilker, F. Nabais, H. J. Sun, Chris Hegna, A. Krivska, M. Rott, S. E. Sharapov, Antoine Merle, J. Bernardo, K. Engelhardt, M. Garcia-Munoz, M. Kantor, M. Hölzl, J. M. Santos, L. Guimarais, A. Figuereido, Carlos B. da Silva, Ch. Day, P. David, U. von Toussaint, T. C. Blanken, D. A. Ryan, F. Palermo, Silvio Ceccuzzi, J.-M. Noterdaeme, M. Gobbin, A. Jansen van Vuuren, C.-P. Kasemann, D. Rittich, Wouter Tierens, Taina Kurki-Suonio, C. Martens, R. Riedl, Antti Hakola, A. Czarnecka, F. Hitzler, M. Spolaore, M. Tripský, D. Brida, A. V. Chankin, Alessandro Pau, T. Ilkei, K. Krieger, Emanuele Poli, Florian Laggner, J. F. Rivero-Rodriguez, Wolfgang Jacob, Nengchao Wang, Anne White, S. Kjer Hansen, Stefan Kragh Nielsen, M. Fröschle, R. Bilato, O. Kudlacek, Tobias Görler, A. Stegmeir, Ari Salmi, L. Colas, A. Mlynek, Istvan Cziegler, V. Bobkov, James Buchanan, A. Gräter, T. Luda di Cortemiglia, R. Drube, John Hammer Holm, Giuliana Sias, K. Galazka, Giuseppe Gorini, V. Igochine, B. Vanovac, O. P. Ford, A. Garcia-Carrasco, R. M. McDermott, B. Tal, A. Lebschy, M. Cavedon, Julia Fuchs, E. Viezzer, R. Dux, R.A. Pitts, Svetlana V. Ratynskaia, Aqsa Shabbir, Sergei Kasilov, M. Bernert, S. Saarelma, Gergö Pokol, F. Reimold, Geert Verdoolaege, M. Mayer, Marek Rubel, L. Sanchis-Sanchez, R. Maingi, William Hornsby, U. Plank, C. Cianfarani, N. Vianello, A. Huber, Gustavo Granucci, Didier Mazon, S. Glöggler, J. Simpson, I. Faust, G. L. Ravera, Laurie Porte, Johann Riesch, F. Janky, A Lyssoivan, T. Pütterich, F. Orain, M. Valisa, B. Esposito, C. Gleason-González, Juha Karhunen, M. Valovic, H. Maier, Gábor Cseh, A. Nemes-Czopf, E. Thoren, O. Pan, T. Eich, R. Coelho, M.R. de Baar, E. Strumberger, T. Hellsten, Lionello Marrelli, Boglarka Erdos, Pascale Hennequin, R. Ochoukov, H. Zohm, D. Wagner, Yevgen O. Kazakov, A. Medvedeva, M. G. Dunne, W. Treutterer, N. Leuthold, R. Zagórski, S. Potzel, V. Klevarova, Dirk Reiser, X. Wang, T. Lunt, Meyer, H, Angioni, C, Albert, C, Arden, N, Arredondo Parra, R, Asunta, O, De Baar, M, Balden, M, Bandaru, V, Behler, K, Bergmann, A, Bernardo, J, Bernert, M, Biancalani, A, Bilato, R, Birkenmeier, G, Blanken, T, Bobkov, V, Bock, A, Bolzonella, T, Bortolon, A, Boswirth, B, Bottereau, C, Bottino, A, Van Den Brand, H, Brezinsek, S, Brida, D, Brochard, F, Bruhn, C, Buchanan, J, Buhler, A, Burckhart, A, Camenen, Y, Carlton, D, Carr, M, Carralero, D, Castaldo, C, Cavedon, M, Cazzaniga, C, Ceccuzzi, S, Challis, C, Chankin, A, Chapman, S, Cianfarani, C, Clairet, F, Coda, S, Coelho, R, Coenen, J, Colas, L, Conway, G, Costea, S, Coster, D, Cote, T, Creely, A, Croci, G, Cseh, G, Czarnecka, A, Cziegler, I, D'Arcangelo, O, David, P, Day, C, Delogu, R, De Marne, P, Denk, S, Denner, P, Dibon, M, Di Siena, A, Douai, D, Drenik, A, Drube, R, Dunne, M, Duval, B, Dux, R, Eich, T, Elgeti, S, Engelhardt, K, Erdos, B, Erofeev, I, Esposito, B, Fable, E, Faitsch, M, Fantz, U, Faugel, H, Faust, I, Felici, F, Ferreira, J, Fietz, S, Figuereido, A, Fischer, R, Ford, O, Frassinetti, L, Freethy, S, Froschle, M, Fuchert, G, Fuchs, J, Funfgelder, H, Galazka, K, Galdon-Quiroga, J, Gallo, A, Gao, Y, Garavaglia, S, Garcia-Carrasco, A, Garcia-Munoz, M, Geiger, B, Giannone, L, Gil, L, Giovannozzi, E, Gleason-Gonzalez, C, Gloggler, S, Gobbin, M, Gorler, T, Gomez Ortiz, I, Gonzalez Martin, J, Goodman, T, Gorini, G, Gradic, D, Grater, A, Granucci, G, Greuner, H, Griener, M, Groth, M, Gude, A, Gunter, S, Guimarais, L, Haas, G, Hakola, A, Ham, C, Happel, T, Den Harder, N, Harrer, G, Harrison, J, Hauer, V, Hayward-Schneider, T, Hegna, C, Heinemann, B, Heinzel, S, Hellsten, T, Henderson, S, Hennequin, P, Herrmann, A, Heyn, M, Heyn, E, Hitzler, F, Hobirk, J, Hofler, K, Holzl, M, Hoschen, T, Holm, J, Hopf, C, Hornsby, W, Horvath, L, Houben, A, Huber, A, Igochine, V, Ilkei, T, Ivanova-Stanik, I, Jacob, W, Jacobsen, A, Janky, F, Jansen Van Vuuren, A, Jardin, A, Jaulmes, F, Jenko, F, Jensen, T, Joffrin, E, Kasemann, C, Kallenbach, A, Kalvin, S, Kantor, M, Kappatou, A, Kardaun, O, Karhunen, J, Kasilov, S, Kazakov, Y, Kernbichler, W, Kirk, A, Kjer Hansen, S, Klevarova, V, Kocsis, G, Kohn, A, Koubiti, M, Krieger, K, Krivska, A, Kramer-Flecken, A, Kudlacek, O, Kurki-Suonio, T, Kurzan, B, Labit, B, Lackner, K, Laggner, F, Lang, P, Lauber, P, Lebschy, A, Leuthold, N, Li, M, Linder, O, Lipschultz, B, Liu, F, Liu, Y, Lohs, A, Lu, Z, Luda Di Cortemiglia, T, Luhmann, N, Lunsford, R, Lunt, T, Lyssoivan, A, Maceina, T, Madsen, J, Maggiora, R, Maier, H, Maj, O, Mailloux, J, Maingi, R, Maljaars, E, Manas, P, Mancini, A, Manhard, A, Manso, M, Mantica, P, Mantsinen, M, Manz, P, Maraschek, M, Martens, C, Martin, P, Marrelli, L, Martitsch, A, Mayer, M, Mazon, D, Mccarthy, P, Mcdermott, R, Meister, H, Medvedeva, A, Merkel, R, Merle, A, Mertens, V, Meshcheriakov, D, Meyer, O, Miettunen, J, Milanesio, D, Mink, F, Mlynek, A, Monaco, F, Moon, C, Nabais, F, Nemes-Czopf, A, Neu, G, Neu, R, Nielsen, A, Nielsen, S, Nikolaeva, V, Nocente, M, Noterdaeme, J, Novikau, I, Nowak, S, Oberkofler, M, Oberparleiter, M, Ochoukov, R, Odstrcil, T, Olsen, J, Orain, F, Palermo, F, Pan, O, Papp, G, Paradela Perez, I, Pau, A, Pautasso, G, Penzel, F, Petersson, P, Pinzon Acosta, J, Piovesan, P, Piron, C, Pitts, R, Plank, U, Plaum, B, Ploeckl, B, Plyusnin, V, Pokol, G, Poli, E, Porte, L, Potzel, S, Prisiazhniuk, D, Putterich, T, Ramisch, M, Rasmussen, J, Ratta, G, Ratynskaia, S, Raupp, G, Ravera, G, Refy, D, Reich, M, Reimold, F, Reiser, D, Ribeiro, T, Riesch, J, Riedl, R, Rittich, D, Rivero-Rodriguez, J, Rocchi, G, Rodriguez-Ramos, M, Rohde, V, Ross, A, Rott, M, Rubel, M, Ryan, D, Ryter, F, Saarelma, S, Salewski, M, Salmi, A, Sanchis-Sanchez, L, Santos, J, Sauter, O, Scarabosio, A, Schall, G, Schmid, K, Schmitz, O, Schneider, P, Schrittwieser, R, Schubert, M, Schwarz-Selinger, T, Schweinzer, J, Scott, B, Sehmer, T, Seliunin, E, Sertoli, M, Shabbir, A, Shalpegin, A, Shao, L, Sharapov, S, Sias, G, Siccinio, M, Sieglin, B, Sigalov, A, Silva, A, Silva, C, Silvagni, D, Simon, P, Simpson, J, Smigelskis, E, Snicker, A, Sommariva, C, Sozzi, C, Spolaore, M, Stegmeir, A, Stejner, M, Stober, J, Stroth, U, Strumberger, E, Suarez, G, Sun, H, Suttrop, W, Sytova, E, Szepesi, T, Tal, B, Tala, T, Tardini, G, Tardocchi, M, Teschke, M, Terranova, D, Tierens, W, Thoren, E, Told, D, Tolias, P, Tudisco, O, Treutterer, W, Trier, E, Tripsky, M, Valisa, M, Valovic, M, Vanovac, B, Van Vugt, D, Varoutis, S, Verdoolaege, G, Vianello, N, Vicente, J, Vierle, T, Viezzer, E, Von Toussaint, U, Wagner, D, Wang, N, Wang, X, Weiland, M, White, A, Wiesen, S, Willensdorfer, M, Wiringer, B, Wischmeier, M, Wolf, R, Wolfrum, E, Xiang, L, Yang, Q, Yang, Z, Yu, Q, Zagorski, R, Zammuto, I, Zhang, W, Van Zeeland, M, Zehetbauer, T, Zilker, M, Zoletnik, S, Zohm, H, Meyer, H., Universidad de Sevilla, Departamento de Física Atómica, Molecular y Nuclear, Universidad de Sevilla. RNM138: Física Nuclear Aplicada, Universidad de Sevilla. TEP111: Ingeniería Mecánica, CEA Cadarache, Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA), Institut Jean Lamour (IJL), Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Université de Lorraine (UL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Physique des interactions ioniques et moléculaires (PIIM), Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire de Physique des Plasmas (LPP), Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-École polytechnique (X)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Culham Science Centre, Max-Planck-Institut für Plasmaphysik, Department of Applied Physics, Dutch Institute for Fundamental Energy Research, University of Lisbon, Eindhoven University of Technology, National Research Council of Italy, Princeton University, CEA, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Université de Lorraine, CNRS, Agenzia nazionale per le nuove tecnologie, l'energia e lo sviluppo economico sostenibile, University of Warwick, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne, University of Innsbruck, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Soltan Institute for Nuclear Studies, University of York, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, University of Seville, University of Milan - Bicocca, Fusion and Plasma Physics, VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, Vienna University of Technology, Max-Planck Computing and Data Facility, General Atomics, Université Paris-Saclay, Graz University of Technology, Institut für Grenzflachenverfahrenstechnik und Plasmatechnologie, Danmarks Tekniske Universitet, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Royal Military Academy, Ghent University, ITER Organization, University of California Davis, Polytechnic University of Turin, Barcelona Supercomputing Center, University College Cork, Chalmers University of Technology, University of Cagliari, ITER, CIEMAT, CAS - Institute of Plasma Physics, Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics, Aalto-yliopisto, Aalto University, Angioni, C., Albert, C. G., Arden, N., Arredondo Parra, R., Asunta, O., De Baar, M., Balden, M., Bandaru, V., Behler, K., Bergmann, A., Bernardo, J., Bernert, M., Biancalani, A., Bilato, R., Birkenmeier, G., Blanken, T. C., Bobkov, V., Bock, A., Bolzonella, T., Bortolon, A., Boswirth, B., Bottereau, C., Bottino, A., Van Den Brand, H., Brezinsek, S., Brida, D., Brochard, F., Bruhn, C., Buchanan, J., Buhler, A., Burckhart, A., Camenen, Y., Carlton, D., Carr, M., Carralero, D., Castaldo, C., Cavedon, M., Cazzaniga, C., Ceccuzzi, S., Challis, C., Chankin, A., Chapman, S., Cianfarani, C., Clairet, F., Coda, S., Coelho, R., Coenen, J. W., Colas, L., Conway, G. D., Costea, S., Coster, D. P., Cote, T. B., Creely, A., Croci, G., Cseh, G., Czarnecka, A., Cziegler, I., D'Arcangelo, O., David, P., Day, C., Delogu, R., De Marne, P., Denk, S. S., Denner, P., Dibon, M., Di Siena, A., Douai, D., Drenik, A., Drube, R., Dunne, M., Duval, B. P., Dux, R., Eich, T., Elgeti, S., Engelhardt, K., Erdos, B., Erofeev, I., Esposito, B., Fable, E., Faitsch, M., Fantz, U., Faugel, H., Faust, I., Felici, F., Ferreira, J., Fietz, S., Figuereido, A., Fischer, R., Ford, O., Frassinetti, L., Freethy, S., Froschle, M., Fuchert, G., Fuchs, J. C., Funfgelder, H., Galazka, K., Galdon-Quiroga, J., Gallo, A., Gao, Y., Garavaglia, S., Garcia-Carrasco, A., Garcia-Munoz, M., Geiger, B., Giannone, L., Gil, L., Giovannozzi, E., Gleason-Gonzalez, C., Gloggler, S., Gobbin, M., Gorler, T., Gomez Ortiz, I., Gonzalez Martin, J., Goodman, T., Gorini, G., Gradic, D., Grater, A., Granucci, G., Greuner, H., Griener, M., Groth, M., Gude, A., Gunter, S., Guimarais, L., Haas, G., Hakola, A. H., Ham, C., Happel, T., Den Harder, N., Harrer, G. F., Harrison, J., Hauer, V., Hayward-Schneider, T., Hegna, C. C., Heinemann, B., Heinzel, S., Hellsten, T., Henderson, S., Hennequin, P., Herrmann, A., Heyn, M. F., Heyn, E., Hitzler, F., Hobirk, J., Hofler, K., Holzl, M., Hoschen, T., Holm, J. H., Hopf, C., Hornsby, W. A., Horvath, L., Houben, A., Huber, A., Igochine, V., Ilkei, T., Ivanova-Stanik, I., Jacob, W., Jacobsen, A. S., Janky, F., Jansen Van Vuuren, A., Jardin, A., Jaulmes, F., Jenko, F., Jensen, T., Joffrin, E., Kasemann, C. -P., Kallenbach, A., Kalvin, S., Kantor, M., Kappatou, A., Kardaun, O., Karhunen, J., Kasilov, S., Kazakov, Y., Kernbichler, W., Kirk, A., Kjer Hansen, S., Klevarova, V., Kocsis, G., Kohn, A., Koubiti, M., Krieger, K., Krivska, A., Kramer-Flecken, A., Kudlacek, O., Kurki-Suonio, T., Kurzan, B., Labit, B., Lackner, K., Laggner, F., Lang, P. T., Lauber, P., Lebschy, A., Leuthold, N., Li, M., Linder, O., Lipschultz, B., Liu, F., Liu, Y., Lohs, A., Lu, Z., Luda Di Cortemiglia, T., Luhmann, N. C., Lunsford, R., Lunt, T., Lyssoivan, A., Maceina, T., Madsen, J., Maggiora, R., Maier, H., Maj, O., Mailloux, J., Maingi, R., Maljaars, E., Manas, P., Mancini, A., Manhard, A., Manso, M. -E., Mantica, P., Mantsinen, M., Manz, P., Maraschek, M., Martens, C., Martin, P., Marrelli, L., Martitsch, A., Mayer, M., Mazon, D., Mccarthy, P. J., Mcdermott, R., Meister, H., Medvedeva, A., Merkel, R., Merle, A., Mertens, V., Meshcheriakov, D., Meyer, O., Miettunen, J., Milanesio, D., Mink, F., Mlynek, A., Monaco, F., Moon, C., Nabais, F., Nemes-Czopf, A., Neu, G., Neu, R., Nielsen, A. H., Nielsen, S. K., Nikolaeva, V., Nocente, M., Noterdaeme, J. -M., Novikau, I., Nowak, S., Oberkofler, M., Oberparleiter, M., Ochoukov, R., Odstrcil, T., Olsen, J., Orain, F., Palermo, F., Pan, O., Papp, G., Paradela Perez, I., Pau, A., Pautasso, G., Penzel, F., Petersson, P., Pinzon Acosta, J., Piovesan, P., Piron, C., Pitts, R., Plank, U., Plaum, B., Ploeckl, B., Plyusnin, V., Pokol, G., Poli, E., Porte, L., Potzel, S., Prisiazhniuk, D., Putterich, T., Ramisch, M., Rasmussen, J., Ratta, G. A., Ratynskaia, S., Raupp, G., Ravera, G. L., Refy, D., Reich, M., Reimold, F., Reiser, D., Ribeiro, T., Riesch, J., Riedl, R., Rittich, D., Rivero-Rodriguez, J. F., Rocchi, G., Rodriguez-Ramos, M., Rohde, V., Ross, A., Rott, M., Rubel, M., Ryan, D., Ryter, F., Saarelma, S., Salewski, M., Salmi, A., Sanchis-Sanchez, L., Santos, J., Sauter, O., Scarabosio, A., Schall, G., Schmid, K., Schmitz, O., Schneider, P. A., Schrittwieser, R., Schubert, M., Schwarz-Selinger, T., Schweinzer, J., Scott, B., Sehmer, T., Seliunin, E., Sertoli, M., Shabbir, A., Shalpegin, A., Shao, L., Sharapov, S., Sias, G., Siccinio, M., Sieglin, B., Sigalov, A., Silva, A., Silva, C., Silvagni, D., Simon, P., Simpson, J., Smigelskis, E., Snicker, A., Sommariva, C., Sozzi, C., Spolaore, M., Stegmeir, A., Stejner, M., Stober, J., Stroth, U., Strumberger, E., Suarez, G., Sun, H. -J., Suttrop, W., Sytova, E., Szepesi, T., Tal, B., Tala, T., Tardini, G., Tardocchi, M., Teschke, M., Terranova, D., Tierens, W., Thoren, E., Told, D., Tolias, P., Tudisco, O., Treutterer, W., Trier, E., Tripsky, M., Valisa, M., Valovic, M., Vanovac, B., Van Vugt, D., Varoutis, S., Verdoolaege, G., Vianello, N., Vicente, J., Vierle, T., Viezzer, E., Von Toussaint, U., Wagner, D., Wang, N., Wang, X., Weiland, M., White, A. E., Wiesen, S., Willensdorfer, M., Wiringer, B., Wischmeier, M., Wolf, R., Wolfrum, E., Xiang, L., Yang, Q., Yang, Z., Yu, Q., Zagorski, R., Zammuto, I., Zhang, W., Van Zeeland, M., Zehetbauer, T., Zilker, M., Zoletnik, S., Zohm, H., ASDEX Upgrade Team, Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics, Max Planck Society, and EUROfusion MST1 Team
Subjects: Magnetic confinement, Edge-localized modes (ELMs), Nuclear engineering, PLASMAS, Nuclear physics, 01 natural sciences, 010305 fluids & plasmas, ASDEX Upgrade, ITER, MODE, Physics, iter, Divertor, magnetic confinement, Magnetic confinement fusion, mode, Dissipation, Condensed Matter Physics, ddc, Tokamak physics, Física nuclear, tokamak physics, Tokamaks, FLUX, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Technology and Engineering, DEMO, nuclear fusion, Electron cyclotron resonance, Resonant magnetic perturbations, Physics::Plasma Physics, 0103 physical sciences, Nuclear fusion, ddc:530, 010306 general physics, SOLID TUNGSTEN DIVERTOR, Física [Àrees temàtiques de la UPC], demo, plasmas, solid tungsten divertor, flux, ___, HEAVY ALLOYS, Magnetohydrodynamics, [PHYS.ASTR]Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph], heavy alloys
Abstract: The ASDEX Upgrade (AUG) programme, jointly run with the EUROfusion MST1 task force, continues to significantly enhance the physics base of ITER and DEMO. Here, the full tungsten wall is a key asset for extrapolating to future devices. The high overall heating power, flexible heating mix and comprehensive diagnostic set allows studies ranging from mimicking the scrape-off-layer and divertor conditions of ITER and DEMO at high density to fully non-inductive operation (q95 = 5.5, ) at low density. Higher installed electron cyclotron resonance heating power 6 MW, new diagnostics and improved analysis techniques have further enhanced the capabilities of AUG. Stable high-density H-modes with MW m−1 with fully detached strike-points have been demonstrated. The ballooning instability close to the separatrix has been identified as a potential cause leading to the H-mode density limit and is also found to play an important role for the access to small edge-localized modes (ELMs). Density limit disruptions have been successfully avoided using a path-oriented approach to disruption handling and progress has been made in understanding the dissipation and avoidance of runaway electron beams. ELM suppression with resonant magnetic perturbations is now routinely achieved reaching transiently . This gives new insight into the field penetration physics, in particular with respect to plasma flows. Modelling agrees well with plasma response measurements and a helically localised ballooning structure observed prior to the ELM is evidence for the changed edge stability due to the magnetic perturbations. The impact of 3D perturbations on heat load patterns and fast-ion losses have been further elaborated. Progress has also been made in understanding the ELM cycle itself. Here, new fast measurements of and Er allow for inter ELM transport analysis confirming that Er is dominated by the diamagnetic term even for fast timescales. New analysis techniques allow detailed comparison of the ELM crash and are in good agreement with nonlinear MHD modelling. The observation of accelerated ions during the ELM crash can be seen as evidence for the reconnection during the ELM. As type-I ELMs (even mitigated) are likely not a viable operational regime in DEMO studies of 'natural' no ELM regimes have been extended. Stable I-modes up to have been characterised using -feedback. Core physics has been advanced by more detailed characterisation of the turbulence with new measurements such as the eddy tilt angle—measured for the first time—or the cross-phase angle of and fluctuations. These new data put strong constraints on gyro-kinetic turbulence modelling. In addition, carefully executed studies in different main species (H, D and He) and with different heating mixes highlight the importance of the collisional energy exchange for interpreting energy confinement. A new regime with a hollow profile now gives access to regimes mimicking aspects of burning plasma conditions and lead to nonlinear interactions of energetic particle modes despite the sub-Alfvénic beam energy. This will help to validate the fast-ion codes for predicting ITER and DEMO. This work has been carried out within the framework of the EUROfusion Consortium and has received funding from the Euratom research and training programme 2014–2018 and 2019–2020 under grant agreement No. 633053. The views and opinions expressed herein do not necessarily reflect those of the European Commission. "Article signat per més de 100 autors/es: H. Meyer, for the AUG Team: D. Aguiam, C. Angioni, C.G. Albert, N. Arden, R. Arredondo Parra, O. Asunta, M. de Baar, M. Balden, V. Bandaru, K. Behler, A. Bergmann, J. Bernardo, M. Bernert, A. Biancalani, R. Bilato, G. Birkenmeier, T.C. Blanken, V. Bobkov, A. Bock, T. Bolzonella, A. Bortolon, B. Böswirth, C. Bottereau, A. Bottino, H. van den Brand, S. Brezinsek, D. Brida, F. Brochard, C. Bruhn, J. Buchanan, A. Buhler, A. Burckhart, Y. Camenen, D. Carlton, M. Carr, D. Carralero, C. Castaldo, M. Cavedon, C. Cazzaniga, S. Ceccuzzi, C. Challis, A. Chankin, S. Chapman, C. Cianfarani, F. Clairet, S. Coda, R. Coelho, J.W. Coenen, L. Colas, G.D. Conway, S. Costea, D.P. Coster, T.B. Cote, A. Creely, G. Croci, G. Cseh, A. Czarnecka, I. Cziegler, O. D'Arcangelo, P. David, C. Day, R. Delogu, P. de Marné, S.S. Denk, P. Denner, M. Dibon, A. Di Siena, D. Douai, A. Drenik, R. Drube, M. Dunne, B.P. Duval, R. Dux, T. Eich, S. Elgeti, K. Engelhardt, B. Erdös, I. Erofeev, B. Esposito, E. Fable, M. Faitsch, U. Fantz, H. Faugel, I. Faust, F. Felici, J. Ferreira, S. Fietz, A. Figuereido, R. Fischer, O. Ford, L. Frassinetti, S. Freethy, M. Fröschle, G. Fuchert, J.C. Fuchs, H. Fünfgelder, K. Galazka, J. Galdon-Quiroga, A. Gallo, Y. Gao, S. Garavaglia, A. Garcia-Carrasco, M. Garcia-Muñoz, B. Geiger, L. Giannone, L. Gil, E. Giovannozzi, C. Gleason-González, S. Glöggler, M. Gobbin, T. Görler, I. Gomez Ortiz, J. Gonzalez Martin, T. Goodman, G. Gorini, D. Gradic, A. Gräter, G. Granucci, H. Greuner, M. Griener, M. Groth, A. Gude, S. Günter, L. Guimarais, G. Haas, A.H. Hakola, C. Ham, T. Happel, N. den Harder, G.F. Harrer, J. Harrison, V. Hauer, T. Hayward-Schneider, C.C. Hegna, B. Heinemann, S. Heinzel, T. Hellsten, S. Henderson, P. Hennequin, A. Herrmann, M.F. Heyn, E. Heyn, F. Hitzler, J. Hobirk, K. Höfler, M. Hölzl, T. Höschen, J.H. Holm, C. Hopf, W.A. Hornsby, L. Horvath, A. Houben, A. Huber, V. Igochine, T. Ilkei, I. Ivanova-Stanik, W. Jacob, A.S. Jacobsen, F. Janky, A. Jansen van Vuuren, A. Jardin, F. Jaulmes, F. Jenko, T. Jensen, E. Joffrin, C.-P. Käsemann, A. Kallenbach, S. Kálvin, M. Kantor, A. Kappatou, O. Kardaun, J. Karhunen, S. Kasilov,, Y. Kazakov, W. Kernbichler, A. Kirk, S. Kjer Hansen, V. Klevarova, G. Kocsis, A. Köhn, M. Koubiti, K. Krieger, A. Krivska, A. Krämer-Flecken, O. Kudlacek, T. Kurki-Suonio, B. Kurzan, B. Labit, K. Lackner, F. Laggner, P.T. Lang, P. Lauber, A. Lebschy, N. Leuthold, M. Li, O. Linder, B. Lipschultz, F. Liu, Y. Liu, A. Lohs, Z. Lu, T. Luda di Cortemiglia, N.C. Luhmann, R. Lunsford, T. Lunt, A. Lyssoivan, T. Maceina, J. Madsen, R. Maggiora, H. Maier, O. Maj, J. Mailloux, R. Maingi, E. Maljaars, P. Manas, A. Mancini, A. Manhard, M.-E. Manso, P. Mantica, M. Mantsinen, P. Manz, M. Maraschek, C. Martens, P. Martin, L. Marrelli, A. Martitsch, M. Mayer, D. Mazon, P.J. McCarthy, R. McDermott, H. Meister, A. Medvedeva, R. Merkel, A. Merle, V. Mertens, D. Meshcheriakov, O. Meyer, J. Miettunen, D. Milanesio, F. Mink, A. Mlynek, F. Monaco, C. Moon, F. Nabais, A. Nemes-Czopf, G. Neu, R. Neu, A.H. Nielsen, S.K. Nielsen, V. Nikolaeva, M. Nocente, J.-M. Noterdaeme, I. Novikau, S. Nowak, M. Oberkofler, M. Oberparleiter, R. Ochoukov, T. Odstrcil, J. Olsen, F. Orain, F. Palermo, O. Pan, G. Papp, I. Paradela Perez, A. Pau, G. Pautasso, F. Penzel, P. Petersson, J. Pinzón Acosta, P. Piovesan, C. Piron, R. Pitts, U. Plank, B. Plaum, B. Ploeckl, V. Plyusnin, G. Pokol, E. Poli, L. Porte, S. Potzel, D. Prisiazhniuk, T. Pütterich, M. Ramisch, J. Rasmussen, G.A. Rattá, S. Ratynskaia, G. Raupp, G.L. Ravera, D. Réfy, M. Reich, F. Reimold, D. Reiser, T. Ribeiro, J. Riesch, R. Riedl, D. Rittich, J.F. Rivero-Rodriguez, G. Rocchi, M. Rodriguez-Ramos, V. Rohde, A. Ross1, M. Rott, M. Rubel, D. Ryan, F. Ryter, S. Saarelma, M. Salewski, A. Salmi, L. Sanchis-Sanchez, J. Santos, O. Sauter, A. Scarabosio, G. Schall, K. Schmid, O. Schmitz, P.A. Schneider, R. Schrittwieser, M. Schubert, T. Schwarz-Selinger, J. Schweinzer, B. Scott, T. Semer, E. Seliunin, M. Sertoli, A. Shabbir, A. Shalpegin, L. Shao, S. Sharapov, G. Sias, M. Siccinio, B. Sieglin, A. Sigalov, A. Silva, C. Silva, D. Silvagni, P. Simon, J. Simpson, E. Smigelskis, A. Snicker, C. Sommariva, C. Sozzi, M. Spolaore, A. Stegmeir, M. Stejner, J. Stober, U. Stroth, E. Strumberger, G. Suarez, H.-J. Sun, W. Suttrop, E. Sytova, T. Szepesi, B. Tál, T. Tala, G. Tardini, M. Tardocchi, M. Teschke, D. Terranova, W. Tierens, E. Thorén, D. Told, P. Tolias, O. Tudisco, W. Treutterer, E. Trier, M. Tripský, M. Valisa, M. Valovic, B. Vanovac, D. van Vugt, S. Varoutis, G. Verdoolaege, N. Vianello, J. Vicente, T. Vierle, E. Viezzer, U. von Toussaint, D. Wagner, N. Wang, X. Wang, M. Weiland, A.E. White, S. Wiesen, M. Willensdorfer, B. Wiringer, M. Wischmeier, R. Wolf, E. Wolfrum, L. Xiang, Q. Yang, Z. Yang, Q. Yu, R. Zagórski, I. Zammuto, W. Zhang, M. van Zeeland, T. Zehetbauer, M. Zilker, S. Zoletnik, H. Zohm and the EUROfusion MST1 Team55
Published: 2018

22. Self-consistent description of the replacement current driving melt layer motion in fusion devices

Author: E. Thoren, Svetlana V. Ratynskaia, K. Krieger, R.A. Pitts, Panagiotis Tolias, ASDEX Upgrade Team, Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics, Max Planck Society, and EUROfusion MST1 Team
Subjects: Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Fusion, Materials science, Condensed matter physics, Motion (geometry), Thermionic emission, Condensed Matter Physics, 01 natural sciences, 010305 fluids & plasmas, symbols.namesake, 0103 physical sciences, symbols, Surface charge, Current (fluid), 010306 general physics, Layer (electronics), Current density, Lorentz force
Abstract: The bulk replacement current density triggered by surface charge loss owing to thermionic emission leads to a volumetric Lorentz force which has been observed to drive macroscopic melt layer motion ...
Published: 2018

23. Adhesive force distributions for tungsten dust deposited on bulk tungsten and beryllium-coated tungsten surfaces

Author: M. De Angeli, Panagiotis Tolias, G. Riva, Svetlana V. Ratynskaia, Corneliu Porosnicu, C. P. Lungu, and G. Daminelli
Subjects: Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Materials science, Materials Science (miscellaneous), Dispersity, chemistry.chemical_element, Tungsten, equipment and supplies, lcsh:TK9001-9401, complex mixtures, 01 natural sciences, adhesion force, tokamaks, dust, tungsten dust, beryllium, respiratory tract diseases, 010305 fluids & plasmas, Nuclear Energy and Engineering, chemistry, 0103 physical sciences, lcsh:Nuclear engineering. Atomic power, Beryllium, Composite material, 010306 general physics
Abstract: Comprehensive measurements of the adhesive force for tungsten dust adhered to tungsten surfaces have been performed with the electrostatic detachment method. Monodisperse spherical dust has been deposited with gas dynamics techniques or with gravity mimicking adhesion as it naturally occurs in tokamaks. The adhesive force is confirmed to follow the log-normal distribution and empirical correlations are proposed for the size-dependence of its mean and standard deviation. Systematic differences are observed between the two deposition methods and attributed to plastic deformation during sticking impacts. The presence of thin beryllium coatings on tungsten surfaces is demonstrated to barely affect adhesion.
Published: 2018
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24. Remobilization of tungsten dust from castellated plasma-facing components

Author: D. Ripamonti, G. Riva, G. De Temmerman, M. De Angeli, Svetlana V. Ratynskaia, S. Bardin, Thomas Hunt Morgan, and Panagiotis Tolias
Subjects: Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Materials science, Steady state, Materials Science (miscellaneous), Metallurgy, chemistry.chemical_element, Plasma, Trapping, Tungsten, equipment and supplies, 01 natural sciences, complex mixtures, lcsh:TK9001-9401, 010305 fluids & plasmas, Magnetic field, respiratory tract diseases, Nuclear Energy and Engineering, chemistry, ITER, 0103 physical sciences, lcsh:Nuclear engineering. Atomic power, 010306 general physics, Deposition (chemistry)
Abstract: Studies of tungsten dust remobilization from castellated plasma-facing components can shed light to whether gaps constitute a dust accumulation site with important implications for monitoring but also removal. Castellated structures of ITER relevant geometry that contained pre-adhered tungsten dust of controlled deposition profile have been exposed in the Pilot-PSI linear device. The experiments were performed under steady state and transient plasma conditions, as well as varying magnetic field topologies. The results suggest that dust remobilization from the plasma-facing monoblock surface can enhance dust trapping in the gaps and that tungsten dust is efficiently trapped inside the gaps.
Published: 2017

25. Investigation of transient melting of tungsten by ELMs in ASDEX Upgrade

Author: ASDEX-Upgrade Team, K. Krieger, B. Göths, EUROfusion Mst Team, E. Thoren, Florian Laggner, B. Sieglin, M. Balden, L. Giannone, Panagiotis Tolias, G. F. Matthews, A. Herrmann, M. Faitsch, J. Horacek, R.A. Pitts, Svetlana V. Ratynskaia, V. Rohde, D. Nille, Matthias Komm, P. de Marne, J. W. Coenen, R. Dejarnac, ASDEX Upgrade Team, Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics, Max Planck Society, and EUROfusion MST1 Team
Subjects: Tokamak, Materials science, Nuclear engineering, chemistry.chemical_element, Tungsten, Edge (geometry), Condensed Matter Physics, 01 natural sciences, Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics, 010305 fluids & plasmas, law.invention, chemistry, ASDEX Upgrade, law, 0103 physical sciences, Transient (oscillation), 010306 general physics, Mathematical Physics
Abstract: Repetitive melting of tungsten by power transients originating from edge localized modes (ELMs) has been studied in the tokamak experiment ASDEX Upgrade. Tungsten samples were exposed to H-mode dis ...
Published: 2017

26. On thermionic emission from plasma-facing components in tokamak-relevant conditions

Author: R. Dejarnac, Jordan Cavalier, J. P. Gunn, Panagiotis Tolias, Svetlana V. Ratynskaia, A. Podolnik, and Matthias Komm
Subjects: Materials science, Tokamak, integumentary system, Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors, Fusion plasma, chemistry.chemical_element, Thermionic emission, Plasma, Tungsten, equipment and supplies, Condensed Matter Physics, 01 natural sciences, 010305 fluids & plasmas, law.invention, Planar, Nuclear Energy and Engineering, chemistry, Physics::Plasma Physics, law, Condensed Matter::Superconductivity, Physics::Space Physics, 0103 physical sciences, Physics::Accelerator Physics, Atomic physics, 010306 general physics
Abstract: The first results of particle-in-cell simulations of the electrostatic sheath and magnetic pre-sheath of thermionically emitting planar tungsten surfaces in fusion plasmas are presented. Plasma con ...
Published: 2017
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27. Overview of the JET results in support to ITER

Author: Alfredo Pironti, J. Simpson-Hutchinson, Sean Conroy, J. Uljanovs, D. Middleton-Gear, G. Possnert, C. Angioni, R. McAdams, Nicholas Watkins, E. Fortuna-Zalesna, A. Garcia-Carrasco, K. Gałązka, D. Nodwell, Pasquale Gaudio, R.A. Pitts, Svetlana V. Ratynskaia, Seppo Koivuranta, O. J. Kwon, C. Boyd, A. Boboc, M. Reinhart, Igor Lengar, Jarrod Leddy, Hiroyasu Utoh, J. H. Ahn, A. Stevens, J. Lönnroth, U. Kruezi, C. Guillemaut, N. Fonnesu, W. Studholme, Marek Rubel, P. Cahyna, O. McCormack, A. S. Jacobsen, D. Mazon, Gunta Kizane, N. Ashikawa, William Tang, J. Goff, F. Nespoli, Thomas Giegerich, G. Petravich, Angela Busse, Corneliu Porosnicu, M. Bigi, M. Wheatley, Christopher N. Bowman, J. Zacks, Ivan Calvo, U. Losada, H. Weisen, B. Bauvir, Stanislas Pamela, Sylvain Brémond, M.F. Stamp, Scott W. McIntosh, A. Rakha, S. Glöggler, V. Braic, C. Bottereau, S. Murphy, S. Knott, Luigi Fortuna, P. Bunting, N. Vora, S. D. Scott, A. Lazaros, R. Dejarnac, P. Buratti, H.R. Strauss, Gabriele Croci, M. Nocente, A. Hollingsworth, S. Reynolds, D. J. Wilson, D. D. Brown, T.C. Luce, S. Zoletnik, E. Nilsson, L. Laguardia, O. Marchuk, F.P. Orsitto, E. Cecil, V. Huber, J. B. Girardo, Stylianos Varoutis, M. D. Axton, Hyun-Tae Kim, E. Safi, Ch. Day, S. Arshad, J. Rzadkiewicz, P. Prior, A. Meigs, S. Esquembri, P. Gohil, K. Purahoo, Torbjörn Hellsten, N. Tipton, R. Guirlet, E. Joffrin, V. Aldred, Calin Besliu, M. Valentinuzzi, G. T. Jones, J. Edwards, Giuseppe Ambrosino, Laurent Marot, N. Lam, F. Crisanti, G. Verona Rinati, R. Marshal, Michael L. Brown, D. Frigione, D. Chandra, Michaele Freisinger, R. Olney, Jari Varje, S. Whetham, F. Parra Diaz, M. R. Hough, P. Dinca, F. Salzedas, A. Goodyear, R. Gowland, J. A. Wilson, J. Horacek, D. King, K. Flinders, I. R. Merrigan, M. Ghate, R. Michling, F. Saint-Laurent, G. Kocsis, D. Van Eester, C. Young, R. O. Dendy, A. Meakins, N. Pace, C. L. Hunter, D. Alegre, S. Foster, V. Riccardo, M. Bulman, C. Jeong, Marek Szawlowski, B. D. Whitehead, Vasily Kiptily, James Harrison, Hiroshi Tojo, G. T. A. Huijsmans, J. W. Coenen, X. Litaudon, Justin Williams, C. Hidalgo, S. Lesnoj, I.E. Day, A. W. Morris, R. Mooney, Yann Corre, S. Brezinsek, B. Gonçalves, M. Kresina, D. Coombs, F. Köchl, J. L. Gardarein, W. Davis, Aqsa Shabbir, Kanti M. Aggarwal, L. Colas, A. B. Kukushkin, Seppo Sipilä, Elisabeth Rachlew, Leena Aho-Mantila, O. G. Pompilian, E. Viezzer, Shane Cooper, Fabio Villone, P. Blanchard, Patrick Tamain, P. Camp, T. Szabolics, C. Luna, Kalle Heinola, H. G. Esser, V. Bobkov, James Buchanan, Andrew West, Hajime Urano, Roberta Lima Gomes, J.P. Coad, Th. Pütterich, A. Sinha, S. Hollis, R. D. Wood, G. D. Ewart, F. S. Griph, T. Kobuchi, X. Lefebvre, S. Warder, A.J. Thornton, S. Peschanyi, B. Graham, Giuseppe Telesca, M. Kempenaars, J. Bernardo, M. Hughes, Eva Belonohy, S. Schmuck, Kai Nordlund, T. J. Smith, P. Hertout, K. D. Lawson, M. Brix, Matthew Sibbald, Grégoire Hornung, C. Tame, Matthew Carr, S. Wray, P. T. Doyle, A. Somers, Giuseppe Chitarin, D. C. Campling, Mitul Abhangi, I. Jepu, David A. Wood, J. Miettunen, A. Sopplesa, Raffaele Fresa, S. Saarelma, M. Bacharis, J. Pozzi, P. Vallejos Olivares, Teddy Craciunescu, Raffaele Albanese, S. Knipe, Jason P. Byrne, A. C. C. Sips, S. Hazel, V. Kazantzidis, G. Stankūnas, A. Kundu, J. Mailloux, C. Guerard, Pramit Dutta, J. E. Boom, Eduardo Alves, P. Grazier, Saskia Mordijck, V.S. Neverov, Kazuo Hoshino, A. P. Vadgama, P. D. Brennan, P. Innocente, Piergiorgio Sonato, M. Irishkin, M. Berry, D. W. Robson, Dieter Leichtle, Fabio Pisano, P. McCullen, T. M. Huddleston, Kensaku Kamiya, D. Pacella, Tommy Ahlgren, A. Kirschner, B. Magesh, A. Ash, J. Mlynář, C. Castaldo, C. Marchetto, D. L. Hillis, M. Incelli, B. Viola, R. J. Robins, E. Andersson Sundén, G. Ramogida, Matthew Reinke, Gerd Meisl, Yannis Kominis, R. Proudfoot, C. Noble, N. J. Conway, V. P. Lo Schiavo, Jorge Luis Rodriguez, Hugo Bufferand, C. H. A. Hogben, B. Evans, R. Sartori, H. Greuner, M. G. Dunne, K. Schöpf, M. I. K. Santala, E. Giovannozzi, A. E. Shevelev, C. Gil, P. Boulting, P. Sagar, A.E. Shumack, P. A. Coates, C. Ayres, R. Prakash, C. Giroud, M. Parsons, J. C. Giacalone, S. Meshchaninov, A. Peackoc, G. De Temmerman, A.C.A. Figueiredo, D. Gallart, P. Santa, Sergey Popovichev, Ivan Lupelli, M. Valovic, Thomas Johnson, Y. Martynova, M. Rack, Olivier Sauter, J. Garcia, P. Siren, I. Balboa, S. Lee, Hans Nordman, R. Roccella, M. Faitsch, Julien Hillairet, Patrick J. McCarthy, C. Reux, Irena Ivanova-Stanik, V. Coccorese, Ye. O. Kazakov, R. El-Jorf, C. Hamlyn-Harris, Matthias Weiszflog, C. F. Maggi, Panagiotis Tolias, N. C. Hawkes, E. Clark, Bruno Santos, B. Sieglin, R. Rodionov, Roch Kwiatkowski, P. Denner, C. Woodley, Hugh Summers, Francesco Pizzo, G. Pucella, D. Croft, F. Di Maio, M. Tomes, D. Molina, A. Fernades, L. Amicucci, Marco Cecconello, A. Bisoffi, Z. Ul-Abidin, J. Wilkinson, H. Maier, S. Rowe, M. Beckers, P.J. Knight, E. Pajuste, Choong-Seock Chang, K. Deakin, M. Enachescu, A. Cobalt, D. Tskhakaya Jun, Michela Gelfusa, Rémy Nouailletas, R. Ragona, N. Bonanomi, D. A. Homfray, K. Riddle, Yann Camenen, J. D. Thomas, R.P. Doerner, Timothy P. Robinson, Y. Miyoshi, Ph. Jacquet, H. T. Lambertz, D. Pulley, A. Bécoulet, E. Tholerus, O. Bogar, M. Peterka, R. Crowe, C. Sommariva, A. R. Talbot, N. K. Butler, N. Reid, R. Zagórski, Gerald Pintsuk, Juri Romazanov, Andre Neto, G. L. Ravera, Paolo Arena, A. Manning, F. Durodié, Maryna Chernyshova, D. Karkinsky, Štefan Matejčík, J. P. Thomas, A. Wilson, L. Joita, R. Naish, P. Strand, M. Balden, M. Kaufman, T. Powell, V. Schmidt, D. Barnes, José Vicente, S. Doswon, Daniel F. Valcarcel, Claudia Corradino, R. Warren, Annette M. Hynes, J. D. Strachan, A. M. Messiaen, M. Kovari, O. Omolayo, D. M. Witts, R. C. Felton, C. Fleming, C. A. Marren, Patrick Maget, J. Galdon-Quiroga, H. R. Koslowski, Bruce Lipschultz, Ana Elisa Bauer de Camargo Silva, J. Waterhouse, R. J. Dumont, M. Schneider, Sara Moradi, K. J. Nicholls, M. Beldishevski, Benedikt Geiger, A. Jardin, A. Ekedahl, A. Lyssoivan, C. Waldon, Davide Galassi, F. Jaulmes, A. Kirk, Yannick Marandet, F. Hasenbeck, Gabor Szepesi, R. C. Pereira, J. Juul Rasmussen, Nobuyuki Aiba, Michelle E. Walker, Gábor Cseh, Scott W. Mosher, R. Bastow, A. Di Siena, E. Lazzaro, M. Curuia, C. D. Challis, Z. Ghani, J. Deane, João M. C. Sousa, Henrik Sjöstrand, T. O'Gorman, H. R. Wilson, P. Devynck, M. Price, C. A. Thompson, Daniele Marocco, A. Cullen, M. Clark, M. Lennholm, D. Carralero, N. Balshaw, Roland Sabot, I. Stepanov, N. Petrella, Filippo Sartori, L. W. Packer, P. Thomas, M. Lungu, A. V. Krasilnikov, R. Young, Jonathan Graves, J. C. Hillesheim, Mǎdǎlina Vlad, Duccio Testa, Pierre Dumortier, Paulo Carvalho, M. Gosk, Yong-Su Na, M. Buckley, Carlos A. Silva, V. Fuchs, K. Vasava, P. A. Tigwell, B. Wakeling, M. Medland, M. Bellinger, K. Gal, Petter Ström, E. Veshchev, F. Nabais, A. Wynn, L. Lauro Taroni, B. Beckett, L. Gil, M. Towndrow, Brian Grierson, Harry M. Meyer, V. Philipps, A. de Castro, D. Kinna, D. Conka, Göran Ericsson, L. Piron, J. Hawkins, D. Cooper, Kenneth Hammond, V.V. Parail, Cristian Ruset, G.J. van Rooij, M. N. A. Beurskens, N. Fawlk, G. Evison, M. Van De Mortel, N. Marcenko, B. Slade, Th. Franke, Simone Peruzzo, N. den Harder, D. Baião, A. Martin de Aguilera, Frederic Imbeaux, Carlo Sozzi, J.L. de Pablos, J. Svensson, A. Withycombe, Ane Lasa, H. Sheikh, V.A. Yavorskij, Nick Walkden, E. Lerche, C. S. Gibson, Roberto Zanino, Y. Peysson, David Hatch, B. Bazylev, E. de la Cal, S. Hacquin, T. D. V. Haupt, S. A. Silburn, T.T.C. Jones, Maria Teresa Porfiri, Walid Helou, S. E. Sharapov, M. Zerbini, Ken W Bell, Marco Marinelli, Kyriakos Hizanidis, J. M. Fontdecaba, N. Teplova, K. K. Kirov, S. Vartanian, W. W. Pires de Sa, T. C. Hender, J. K. Blackburn, I. Monakhov, H. Patten, P. A. Simmons, Y. Austin, J. Regana, Stefano Coda, Amanda J. Page, D. Fuller, António J.N. Batista, A. Horton, P. Heesterman, S. Cramp, J. Hobirk, F. Clairet, A. Burckhart, M. Allinson, Larry R. Baylor, W. Leysen, D. B. Gin, P. Nielsen, A. Kantor, Yueqiang Liu, A.V. Stephen, Jose Ramon Martin-Solis, P. Mantica, B. C. Regan, Aleksander Drenik, A. Lukin, L. Thorne, G. Nemtsev, J. Denis, M. E. Graham, D. Rigamonti, W. Van Renterghem, M. Tardocchi, M. Koubiti, A. Malaquias, M. Tsalas, A. Cufar, Giuseppe Prestopino, D. Kogut, N. Pomaro, J. Keep, Jochen Linke, Shimpei Futatani, Boris Breizman, A. Sirinelli, M. Chandler, M. Fortune, F. Degli Agostini, I. Jenkins, T. Spelzini, G. Calabrò, O. N. Kent, A. Lunniss, Etienne Hodille, Z. Vizvary, Volker Naulin, T. Eich, F. Mink, A. Alkseev, P. W. Haydon, Massimo Angelone, Norberto Catarino, J. Lapins, Roberto Pasqualotto, R. Lawless, T. Schlummer, F. Bonelli, M. Wischmeier, Stéphane Devaux, G. Saibene, Dirk Reiser, Y. R. Martin, H. Bergsåker, Jon Godwin, Alessia Santucci, C. Lane, Justyna Grzonka, Ph. Mertens, Claudio Verona, David Moulton, E. Delabie, Anna Salmi, P. G. Smith, T. Bolzonella, Silvio Ceccuzzi, Ulrich Fischer, G. Liu, M. A. Henderson, M. Marinucci, T. Suzuki, Jakub Bielecki, João Figueiredo, M. Afzal, J. Cane, Robert Hager, Luciano Bertalot, M. Firdaouss, G. Tvalashvili, D. Hepple, D. Esteve, M. De Bock, Y. Baranov, R. D'Inca, G. De Tommasi, Ch. Linsmeier, T. Nicolas, I. J. Pearson, P. Finburg, Ireneusz Książek, S. Talebzadeh, A. Czarnecka, A. Botrugno, M. Gethins, Bohdan Bieg, R. Baughan, I. Borodkina, B. Kos, A. Muraro, T. Vasilopoulou, G. Hermon, S.J. Wukitch, Jari Likonen, D. P. Coster, Guglielmo Rubinacci, I. H. Coffey, Justine M. Kent, S. E. Dorling, J. Dankowski, Geert Verdoolaege, Daisuke Nishijima, R. Clarkson, E. R. Solano, M. Stephen, A. Lescinskis, P. Staniec, Karl Schmid, M. Mayer, Peter Lang, T. Franklin, M.I. Williams, C. G. Elsmore, F. Maviglia, C. Di Troia, C. Penot, A. Zarins, Pierre Manas, D. F. Gear, Yu Gao, Philipp Drews, E. Letellier, A. S. Thompson, L. Forsythe, I. Zychor, E. Khilkevich, A. Manzanares, T. Nakano, Paulo Rodrigues, J. Edmond, Sebastián Dormido-Canto, R. Dux, C. Appelbee, L. Moser, Angelo Cenedese, D. Fagan, N. Richardson, Giuseppe Gorini, V. Rohde, R. Paprok, João P. S. Bizarro, P. Aleynikov, M. Sertoli, Ł. Świderski, Simone Palazzo, O. W. Davies, D. Douai, N. Macdonald, M. Baruzzo, J. López-Razola, M. Lungaroni, D. Clatworthy, R. Bravanec, J. Lovell, Ambrogio Fasoli, S.-P. Pehkonen, M. E. Puiatti, P. Papp, G. Bodnar, V. Aslanyan, A. Weckmann, K. A. Taylor, R. Henriques, I. T. Chapman, Ewa Pawelec, Miles M. Turner, Steven J. Meitner, M. Bernert, Ph. Maquet, R. C. Meadows, A. Shaw, N. Vianello, L. Barrera Orte, Tomas Markovic, A. Fil, A. S. Couchman, Inessa Bolshakova, J. Fyvie, Konstantina Mergia, J. Gallagher, R.V. Budny, Frank Leipold, C. J. Rapson, R. C. Lobel, Gennady V. Miloshevsky, K.-D. Zastrow, Ph. Duckworth, Gianluca Rubino, G. Withenshaw, S. Maruyama, S. P. Hallworth Cook, M. Newman, Jérôme Bucalossi, P. Drewelow, Nuno Cruz, D. Iglesias, I. Nedzelski, T. Donne, P. Leichuer, R. Cesario, M. D. J. Bright, T. Boyce, N. Imazawa, Per Petersson, R. King, A. Loving, L. Garzotti, Jorge Ferreira, G. Corrigan, D. Sandiford, B. Tal, P. Puglia, Daniel Tegnered, J. Karhunen, James S. Wright, Tom Wauters, J. McKehon, K. Rathod, Olivier Février, Alessandro Formisano, Petra Bilkova, M. Groth, Ricardo Magnus Osorio Galvao, F. Medina, S. Collins, H. J. Boyer, Elena Bruno, Horacio Fernandes, M. J. Stead, R. Paccagnella, J. Kaniewski, Ion E. Stamatelatos, F. Causa, M. F. F. Nave, A. Patel, D. C. McDonald, L. Moreira, Mariano Ruiz, K. Dylst, Raymond A. Shaw, A. Brett, Jane Johnston, P. P. Pereira Puglia, J. Ongena, N. A. Benterman, V. N. Amosov, Christian Grisolia, J. Simpson, C. Perez von Thun, Jan Weiland, P. Tonner, F. Belli, T. Odupitan, T. Dittmar, Edmund Highcock, Taina Kurki-Suonio, I. Uytdenhouwen, Estelle Gauthier, M. Oberkofler, B. Alper, Iris D. Young, S. Soare, Yuji Hatano, D. Reece, D. Borodin, M. Moneti, W. Yanling, S. Mianowski, K. Fenton, Stephen J. Bailey, R. Coelho, Sandra C. Chapman, E. Łaszyńska, A. R. Field, F.J. Martínez, Anders Nielsen, M. Smithies, M. J. Mantsinen, A. J. Capel, N. D. Smith, A. Pires dos Reis, M.-L. Mayoral, T. Loarer, P. Carman, N. Grazier, S. Breton, J. M. A. Bradshaw, Alexandre C. Pereira, Fulvio Auriemma, Fulvio Militello, Barbara Cannas, D. Ulyatt, A. Kappatou, P. Blatchford, R. Scannell, B. I. Oswuigwe, Darren Price, Robert E. Grove, D. Guard, M. Leyland, G. Stubbs, J. W. Banks, V.V. Plyusnin, M. S. J. Rainford, Andrea Murari, Sanjeev Ranjan, A. Huber, V. Krasilnikov, C. Bower, H. Leggate, S. Abduallev, P. Tsavalas, G. Giruzzi, K. Maczewa, Colin Roach, P. Beaumont, R. P. Johnson, Anna Widdowson, L. A. Kogan, A. Baron Wiechec, Markus Airila, J. Morris, Robert Skilton, Katarzyna Słabkowska, M. A. Barnard, Jean-Paul Booth, Alessandro Pau, R. Price, R. Bament, M. Tokitani, I. Turner, T. Vu, P. Huynh, S.N. Gerasimov, D. I. Refy, Yunfeng Liang, Anders Hjalmarsson, S. Dalley, Roberto Ambrosino, O. Hemming, T. R. Blackman, Y. Zhou, Vasile Zoita, P. Vincenzi, A. Loarte, C. Rayner, Martin Imrisek, M. Tripsky, C. Mazzotta, A. Uccello, V. Basiuk, Lide Yao, V. Goloborod'ko, S. Villari, B. P. Duval, N. Bulmer, W. Zhang, L. Hackett, D. N. Borba, M. Halitovs, Mario Pillon, H. Arnichand, Alberto Alfier, A. Lawson, A. Masiello, T. Makkonen, A. Vitins, D. Rendell, D. Paton, L. Avotina, A. Krivska, M. Maslov, Richard Verhoeven, Marc Goniche, A. Broslawski, Marica Rebai, E. de la Luna, E. Militello-Asp, V. Cocilovo, L. Carraro, Michael Fitzgerald, Bernardo B. Carvalho, D. Young, C.G. Lowry, F. J. Casson, L.-G. Eriksson, T. M. Biewer, B. Esposito, F.G. Rimini, J. Fessey, G. Kaveney, S. Hall, Robin Barnsley, Michael Lehnen, N. Bekris, L. F. Ruchko, P. Batistoni, E. Alessi, M. G. O'Mullane, D. S. Darrow, C. N. Grundy, N. Hayter, Ivo S. Carvalho, M. Brombin, Enrico Zilli, M. Valisa, M. Reich, S. Panja, C. Gurl, Charles Harrington, Emmanuele Peluso, M. Porton, Michael Walsh, D. Falie, A. Reed, Jacob Eriksson, P. Macheta, J. M. Faustin, S. Cortes, S. Fietz, P. Piovesan, D. Ciric, Eric Nardon, R. Neu, Bojiang Ding, G.A. Rattá, F. Reimold, R. Craven, M. Cox, J. Orszagh, Aaro Järvinen, A. S. Thrysøe, A. Shepherd, I. Ďuran, Andrew M. Edwards, A. Kinch, J. Beal, M. Gherendi, Martin Köppen, D. Samaddar, P. Dalgliesh, I. Vinyar, J. Jansons, Nengchao Wang, J. Wu, John Wright, S. Wiesen, C. King, Alessandra Fanni, L. D. Horton, N. Krawczyk, J. Buch, K. Krieger, Václav Petržílka, D. Schworer, C. Watts, T. Keenan, Andrea Malizia, B. D. Stevens, P. Trimble, C. P. Lungu, V. Prajapati, Marco Ariola, C. Wellstood, S. Gilligan, Mirko Salewski, Michael Barnes, Florin Spineanu, H. Doerk, C. Kennedy, S. Jachmich, J. Caumont, Isabel L. Nunes, A. Petre, A. Kallenbach, M. Anghel, B. Lomanowski, Marco Riva, M. Romanelli, G. De Masi, T. May-Smith, T. Xu, A. Goussarov, S. Romanelli, M. Okabayashi, A. Baker, R. Salmon, T. Tala, Nicolas Fedorczak, S. Lanthaler, Giuliana Sias, J. Risner, Clarisse Bourdelle, M. E. Manso, Fabio Moro, R. Lucock, M. Bassan, M. T. Ogawa, V. Thompson, A. M. Whitehead, S. D. A. Reyes Cortes, Igor Bykov, Gennady Sergienko, E. Stefanikova, Mattia Frasca, H. Dabirikhah, Lorenzo Frassinetti, N. Dzysiuk, D. L. Keeling, Juan Manuel López, M. Turnyanskiy, Daniel Dunai, David Taylor, Arturo Buscarino, Carolina Björkas, A. Baciero, S. Meigh, M. Garcia-Munoz, Massimiliano Mattei, M. Hill, Gwyndaf Evans, S. Minucci, Xiang Gao, A. V. Chankin, Francesco Romanelli, A. Lahtinen, L. Giacomelli, A. Owen, Jesús Vega, Jonathan Citrin, Antti Hakola, Petr Vondracek, Sehyun Kwak, P. Abreu, L. Meneses, S. S. Medley, G. Gervasini, Surya K. Pathak, Kristel Crombé, M. Cleverly, H.S. Kim, C. Stan-Sion, Nobuyuki Asakura, E. Wang, A. Cardinali, L. Fazendeiro, R. Cavazzana, P. J. Lomas, J. Hawes, G. Stables, Silvia Spagnolo, S. P. Hotchin, N. R. Green, Slawomir Jednorog, Ewa Kowalska-Strzęciwilk, A. Martin, Linwei Li, Rajnikant Makwana, Richard Goulding, I. Voitsekhovitch, M. Bowden, I. Kodeli, Peter Hawkins, S. S. Henderson, Ondrej Ficker, Carl Hellesen, D. Yadikin, Fabio Subba, Luka Snoj, Anthony Laing, N. Ben Ayed, Mario Cavinato, M. Goodliffe, C. Clements, D. Kenny, Axel Klix, S. Gee, R. J. E. Smith, P. de Vries, L. Fittill, Min-Gu Yoo, S. Menmuir, K. Cave-Ayland, S. Potzel, D. Grist, K. Blackman, S. A. Robinson, Rodney Walker, David Pfefferlé, W. Broeckx, D. Harting, S. G. J. Tyrrell, F. Binda, L. Horvath, Davide Flammini, P. V. Edappala, Raul Moreno, G. M. D. Hogeweij, P. Card, A. Hagar, Ion Tiseanu, Rita Lorenzini, L. Appel, Jet Contributors, J. Flanagan, C. Paz Soldan, U. Samm, Otto Asunta, F. Eriksson, C. Taliercio, F. S. Zaitsev, G. F. Matthews, Tuomas Koskela, P. J. Howarth, D. Terranova, M. Skiba, Amanda Hubbard, R. Otin, K. G. McClements, M. Park, R. McKean, C. Christopher Klepper, I. Karnowska, Peter J. Pool, G. Ciraolo, Jennifer M. Lehmann, Institut de Mécanique des Fluides et des Solides (IMFS), Université Louis Pasteur - Strasbourg I-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland (VTT), Association EURATOM-TEKES, Association EURATOM-TEKES, Helsinki University of Technology, Finland, Assoc. Euratom-ENEA-CREATE, Universita Mediterranea of Reggio Calabria [Reggio Calabria], EURATOM/CCFE Fusion Association, Culham Science Centre [Abingdon], Instituto Tecnológico e Nuclear (ITN), ITN, University of Naples Federico II = Università degli studi di Napoli Federico II, Max-Planck-Institut für Plasmaphysik [Garching] (IPP), Università degli studi di Catania = University of Catania (Unict), National Institute for Fusion Science (NIFS), Laboratoire de Physique Nucléaire et de Hautes Énergies (LPNHE), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), ITER organization (ITER), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles (ICSN), Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Recherche sur la Fusion par confinement Magnétique (IRFM), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA), European Fusion Development Agreement [Garching bei München] ( EFDA-CSU), Institut d'ophtalmologie Hédi-Rais de Tunis, Service Cardiologie [CHU Toulouse], Pôle Cardiovasculaire et Métabolique [CHU Toulouse], Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Toulouse (CHU Toulouse)-Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Toulouse (CHU Toulouse), H. Niewodniczanski Institute of Nuclear Physics, Polska Akademia Nauk = Polish Academy of Sciences (PAN), Laboratoire de recherche en Hydrodynamique, Énergétique et Environnement Atmosphérique (LHEEA), École Centrale de Nantes (ECN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Euratom/UKAEA Fusion Assoc., Magnetic Sensor laboratory [Lviv] (MSL), National Polytechnic University of Lviv (LPNU), The National Research Nuclear University MEPhI (Moscow Engineering Physics Institute) [Moscow, Russia], Institute of Energy and Climate Research - Plasma Physics (IEK-4), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH | Centre de recherche de Juliers, Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft = Helmholtz Association-Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft = Helmholtz Association, Institute for Problems of Material Science, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine (NASU), Institute of Plasma Physics [Praha], Czech Academy of Sciences [Prague] (CAS), Physique des interactions ioniques et moléculaires (PIIM), Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Département Méthodes et Modèles Mathématiques pour l'Industrie (3MI-ENSMSE), École des Mines de Saint-Étienne (Mines Saint-Étienne MSE), Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT)-Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT)-Centre G2I, Department of Hydraulics, Transportations and Roads, Laboratoire de microbiologie et génétique moléculaires - UMR5100 (LMGM), Centre de Biologie Intégrative (CBI), Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Metallurgical & Materials Engineering Department (MS 388), University of Nevada [Reno], AUTRES, Institute of Plasma Physics and Laser Microfusion [Warsaw] (IPPLM), Culham Centre for Fusion Energy (CCFE), Astrophysics Research Centre [Belfast] (ARC), Queen's University [Belfast] (QUB), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives - Laboratoire d'Electronique et de Technologie de l'Information (CEA-LETI), Direction de Recherche Technologique (CEA) (DRT (CEA)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA), School of Mathematics [Cardiff], Cardiff University, Associazone EURATOM ENEA sulla Fusione, EURATOM, Laboratoire de physique des plasmas de l'ERM, Laboratorium voor plasmafysica van de KMS (LPP ERM KMS), Ecole Royale Militaire / Koninklijke Militaire School (ERM KMS), Paul-Drude-Institut für Festkörperelektronik (PDI), Institut für Physik, University of Basel (Unibas), Dutch Institute for Fundamental Energy Research [Nieuwegein] (DIFFER), Dutch Institute for Fundamental Energy Research [Eindhoven] (DIFFER), Institut Jean Lamour (IJL), Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Université de Lorraine (UL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), CEA Cadarache, Dipartimento di Energia [Milano], Politecnico di Milano [Milan] (POLIMI), Laboratoire de Mécanique, Modélisation et Procédés Propres (M2P2), Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-École Centrale de Marseille (ECM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Lille économie management - UMR 9221 (LEM), Université d'Artois (UA)-Université catholique de Lille (UCL)-Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Euratom research and training programme 633053, Institut de Mécanique des Fluides et des Solides ( IMFS ), Université Louis Pasteur - Strasbourg I-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland ( VTT ), Univ. Mediterranea RC, Culham Science Centre, Instituto Tecnológico e Nuclear ( ITN ), Università degli studi di Napoli Federico II, Max-Planck-Institut für Plasmaphysik [Garching] ( IPP ), Università degli studi di Catania [Catania], National Institute for Fusion Science, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Laboratoire de Physique Nucléaire et de Hautes Énergies ( LPNHE ), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 ( UPMC ) -Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS ( IN2P3 ) -Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 ( UPD7 ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, ITER Organization, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology ( KIT ), Laboratoire de Nanotechnologie et d'Instrumentation Optique ( LNIO ), Institut Charles Delaunay ( ICD ), Université de Technologie de Troyes ( UTT ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ) -Université de Technologie de Troyes ( UTT ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles ( ICSN ), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Institut de Recherche sur la Fusion par confinement Magnétique ( IRFM ), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives ( CEA ), European Fusion Development Agreement [Garching bei München] ( EFDA-CSU ), Service de cardiologie [Toulouse], Université Paul Sabatier - Toulouse 3 ( UPS ) -CHU Toulouse [Toulouse]-Hôpital de Rangueil, ITER [St. Paul-lez-Durance], ITER, Polska Akademia Nauk ( PAN ), Laboratoire de recherche en Hydrodynamique, Énergétique et Environnement Atmosphérique ( LHEEA ), École Centrale de Nantes ( ECN ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), MSL, Lviv Polytechnic National University ( MSL ), Lviv Polytechnic National University, Centre d'études et de recherches appliquées à la gestion ( CERAG ), Université Pierre Mendès France - Grenoble 2 ( UPMF ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Institute of Energy and Climate Research - Plasma Physics ( IEK-4 ), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine ( NASU ), Lille - Economie et Management ( LEM ), Université catholique de Lille ( UCL ) -Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Czech Academy of Sciences [Prague] ( ASCR ), Physique des interactions ioniques et moléculaires ( PIIM ), Aix Marseille Université ( AMU ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Département Méthodes et Modèles Mathématiques pour l'Industrie ( 3MI-ENSMSE ), École des Mines de Saint-Étienne ( Mines Saint-Étienne MSE ), Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris]-Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris]-Centre G2I, Laboratoire de microbiologie et génétique moléculaires ( LMGM ), Université Paul Sabatier - Toulouse 3 ( UPS ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), University of Nevada, Institute of Plasma Physics and Laser Microfusion [Warsaw] ( IPPLM ), UCL Department of Space and Climate Physics, University College of London [London] ( UCL ), Astrophysics Research Centre [Belfast] ( ARC ), Queen's University [Belfast] ( QUB ), Laboratoire d'Electronique et des Technologies de l'Information ( CEA-LETI ), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives ( CEA ) -Université Grenoble Alpes [Saint Martin d'Hères], Cardiff School of Mathematics, Laboratoire de physique des plasmas de l'ERM, Laboratorium voor plasmafysica van de KMS ( LPP ERM KMS ), Ecole Royale Militaire / Koninklijke Militaire School ( ERM KMS ), Paul-Drude-Institut für Festkörperelektronik, University of Basel ( Unibas ), Dutch Institute for Fundamental Energy Research [Nieuwegein] ( DIFFER ), Dutch Institute for Fundamental Energy Research [Eindhoven] ( DIFFER ), Institut Jean Lamour ( IJL ), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ) -Université de Lorraine ( UL ), Dipartimento di Energia, Politecnico di Milano [Milan], Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics, Laboratoire de Mécanique, Modélisation et Procédés Propres ( M2P2 ), Aix Marseille Université ( AMU ) -Ecole Centrale de Marseille ( ECM ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya. Departament de Física, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya. ANT - Advanced Nuclear Technologies Research Group, JET Contributors, Litaudon, X, Abduallev, S, Abhangi, M, Abreu, P, Afzal, M, Aggarwal, K, Ahlgren, T, Ahn, J, Aho Mantila, L, Aiba, N, Airila, M, Albanese, R, Aldred, V, Alegre, D, Alessi, E, Aleynikov, P, Alfier, A, Alkseev, A, Allinson, M, Alper, B, Alves, E, Ambrosino, G, Ambrosino, R, Amicucci, L, Amosov, V, Andersson SundÃ©n, E, Angelone, M, Anghel, M, Angioni, C, Appel, L, Appelbee, C, Arena, P, Ariola, M, Arnichand, H, Arshad, S, Ash, A, Ashikawa, N, Aslanyan, V, Asunta, O, Auriemma, F, Austin, Y, Avotina, L, Axton, M, Ayres, C, Bacharis, M, Baciero, A, Baiã¡o, D, Bailey, S, Baker, A, Balboa, I, Balden, M, Balshaw, N, Bament, R, Banks, J, Baranov, Y, Barnard, M, Barnes, D, Barnes, M, Barnsley, R, Baron Wiechec, A, Barrera Orte, L, Baruzzo, M, Basiuk, V, Bassan, M, Bastow, R, Batista, A, Batistoni, P, Baughan, R, Bauvir, B, Baylor, L, Bazylev, B, Beal, J, Beaumont, P, Beckers, M, Beckett, B, Becoulet, A, Bekris, N, Beldishevski, M, Bell, K, Belli, F, Bellinger, M, Belonohy, Ã, Ben Ayed, N, Benterman, N, Bergsã¥ker, H, Bernardo, J, Bernert, M, Berry, M, Bertalot, L, Besliu, C, Beurskens, M, Bieg, B, Bielecki, J, Biewer, T, Bigi, M, Bãlkovã¡, P, Binda, F, Bisoffi, A, Bizarro, J, Bjã¶rkas, C, Blackburn, J, Blackman, K, Blackman, T, Blanchard, P, Blatchford, P, Bobkov, V, Boboc, A, Bodnã¡r, G, Bogar, O, Bolshakova, I, Bolzonella, T, Bonanomi, N, Bonelli, F, Boom, J, Booth, J, Borba, D, Borodin, D, Borodkina, I, Botrugno, A, Bottereau, C, Boulting, P, Bourdelle, C, Bowden, M, Bower, C, Bowman, C, Boyce, T, Boyd, C, Boyer, H, Bradshaw, J, Braic, V, Bravanec, R, Breizman, B, Bremond, S, Brennan, P, Breton, S, Brett, A, Brezinsek, S, Bright, M, Brix, M, Broeckx, W, Brombin, M, Broså‚awski, A, Brown, D, Brown, M, Bruno, E, Bucalossi, J, Buch, J, Buchanan, J, Buckley, M, Budny, R, Bufferand, H, Bulman, M, Bulmer, N, Bunting, P, Buratti, P, Burckhart, A, Buscarino, A, Busse, A, Butler, N, Bykov, I, Byrne, J, Cahyna, P, Calabrã², G, Calvo, I, Camenen, Y, Camp, P, Campling, D, Cane, J, Cannas, B, Capel, A, Card, P, Cardinali, A, Carman, P, Carr, M, Carralero, D, Carraro, L, Carvalho, B, Carvalho, I, Carvalho, P, Casson, F, Castaldo, C, Catarino, N, Caumont, J, Causa, F, Cavazzana, R, Cave Ayland, K, Cavinato, M, Cecconello, M, Ceccuzzi, S, Cecil, E, Cenedese, A, Cesario, R, Challis, C, Chandler, M, Chandra, D, Chang, C, Chankin, A, Chapman, I, Chapman, S, Chernyshova, M, Chitarin, G, Ciraolo, G, Ciric, D, Citrin, J, Clairet, F, Clark, E, Clark, M, Clarkson, R, Clatworthy, D, Clements, C, Cleverly, M, Coad, J, Coates, P, Cobalt, A, Coccorese, V, Cocilovo, V, Coda, S, Coelho, R, Coenen, J, Coffey, I, Colas, L, Collins, S, Conka, D, Conroy, S, Conway, N, Coombs, D, Cooper, D, Cooper, S, Corradino, C, Corre, Y, Corrigan, G, Cortes, S, Coster, D, Couchman, A, Cox, M, Craciunescu, T, Cramp, S, Craven, R, Crisanti, F, Croci, G, Croft, D, Crombã©, K, Crowe, R, Cruz, N, Cseh, G, Cufar, A, Cullen, A, Curuia, M, 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E., Dormido-Canto, S., Doswon, S., Douai, D., Doyle, P. T., Drenik, A., Drewelow, P., Drews, P., Duckworth, Ph., Dumont, R., Dumortier, P., Dunai, D., Dunne, M., Ďuran, I., Durodié, F., Dutta, P., Duval, B. P., Dux, R., Dylst, K., Dzysiuk, N., Edappala, P. V., Edmond, J., Edwards, A. M., Edwards, J., Eich, Th., Ekedahl, A., El-Jorf, R., Elsmore, C. G., Enachescu, M., Ericsson, G., Eriksson, F., Eriksson, J., Eriksson, L. G., Esposito, B., Esquembri, S., Esser, H. G., Esteve, D., Evans, B., Evans, G. E., Evison, G., Ewart, G. D., Fagan, D., Faitsch, M., Falie, D., Fanni, A., Fasoli, A., Faustin, J. M., Fawlk, N., Fazendeiro, L., Fedorczak, N., Felton, R. C., Fenton, K., Fernades, A., Fernandes, H., Ferreira, J., Fessey, J. A., Février, O., Ficker, O., Field, A., Fietz, S., Figueiredo, A., Figueiredo, J., Fil, A., Finburg, P., Firdaouss, M., Fischer, U., Fittill, L., Fitzgerald, M., Flammini, D., Flanagan, J., Fleming, C., Flinders, K., Fonnesu, N., Fontdecaba, J. M., Formisano, A., Forsythe, L., Fortuna, L., Fortuna-Zalesna, E., Fortune, M., Foster, S., Franke, T., Franklin, T., Frasca, M., Frassinetti, L., Freisinger, M., Fresa, R., Frigione, D., Fuchs, V., Fuller, D., Futatani, S., Fyvie, J., Gál, K., Galassi, D., Gałązka, K., Galdon-Quiroga, J., Gallagher, J., Gallart, D., Galvão, R., Gao, X., Gao, Y., Garcia, J., Garcia-Carrasco, A., García-Muñoz, M., Gardarein, J. -L., Garzotti, L., Gaudio, P., Gauthier, E., Gear, D. F., Gee, S. J., Geiger, B., Gelfusa, M., Gerasimov, S., Gervasini, G., Gethins, M., Ghani, Z., Ghate, M., Gherendi, M., Giacalone, J. C., Giacomelli, L., Gibson, C. S., Giegerich, T., Gil, C., Gil, L., Gilligan, S., Gin, D., Giovannozzi, E., Girardo, J. B., Giroud, C., Giruzzi, G., Glöggler, S., Godwin, J., Goff, J., Gohil, P., Goloborod’Ko, V., Gomes, R., Gonçalves, B., Goniche, M., Goodliffe, M., Goodyear, A., Gorini, G., Gosk, M., Goulding, R., Goussarov, A., Gowland, R., Graham, B., Graham, M. E., Graves, J. P., Grazier, N., Grazier, P., Green, N. R., Greuner, H., Grierson, B., Griph, F. S., Grisolia, C., Grist, D., Groth, M., Grove, R., Grundy, C. N., Grzonka, J., Guard, D., Guérard, C., Guillemaut, C., Guirlet, R., Gurl, C., Utoh, H. H., Hackett, L. J., Hacquin, S., Hagar, A., Hager, R., Hakola, A., Halitovs, M., Hall, S. J., Hallworth Cook, S. P., Hamlyn-Harris, C., Hammond, K., Harrington, C., Harrison, J., Harting, D., Hasenbeck, F., Hatano, Y., Hatch, D. R., Haupt, T. D. V., Hawes, J., Hawkes, N. C., Hawkins, J., Hawkins, P., Haydon, P. W., Hayter, N., Hazel, S., Heesterman, P. J. L., Heinola, K., Hellesen, C., Hellsten, T., Helou, W., Hemming, O. N., Hender, T. C., Henderson, M., Henderson, S. S., Henriques, R., Hepple, D., Hermon, G., Hertout, P., Hidalgo, C., Highcock, E. G., Hill, M., Hillairet, J., Hillesheim, J., Hillis, D., Hizanidis, K., Hjalmarsson, A., Hobirk, J., Hodille, E., Hogben, C. H. A., Hogeweij, G. M. D., Hollingsworth, A., Hollis, S., Homfray, D. A., Horáček, J., Hornung, G., Horton, A. R., Horton, L. D., Horvath, L., Hotchin, S. P., Hough, M. R., Howarth, P. J., Hubbard, A., Huber, A., Huber, V., Huddleston, T. M., Hughes, M., Huijsmans, G. T. A., Hunter, C. L., Huynh, P., Hynes, A. M., Iglesias, D., Imazawa, N., Imbeaux, F., Imríšek, M., Incelli, M., Innocente, P., Irishkin, M., Ivanova-Stanik, I., Jachmich, S., Jacobsen, A. S., Jacquet, P., Jansons, J., Jardin, A., Järvinen, A., Jaulmes, F., Jednoróg, S., Jenkins, I., Jeong, C., Jepu, I., Joffrin, E., Johnson, R., Johnson, T., Johnston, Jane, Joita, L., Jones, G., Jones, T. T. C., Hoshino, K. K., Kallenbach, A., Kamiya, K., Kaniewski, J., Kantor, A., Kappatou, A., Karhunen, J., Karkinsky, D., Karnowska, I., Kaufman, M., Kaveney, G., Kazakov, Y., Kazantzidis, V., Keeling, D. L., Keenan, T., Keep, J., Kempenaars, M., Kennedy, C., Kenny, D., Kent, J., Kent, O. N., Khilkevich, E., Kim, H. T., Kim, H. S., Kinch, A., King, C., King, D., King, R. F., Kinna, D. J., Kiptily, V., Kirk, A., Kirov, K., Kirschner, A., Kizane, G., Klepper, C., Klix, A., Knight, P., Knipe, S. J., Knott, S., Kobuchi, T., Köchl, F., Kocsis, G., Kodeli, I., Kogan, L., Kogut, D., Koivuranta, S., Kominis, Y., Köppen, M., Kos, B., Koskela, T., Koslowski, H. R., Koubiti, M., Kovari, M., Kowalska-Strzęciwilk, E., Krasilnikov, A., Krasilnikov, V., Krawczyk, N., Kresina, M., Krieger, K., Krivska, A., Kruezi, U., Książek, I., Kukushkin, A., Kundu, A., Kurki-Suonio, T., Kwak, S., Kwiatkowski, R., Kwon, O. J., Laguardia, L., Lahtinen, A., Laing, A., Lam, N., Lambertz, H. T., Lane, C., Lang, P. T., Lanthaler, S., Lapins, J., Lasa, A., Last, J. R., Łaszyńska, E., Lawless, R., Lawson, A., Lawson, K. D., Lazaros, A., Lazzaro, E., Leddy, J., Lee, S., Lefebvre, X., Leggate, H. J., Lehmann, J., Lehnen, M., Leichtle, D., Leichuer, P., Leipold, F., Lengar, I., Lennholm, M., Lerche, E., Lescinskis, A., Lesnoj, S., Letellier, E., Leyland, M., Leysen, W., Li, L., Liang, Y., Likonen, J., Linke, J., Linsmeier, Ch., Lipschultz, B., Liu, G., Liu, Y., Lo Schiavo, V. P., Loarer, T., Loarte, A., Lobel, R. C., Lomanowski, B., Lomas, P. J., Lönnroth, J., López, J. M., López-Razola, J., Lorenzini, R., Losada, U., Lovell, J. J., Loving, A. B., Lowry, C., Luce, T., Lucock, R. M. A., Lukin, A., Luna, C., Lungaroni, M., Lungu, C. P., Lungu, M., Lunniss, A., Lupelli, I., Lyssoivan, A., Macdonald, N., Macheta, P., Maczewa, K., Magesh, B., Maget, P., Maggi, C., Maier, H., Mailloux, J., Makkonen, T., Makwana, R., Malaquias, A., Malizia, A., Manas, P., Manning, A., Manso, M. E., Mantica, P., Mantsinen, M., Manzanares, A., Maquet, Ph., Marandet, Y., Marcenko, N., Marchetto, C., Marchuk, O., Marinelli, M., Marinucci, M., Markovič, T., Marocco, D., Marot, L., Marren, C. A., Marshal, R., Martin, A., Martin, Y., Martín de Aguilera, A., Martínez, F. J., Martín-Solís, J. R., Martynova, Y., Maruyama, S., Masiello, A., Maslov, M., Matejcik, S., Mattei, M., Matthews, G. F., Maviglia, F., Mayer, M., Mayoral, M. L., May-Smith, T., Mazon, D., Mazzotta, C., Mcadams, R., Mccarthy, P. J., Mcclements, K. G., Mccormack, O., Mccullen, P. A., Mcdonald, D., Mcintosh, S., Mckean, R., Mckehon, J., Meadows, R. C., Meakins, A., Medina, F., Medland, M., Medley, S., Meigh, S., Meigs, A. G., Meisl, G., Meitner, S., Meneses, L., Menmuir, S., Mergia, K., Merrigan, I. R., Mertens, Ph., Meshchaninov, S., Messiaen, A., Meyer, H., Mianowski, S., Michling, R., Middleton-Gear, D., Miettunen, J., Militello, F., Militello-Asp, E., Miloshevsky, G., Mink, F., Minucci, S., Miyoshi, Y., Mlynář, J., Molina, D., Monakhov, I., Moneti, M., Mooney, R., Moradi, S., Mordijck, S., Moreira, L., Moreno, R., Moro, F., Morris, A. W., Morris, J., Moser, L., Mosher, S., Moulton, D., Murari, A., Muraro, A., Murphy, S., Asakura, N. N., Na, Y. S., Nabais, F., Naish, R., Nakano, T., Nardon, E., Naulin, V., Nave, M. F. F., Nedzelski, I., Nemtsev, G., Nespoli, F., Neto, A., Neu, R., Neverov, V. S., Newman, M., Nicholls, K. J., Nicolas, T., Nielsen, A. H., Nielsen, P., Nilsson, E., Nishijima, D., Noble, C., Nocente, M., Nodwell, D., Nordlund, K., Nordman, H., Nouailletas, R., Nunes, I., Oberkofler, M., Odupitan, T., Ogawa, M. T., O’Gorman, T., Okabayashi, M., Olney, R., Omolayo, O., O’Mullane, M., Ongena, J., Orsitto, F., Orszagh, J., Oswuigwe, B. I., Otin, R., Owen, A., Paccagnella, R., Pace, N., Pacella, D., Packer, L. W., Page, A., Pajuste, E., Palazzo, S., Pamela, S., Panja, S., Papp, P., Paprok, R., Parail, V., Park, M., Parra Diaz, F., Parsons, M., Pasqualotto, R., Patel, A., Pathak, S., Paton, D., Patten, H., Pau, A., Pawelec, E., Paz Soldan, C., Peackoc, A., Pearson, I. J., Pehkonen, S. -P., Peluso, E., Penot, C., Pereira, A., Pereira, R., Pereira Puglia, P. P., Perez von Thun, C., Peruzzo, S., Peschanyi, S., Peterka, M., Petersson, P., Petravich, G., Petre, A., Petrella, N., Petržilka, V., Peysson, Y., Pfefferlé, D., Philipps, V., Pillon, M., Pintsuk, G., Piovesan, P., Pires dos Reis, A., Piron, L., Pironti, A., Pisano, F., Pitts, R., Pizzo, F., Plyusnin, V., Pomaro, N., Pompilian, O. G., Pool, P. J., Popovichev, S., Porfiri, M. T., Porosnicu, C., Porton, M., Possnert, G., Potzel, S., Powell, T., Pozzi, J., Prajapati, V., Prakash, R., Prestopino, G., Price, D., Price, M., Price, R., Prior, P., Proudfoot, R., Pucella, G., Puglia, P., Puiatti, M. E., Pulley, D., Purahoo, K., Pütterich, Th., Rachlew, E., Rack, M., Ragona, R., Rainford, M. S. J., Rakha, A., Ramogida, G., Ranjan, S., Rapson, C. J., Rasmussen, J. J., Rathod, K., Rattá, G., Ratynskaia, S., Ravera, G., Rayner, C., Rebai, M., Reece, D., Reed, A., Réfy, D., Regan, B., Regaña, J., Reich, M., Reid, N., Reimold, F., Reinhart, M., Reinke, M., Reiser, D., Rendell, D., Reux, C., Reyes Cortes, S. D. A., Reynolds, S., Riccardo, V., Richardson, N., Riddle, K., Rigamonti, D., Rimini, F. G., Risner, J., Riva, M., Roach, C., Robins, R. J., Robinson, S. A., Robinson, T., Robson, D. W., Roccella, R., Rodionov, R., Rodrigues, P., Rodriguez, J., Rohde, V., Romanelli, F., Romanelli, M., Romanelli, S., Romazanov, J., Rowe, S., Rubel, M., Rubinacci, G., Rubino, G., Ruchko, L., Ruiz, M., Ruset, C., Rzadkiewicz, J., Saarelma, S., Sabot, R., Safi, E., Sagar, P., Saibene, G., Saint-Laurent, F., Salewski, M., Salmi, A., Salmon, R., Salzedas, F., Samaddar, D., Samm, U., Sandiford, D., Santa, P., Santala, M. I. K., Santos, B., Santucci, A., Sartori, F., Sartori, R., Sauter, O., Scannell, R., Schlummer, T., Schmid, K., Schmidt, V., Schmuck, S., Schneider, M., Schöpf, K., Schwörer, D., Scott, S. D., Sergienko, G., Sertoli, M., Shabbir, A., Sharapov, S. E., Shaw, A., Shaw, R., Sheikh, H., Shepherd, A., Shevelev, A., Shumack, A., Sias, G., Sibbald, M., Sieglin, B., Silburn, S., Silva, A., Silva, C., Simmons, P. A., Simpson, J., Simpson-Hutchinson, J., Sinha, A., Sipilä, S. K., Sips, A. C. C., Sirén, P., Sirinelli, A., Sjöstrand, H., Skiba, M., Skilton, R., Slabkowska, K., Slade, B., Smith, N., Smith, P. G., Smith, R., Smith, T. J., Smithies, M., Snoj, L., Soare, S., Solano, E. R., Somers, A., Sommariva, C., Sonato, P., Sopplesa, A., Sousa, J., Sozzi, C., Spagnolo, S., Spelzini, T., Spineanu, F., Stables, G., Stamatelatos, I., Stamp, M. F., Staniec, P., Stankūnas, G., Stan-Sion, C., Stead, M. J., Stefanikova, E., Stepanov, I., Stephen, A. V., Stephen, M., Stevens, A., Stevens, B. D., Strachan, J., Strand, P., Strauss, H. R., Ström, P., Stubbs, G., Studholme, W., Subba, F., Summers, H. P., Svensson, J., Świderski, Ł., Szabolics, T., Szawlowski, M., Szepesi, G., Suzuki, T. T., Tál, B., Tala, T., Talbot, A. R., Talebzadeh, S., Taliercio, C., Tamain, P., Tame, C., Tang, W., Tardocchi, M., Taroni, L., Taylor, D., Taylor, K. A., Tegnered, D., Telesca, G., Teplova, N., Terranova, D., Testa, D., Tholerus, E., Thomas, J., Thomas, J. D., Thomas, P., Thompson, A., Thompson, C. -A., Thompson, V. K., Thorne, L., Thornton, A., Thrysøe, A. S., Tigwell, P. A., Tipton, N., Tiseanu, I., Tojo, H., Tokitani, M., Tolias, P., Tomeš, M., Tonner, P., Towndrow, M., Trimble, P., Tripsky, M., Tsalas, M., Tsavalas, P., Tskhakaya jun, D., Turner, I., Turner, M. M., Turnyanskiy, M., Tvalashvili, G., Tyrrell, S. G. J., Uccello, A., Ul-Abidin, Z., Uljanovs, J., Ulyatt, D., Urano, H., Uytdenhouwen, I., Vadgama, A. P., Valcarcel, D., Valentinuzzi, M., Valisa, M., Vallejos Olivares, P., Valovic, M., Van De Mortel, M., Van Eester, D., Van Renterghem, W., van Rooij, G. J., Varje, J., Varoutis, S., Vartanian, S., Vasava, K., Vasilopoulou, T., Vega, J., Verdoolaege, G., Verhoeven, R., Verona, C., Verona Rinati, G., Veshchev, E., Vianello, N., Vicente, J., Viezzer, E., Villari, S., Villone, F., Vincenzi, P., Vinyar, I., Viola, B., Vitins, A., Vizvary, Z., Vlad, M., Voitsekhovitch, I., Vondráček, P., Vora, N., Vu, T., Pires de Sa, W. W., Wakeling, B., Waldon, C. W. F., Walkden, N., Walker, M., Walker, R., Walsh, M., Wang, E., Wang, N., Warder, S., Warren, R. J., Waterhouse, J., Watkins, N. W., Watts, C., Wauters, T., Weckmann, A., Weiland, J., Weisen, H., Weiszflog, M., Wellstood, C., West, A. T., Wheatley, M. R., Whetham, S., Whitehead, A. M., Whitehead, B. D., Widdowson, A. M., Wiesen, S., Wilkinson, J., Williams, J., Williams, M., Wilson, A. R., Wilson, D. J., Wilson, H. R., Wilson, J., Wischmeier, M., Withenshaw, G., Withycombe, A., Witts, D. M., Wood, D., Wood, R., Woodley, C., Wray, S., Wright, J., Wright, J. C., Wu, J., Wukitch, S., Wynn, A., Xu, T., Yadikin, D., Yanling, W., Yao, L., Yavorskij, V., Yoo, M. G., Young, C., Young, D., Young, I. D., Young, R., Zacks, J., Zagorski, R., Zaitsev, F. S., Zanino, R., Zarins, A., Zastrow, K. D., Zerbini, M., Zhang, W., Zhou, Y., Zilli, E., Zoita, V., Zoletnik, S., Zychor, I., Andersson SundÃ©n, E., Baiã¡o, D., Belonohy, Ã. ., Bergsã¥ker, H., Bãlkovã¡, P., Bjã¶rkas, C., Bodnã¡r, G., Broså awski, A., Calabrã², G., Crombã©, K., De Castro, A., De La Cal, E., De La Luna, E., De Pablos, J. L., De Vries, P., Den Harder, N., D'Inca, R., Donnã©, T., Duckworth, P. h., Ä uran, I., Durodiã©, F., Eich, T. h., Fã©vrier, O., Gã¡l, K., Gaå azka, K., Galvã¡o, R., GarcÃa-MuÃ±oz, M., Gardarein, J. -. L., Glã¶ggler, S., Goloborod'Ko, V., Goncalves, B., Guã©rard, C., Horã¡ä ek, J., Imrãå¡ek, M., Jã¤rvinen, A., Jednorã³g, S., Kã¶chl, F., Kã¶ppen, M., Kowalska-StrzÈ©ciwilk, E., Ksiaå¼ek, I., Å aszyå ska, E., Linsmeier, C. h., Lã¶nnroth, J., Lã³pez, J. M., LÃ³pez-Razola, J., Maquet, P. h., Markoviä , T., MartÃn De Aguilera, A., Martãnez, F. J., MartÃn-SolÃs, J. R., Mertens, P. h., Mlynã¡å , J., O'Gorman, T., O'Mullane, M., Pehkonen, S. -. P., Perez Von Thun, C., Petrå¾ilka, V., Pfefferlã©, D., Pires Dos Reis, A., Pã¼tterich, T. h., Rattã¡, G., Rã©fy, D., Regaã±a, J., Schã¶pf, K., Schwã¶rer, D., Sipilã¤, S. K., Sirã©n, P., Sjã¶strand, H., Stankå«nas, G., Strã¶m, P., Å widerski, Å. ., Tã¡l, B., Thompson, C. -. A., Thrysã¸e, A. S., Tomeå¡, M., Tskhakaya Jun, D., Van Rooij, G. J., Vondrã¡ä ek, P., Pires De Sa, W. W., Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC), Hôpital de Rangueil, CHU Toulouse [Toulouse]-CHU Toulouse [Toulouse], Laboratoire de microbiologie et génétique moléculaires (LMGM), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Lorraine (UL)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Dipartimento di Energia [Milano] (DENG), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École Centrale de Marseille (ECM)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU), Research Centre Julich (FZJ), Institute for Plasma Research, Instituto Superior Tecnico Lisboa, Queen's University Belfast, University of Helsinki, CEA, Department of Applied Physics, School services, SCI, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, VTT, University of Naples Federico II, Universidad Nacional de Educacion a Distancia, CNR, Russian Research Centre Kurchatov Institute, Universita degli Studi di Napoli Parthenope, Ente Per Le Nuove Tecnologie L'energia e l'ambiente, Troitsk Institute for Innovation and Fusion Research, Uppsala University, National Institute for Cryogenics and Isotopic Technology, Max-Planck-Institut fur Plasmaphysik, University of Catania, Fusion for Energy Joint Undertaking, National Institutes of Natural Sciences - National Institute for Fusion Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, University of Latvia, Imperial College London, CIEMAT, University of Oxford, EUROfusion Programme Management Unit, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology KIT, University of York, Royal Institute of Technology, Maritime University of Szczecin, H. Niewodniczanski Institute of Nuclear Physics of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Czech Academy of Sciences, University of Trento, Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne (EPFL), Wigner Research Centre for Physics, Comenius University, University of Milan - Bicocca, National Institute for Optoelectronics, Fourth State Research, University of Texas at Austin, Belgian Nuclear Research Center, National Centre for Nuclear Research (NCBJ), Princeton University, CNRS, University of Cagliari, University of Warwick, Soltan Institute for Nuclear Studies, FOM Institute DIFFER, National Institute for Laser, Plasma and Radiation Physics, Ghent University, J. Stefan Institute, Universite de Lorraine, CAS - Institute of Plasma Physics, University of California at San Diego, Koninklijke Militaire School - Ecole Royale Militaire, Horia Hulubei National Institute of Physics and Nuclear Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, School services, ELEC, Department of Signal Processing and Acoustics, Automaatio- ja systeemitekniik, Universidad Politecnica de Madrid, Second University of Naples, Warsaw University of Technology, Universita della Basilicata, Barcelona Supercomp. Center, Universidad de Sevilla, Centro Brasileiro de Pesquisas Fisicas, Department of Electrical Engineering and Automation, Sähkötekniikan laitos, University of Rome Tor Vergata, RAS - Ioffe Physico Technical Institute, General Atomics, University of Innsbruck, Fusion and Plasma Physics, University of Toyama, University of Strathclyde, National Technical University of Athens, Universita della Tuscia, Technical University of Denmark, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul National University, University College Cork, Vienna University of Technology, University of Opole, Daegu University, National Fusion Research Institute, Dublin City University, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, PELIN LLC, Arizona State University, Universidad Complutense, University of Basel, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, Consorzio CREATE, Demokritos National Centre for Scientific Research, Purdue University, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, School Services, ARTS, Department of Design, University of California Office of the President, Universidade de Sao Paulo, School Services, BIZ, Department of Information and Service Management, Lithuanian Energy Institute, HRS Fusion, Politecnico di Torino, University of Cassino, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Department of Electronics and Nanoengineering, Aalto-yliopisto, Aalto University, and Faculdade de Engenharia
Subjects: Technology, fusion, Física [Ciências exactas e naturais], Tokamak, Nuclear engineering, DIAGNOSTICS, 01 natural sciences, ILW, 010305 fluids & plasmas, law.invention, Ilw, [SPI.MECA.MEFL]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Mechanics [physics.med-ph]/Fluids mechanics [physics.class-ph], Plasma, H-Mode Plasmas, law, ITER, Disruption Prediction, COLLISIONALITY, EDGE LOCALIZED MODES, Diagnostics, Operation, JET, plasma, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Condensed Matter Physics, Physics, Jet (fluid), JET, plasma, fusion, ITER, Divertor, Settore FIS/01 - Fisica Sperimentale, Fusion, Plasma and Space Physics, DENSITY PEAKING, Carbon Wall, H-MODE PLASMAS, [ SPI.MECA.MEFL ] Engineering Sciences [physics]/Mechanics [physics.med-ph]/Fluids mechanics [physics.class-ph], Density Peaking, Neutron transport, Facing Components, Collisionality, 114 Physical sciences, Física, Física, Nuclear physics, Physical sciences [Natural sciences], Fusion, plasma och rymdfysik, Pedestal, 0103 physical sciences, Nuclear fusion, ddc:530, Neutron, 010306 general physics, Fusion, Physics, Physical sciences, Nuclear and High Energy Physic, Edge Localized Modes, QC717, Física [Àrees temàtiques de la UPC], Reactors de fusió, Física, FACING COMPONENTS, Fusion reactors, Jet, CARBON WALL, DISRUPTION PREDICTION, OPERATION, ddc:600
Abstract: The 2014–2016 JET results are reviewed in the light of their significance for optimising the ITER research plan for the active and non-active operation. More than 60 h of plasma operation with ITER first wall materials successfully took place since its installation in 2011. New multi-machine scaling of the type I-ELM divertor energy flux density to ITER is supported by first principle modelling. ITER relevant disruption experiments and first principle modelling are reported with a set of three disruption mitigation valves mimicking the ITER setup. Insights of the L–H power threshold in Deuterium and Hydrogen are given, stressing the importance of the magnetic configurations and the recent measurements of fine-scale structures in the edge radial electric. Dimensionless scans of the core and pedestal confinement provide new information to elucidate the importance of the first wall material on the fusion performance. H-mode plasmas at ITER triangularity (H = 1 at ßN ~ 1.8 and n/nGW ~ 0.6) have been sustained at 2 MA during 5 s. The ITER neutronics codes have been validated on high performance experiments. Prospects for the coming D–T campaign and 14 MeV neutron calibration strategy are reviewed. This work has been carried out within the framework of the EUROfusion Consortium and has received funding from the Euratom research and training programme 2014–2018 under grant agreement No 633053. Peer Reviewed Article signat per 1.173 autors/es: X. Litaudon35, S. Abduallev39, M. Abhangi46, P. Abreu53, M. Afzal7, K.M. Aggarwal29, T. Ahlgren101, J.H. Ahn8, L. Aho-Mantila112, N. Aiba69, M. Airila112, R. Albanese105, V. Aldred7, D. Alegre93, E. Alessi45, P. Aleynikov55, A. Alfier12, A. Alkseev72, M. Allinson7, B. Alper7, E. Alves53, G. Ambrosino105, R. Ambrosino106, L. Amicucci90, V. Amosov88, E. Andersson Sundén22, M. Angelone90, M. Anghel85, C. Angioni62, L. Appel7, C. Appelbee7, P. Arena30, M. Ariola106, H. Arnichand8, S. Arshad41, A. Ash7, N. Ashikawa68, V. Aslanyan64, O. Asunta1, F. Auriemma12, Y. Austin7, L. Avotina103, M.D. Axton7, C. Ayres7, M. Bacharis24, A. Baciero57, D. Baião53, S. Bailey7, A. Baker7, I. Balboa7, M. Balden62, N. Balshaw7, R. Bament7, J.W. Banks7, Y.F. Baranov7, M.A. Barnard7, D. Barnes7, M. Barnes27, R. Barnsley55, A. Baron Wiechec7, L. Barrera Orte34, M. Baruzzo12, V. Basiuk8, M. Bassan55, R. Bastow7, A. Batista53, P. Batistoni90, R. Baughan7, B. Bauvir55, L. Baylor73, B. Bazylev56, J. Beal110, P.S. Beaumont7, M. Beckers39, B. Beckett7, A. Becoulet8, N. Bekris35, M. Beldishevski7, K. Bell7, F. Belli90, M. Bellinger7, É. Belonohy62, N. Ben Ayed7, N.A. Benterman7, H. Bergsåker42, J. Bernardo53, M. Bernert62, M. Berry7, L. Bertalot55, C. Besliu7, M. Beurskens63, B. Bieg61, J. Bielecki47, T. Biewer73, M. Bigi12, P. Bílková50, F. Binda22, A. Bisoffi31, J.P.S. Bizarro53, C. Björkas101, J. Blackburn7, K. Blackman7, T.R. Blackman7, P. Blanchard33, P. Blatchford7, V. Bobkov62, A. Boboc7, G. Bodnár113, O. Bogar18, I. Bolshakova60, T. Bolzonella12, N. Bonanomi97, F. Bonelli56, J. Boom62, J. Booth7, D. Borba35,53, D. Borodin39, I. Borodkina39, A. Botrugno90, C. Bottereau8, P. Boulting7, C. Bourdelle8, M. Bowden7, C. Bower7, C. Bowman110, T. Boyce7, C. Boyd7, H.J. Boyer7, J.M.A. Bradshaw7, V. Braic87, R. Bravanec40, B. Breizman107, S. Bremond8, P.D. Brennan7, S. Breton8, A. Brett7, S. Brezinsek39, M.D.J. Bright7, M. Brix7, W. Broeckx78, M. Brombin12, A. Brosławski65, D.P.D. Brown7, M. Brown7, E. Bruno55, J. Bucalossi8, J. Buch46, J. Buchanan7, M.A. Buckley7, R. Budny76, H. Bufferand8, M. Bulman7, N. Bulmer7, P. Bunting7, P. Buratti90, A. Burckhart62, A. Buscarino30, A. Busse7, N.K. Butler7, I. Bykov42, J. Byrne7, P. Cahyna50, G. Calabrò90, I. Calvo57, Y. Camenen4, P. Camp7, D.C. Campling7, J. Cane7, B. Cannas17, A.J. Capel7, P.J. Card7, A. Cardinali90, P. Carman7, M. Carr7, D. Carralero62, L. Carraro12, B.B. Carvalho53, I. Carvalho53, P. Carvalho53, F.J. Casson7, C. Castaldo90, N. Catarino53, J. Caumont7, F. Causa90, R. Cavazzana12, K. Cave-Ayland7, M. Cavinato12, M. Cecconello22, S. Ceccuzzi90, E. Cecil76, A. Cenedese12, R. Cesario90, C.D. Challis7, M. Chandler7, D. Chandra46, C.S. Chang76, A. Chankin62, I.T. Chapman7, S.C. Chapman28, M. Chernyshova49, G. Chitarin12, G. Ciraolo8, D. Ciric7, J. Citrin38, F. Clairet8, E. Clark7, M. Clark7, R. Clarkson7, D. Clatworthy7, C. Clements7, M. Cleverly7, J.P. Coad7, P.A. Coates7, A. Cobalt7, V. Coccorese105, V. Cocilovo90, S. Coda33, R. Coelho53, J.W. Coenen39, I. Coffey29, L. Colas8, S. Collins7, D. Conka103, S. Conroy22, N. Conway7, D. Coombs7, D. Cooper7, S.R. Cooper7, C. Corradino30, Y. Corre8, G. Corrigan7, S. Cortes53, D. Coster62, A.S. Couchman7, M.P. Cox7, T. Craciunescu86, S. Cramp7, R. Craven7, F. Crisanti90, G. Croci97, D. Croft7, K. Crombé15, R. Crowe7, N. Cruz53, G. Cseh113, A. Cufar81, A. Cullen7, M. Curuia85, A. Czarnecka49, H. Dabirikhah7, P. Dalgliesh7, S. Dalley7, J. Dankowski47, D. Darrow76, O. Davies7, W. Davis55,76, C. Day56, I.E. Day7, M. De Bock55, A. de Castro57, E. de la Cal57, E. de la Luna57, G. De Masi12, J. L. de Pablos57, G. De Temmerman55, G. De Tommasi105, P. de Vries55, K. Deakin7, J. Deane7, F. Degli Agostini12, R. Dejarnac50, E. Delabie73, N. den Harder38, R.O. Dendy7, J. Denis8, P. Denner39, S. Devaux62,104, P. Devynck8, F. Di Maio55, A. Di Siena62, C. Di Troia90, P. Dinca86, R. D’Inca62, B. Ding51, T. Dittmar39, H. Doerk62, R.P. Doerner9, T. Donné34, S.E. Dorling7, S. Dormido-Canto93, S. Doswon7, D. Douai8, P.T. Doyle7, A. Drenik62,81, P. Drewelow63, P. Drews39, Ph. Duckworth55, R. Dumont8, P. Dumortier58, D. Dunai113, M. Dunne62, I. Ďuran50, F. Durodié58, P. Dutta46, B. P. Duval33, R. Dux62, K. Dylst78, N. Dzysiuk22, P.V. Edappala46, J. Edmond7, A.M. Edwards7, J. Edwards7, Th. Eich62, A. Ekedahl8, R. El-Jorf7, C.G. Elsmore7, M. Enachescu84, G. Ericsson22, F. Eriksson16, J. Eriksson22, L.G. Eriksson36, B. Esposito90, S. Esquembri94, H.G. Esser39, D. Esteve8, B. Evans7, G.E. Evans7, G. Evison7, G.D. Ewart7, D. Fagan7, M. Faitsch62, D. Falie86, A. Fanni17, A. Fasoli33, J. M. Faustin33, N. Fawlk7, L. Fazendeiro53, N. Fedorczak8, R.C. Felton7, K. Fenton7, A. Fernades53, H. Fernandes53, J. Ferreira53, J.A. Fessey7, O. Février8, O. Ficker50, A. Field7, S. Fietz62, A. Figueiredo53, J. Figueiredo53,35, A. Fil8, P. Finburg7, M. Firdaouss8, U. Fischer56, L. Fittill7, M. Fitzgerald7, D. Flammini90, J. Flanagan7, C. Fleming7, K. Flinders7, N. Fonnesu90, J. M. Fontdecaba57, A. Formisano79, L. Forsythe7, L. Fortuna30, E. Fortuna-Zalesna19, M. Fortune7, S. Foster7, T. Franke34, T. Franklin7, M. Frasca30, L. Frassinetti42, M. Freisinger39, R. Fresa98, D. Frigione90, V. Fuchs50, D. Fuller35, S. Futatani6, J. Fyvie7, K. Gál34,62, D. Galassi2, K. Gałązka49, J. Galdon-Quiroga92, J. Gallagher7, D. Gallart6, R. Galvão10, X. Gao51, Y. Gao39, J. Garcia8, A. Garcia-Carrasco42, M. García-Muñoz92, J.-L. Gardarein3, L. Garzotti7, P. Gaudio95, E. Gauthier8, D.F. Gear7, S.J. Gee7, B. Geiger62, M. Gelfusa95, S. Gerasimov7, G. Gervasini45, M. Gethins7, Z. Ghani7, M. Ghate46, M. Gherendi86, J.C. Giacalone8, L. Giacomelli45, C.S. Gibson7, T. Giegerich56, C. Gil8, L. Gil53, S. Gilligan7, D. Gin54, E. Giovannozzi90, J.B. Girardo8, C. Giroud7, G. Giruzzi8, S. Glöggler62, J. Godwin7, J. Goff7, P. Gohil43, V. Goloborod’ko102, R. Gomes53, B. Gonçalves53, M. Goniche8, M. Goodliffe7, A. Goodyear7, G. Gorini97, M. Gosk65, R. Goulding76, A. Goussarov78, R. Gowland7, B. Graham7, M.E. Graham7, J. P. Graves33, N. Grazier7, P. Grazier7, N.R. Green7, H. Greuner62, B. Grierson76, F.S. Griph7, C. Grisolia8, D. Grist7, M. Groth1, R. Grove73, C.N. Grundy7, J. Grzonka19, D. Guard7, C. Guérard34, C. Guillemaut8,53, R. Guirlet8, C. Gurl7, H.H. Utoh69, L.J. Hackett7, S. Hacquin8,35, A. Hagar7, R. Hager76, A. Hakola112, M. Halitovs103, S.J. Hall7, S.P. Hallworth Cook7, C. Hamlyn-Harris7, K. 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Lukin74, C. Luna5, M. Lungaroni95, C.P. Lungu86, M. Lungu86, A. Lunniss110, I. Lupelli7, A. Lyssoivan58, N. Macdonald7, P. Macheta7, K. Maczewa7, B. Magesh46, P. Maget8, C. Maggi7, H. Maier62, J. Mailloux7, T. Makkonen1, R. Makwana46, A. Malaquias53, A. Malizia95, P. Manas4, A. Manning7, M.E. Manso53, P. Mantica45, M. Mantsinen6, A. Manzanares91, Ph. Maquet55, Y. Marandet4, N. Marcenko88, C. Marchetto45, O. Marchuk39, M. Marinelli95, M. Marinucci90, T. Markovič50, D. Marocco90, L. Marot26, C.A. Marren7, R. Marshal7, A. Martin7, Y. Martin33, A. Martín de Aguilera57, F.J. Martínez93, J. R. Martín-Solís14, Y. Martynova39, S. Maruyama55, A. Masiello12, M. Maslov7, S. Matejcik18, M. Mattei79, G.F. Matthews7, F. Maviglia11, M. Mayer62, M.L. Mayoral34, T. May-Smith7, D. Mazon8, C. Mazzotta90, R. McAdams7, P.J. McCarthy96, K.G. McClements7, O. McCormack12, P.A. McCullen7, D. McDonald34, S. McIntosh7, R. McKean7, J. McKehon7, R.C. Meadows7, A. Meakins7, F. Medina57, M. Medland7, S. Medley7, S. 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O’Gorman7, M. Okabayashi76, R. Olney7, O. Omolayo7, M. O’Mullane21, J. Ongena58, F. Orsitto11, J. Orszagh18, B.I. Oswuigwe7, R. Otin7, A. Owen7, R. Paccagnella12, N. Pace7, D. Pacella90, L.W. Packer7, A. Page7, E. Pajuste103, S. Palazzo30, S. Pamela7, S. Panja46, P. Papp18, R. Paprok50, V. Parail7, M. Park66, F. Parra Diaz27, M. Parsons73, R. Pasqualotto12, A. Patel7, S. Pathak46, D. Paton7, H. Patten33, A. Pau17, E. Pawelec48, C. Paz Soldan43, A. Peackoc36, I.J. Pearson7, S.-P. Pehkonen112, E. Peluso95, C. Penot55, A. Pereira57, R. Pereira53, P.P. Pereira Puglia7, C. Perez von Thun35,39, S. Peruzzo12, S. Peschanyi56, M. Peterka50, P. Petersson42, G. Petravich113, A. Petre84, N. Petrella7, V. Petržilka50, Y. Peysson8, D. Pfefferlé33, V. Philipps39, M. Pillon90, G. Pintsuk39, P. Piovesan12, A. Pires dos Reis52, L. Piron7, A. Pironti105, F. Pisano17, R. Pitts55, F. Pizzo79, V. Plyusnin53, N. Pomaro12, O.G. Pompilian86, P.J. Pool7, S. Popovichev7, M.T. Porfiri90, C. Porosnicu86, M. Porton7, G. Possnert22, S. Potzel62, T. Powell7, J. Pozzi7, V. Prajapati46, R. Prakash46, G. Prestopino95, D. Price7, M. Price7, R. Price7, P. Prior7, R. Proudfoot7, G. Pucella90, P. Puglia52, M.E. Puiatti12, D. Pulley7, K. Purahoo7, Th. Pütterich62, E. Rachlew25, M. Rack39, R. Ragona58, M.S.J. Rainford7, A. Rakha6, G. Ramogida90, S. Ranjan46, C.J. Rapson62, J.J. Rasmussen83, K. Rathod46, G. Rattá57, S. Ratynskaia82, G. Ravera90, C. Rayner7, M. Rebai97, D. Reece7, A. Reed7, D. Réfy113, B. Regan7, J. Regaña34, M. Reich62, N. Reid7, F. Reimold39, M. Reinhart34, M. Reinke110,73, D. Reiser39, D. Rendell7, C. Reux8, S.D.A. Reyes Cortes53, S. Reynolds7, V. Riccardo7, N. Richardson7, K. Riddle7, D. Rigamonti97, F.G. Rimini7, J. Risner73, M. Riva90, C. Roach7, R.J. Robins7, S.A. Robinson7, T. Robinson7, D.W. Robson7, R. Roccella55, R. Rodionov88, P. Rodrigues53, J. Rodriguez7, V. Rohde62, F. Romanelli90, M. Romanelli7, S. Romanelli7, J. Romazanov39, S. Rowe7, M. Rubel42, G. Rubinacci105, G. Rubino12, L. Ruchko52, M. Ruiz94, C. Ruset86, J. Rzadkiewicz65, S. Saarelma7, R. Sabot8, E. Safi101, P. Sagar7, G. Saibene41, F. Saint-Laurent8, M. Salewski83, A. Salmi112, R. Salmon7, F. Salzedas53, D. Samaddar7, U. Samm39, D. Sandiford7, P. Santa46, M.I.K. Santala1, B. Santos53, A. Santucci90, F. Sartori41, R. Sartori41, O. Sauter33, R. Scannell7, T. Schlummer39, K. Schmid62, V. Schmidt12, S. Schmuck7, M. Schneider8, K. Schöpf102, D. Schwörer32, S.D. Scott76, G. Sergienko39, M. Sertoli62, A. Shabbir15, S.E. Sharapov7, A. Shaw7, R. Shaw7, H. Sheikh7, A. Shepherd7, A. Shevelev54, A. Shumack38, G. Sias17, M. Sibbald7, B. Sieglin62, S. Silburn7, A. Silva53, C. Silva53, P.A. Simmons7, J. Simpson7, J. Simpson-Hutchinson7, A. Sinha46, S.K. Sipilä1, A.C.C. Sips36, P. Sirén112, A. Sirinelli55, H. Sjöstrand22, M. Skiba22, R. Skilton7, K. Slabkowska49, B. Slade7, N. Smith7, P.G. Smith7, R. Smith7, T.J. Smith7, M. Smithies110, L. Snoj81, S. Soare85, E. R. Solano35,57, A. Somers32, C. Sommariva8, P. Sonato12, A. Sopplesa12, J. Sousa53, C. Sozzi45, S. Spagnolo12, T. Spelzini7, F. Spineanu86, G. Stables7, I. Stamatelatos71, M.F. Stamp7, P. Staniec7, G. Stankūnas59, C. Stan-Sion84, M.J. Stead7, E. Stefanikova42, I. Stepanov58, A.V. Stephen7, M. Stephen46, A. Stevens7, B.D. Stevens7, J. Strachan76, P. Strand16, H.R. Strauss44, P. Ström42, G. Stubbs7, W. Studholme7, F. Subba75, H.P. Summers21, J. Svensson63, Ł. Świderski65, T. Szabolics113, M. Szawlowski49, G. Szepesi7, T.T. Suzuki69, B. Tál113, T. Tala112, A.R. Talbot7, S. Talebzadeh95, C. Taliercio12, P. Tamain8, C. Tame7, W. Tang76, M. Tardocchi45, L. Taroni12, D. Taylor7, K.A. Taylor7, D. Tegnered16, G. Telesca15, N. Teplova54, D. Terranova12, D. Testa33, E. Tholerus42, J. Thomas7, J.D. Thomas7, P. Thomas55, A. Thompson7, C.-A. Thompson7, V.K. Thompson7, L. Thorne7, A. Thornton7, A.S. Thrysøe83, P.A. Tigwell7, N. Tipton7, I. Tiseanu86, H. Tojo69, M. Tokitani67, P. Tolias82, M. Tomeš50, P. Tonner7, M. Towndrow7, P. Trimble7, M. Tripsky58, M. Tsalas38, P. Tsavalas71, D. Tskhakaya jun102, I. Turner7, M.M. Turner32, M. Turnyanskiy34, G. Tvalashvili7, S.G.J. Tyrrell7, A. Uccello45, Z. Ul-Abidin7, J. Uljanovs1, D. Ulyatt7, H. Urano69, I. Uytdenhouwen78, A.P. Vadgama7, D. Valcarcel7, M. Valentinuzzi8, M. Valisa12, P. Vallejos Olivares42, M. Valovic7, M. Van De Mortel7, D. Van Eester58, W. Van Renterghem78, G.J. van Rooij38, J. Varje1, S. Varoutis56, S. Vartanian8, K. Vasava46, T. Vasilopoulou71, J. Vega57, G. Verdoolaege58, R. Verhoeven7, C. Verona95, G. Verona Rinati95, E. Veshchev55, N. Vianello45, J. Vicente53, E. Viezzer62,92, S. Villari90, F. Villone100, P. Vincenzi12, I. Vinyar74, B. Viola90, A. Vitins103, Z. Vizvary7, M. Vlad86, I. Voitsekhovitch34, P. Vondráček50, N. Vora7, T. Vu8, W.W. Pires de Sa52, B. Wakeling7, C.W.F. Waldon7, N. Walkden7, M. Walker7, R. Walker7, M. Walsh55, E. Wang39, N. Wang39, S. Warder7, R.J. Warren7, J. Waterhouse7, N.W. Watkins28, C. Watts55, T. Wauters58, A. Weckmann42, J. Weiland23, H. Weisen33, M. Weiszflog22, C. Wellstood7, A.T. West7, M.R. Wheatley7, S. Whetham7, A.M. Whitehead7, B.D. Whitehead7, A.M. Widdowson7, S. Wiesen39, J. Wilkinson7, J. Williams7, M. Williams7, A.R. Wilson7, D.J. Wilson7, H.R. Wilson110, J. Wilson7, M. Wischmeier62, G. Withenshaw7, A. Withycombe7, D.M. Witts7, D. Wood7, R. Wood7, C. Woodley7, S. Wray7, J. Wright7, J.C. Wright64, J. Wu89, S. Wukitch64, A. Wynn110, T. Xu7, D. Yadikin16, W. Yanling39, L. Yao89, V. Yavorskij102, M.G. Yoo80, C. Young7, D. Young7, I.D. Young7, R. Young7, J. Zacks7, R. Zagorski49, F.S. Zaitsev18, R. Zanino75, A. Zarins103, K.D. Zastrow7, M. Zerbini90, W. Zhang62, Y. Zhou42, E. Zilli12, V. Zoita86, S. Zoletnik113, I. Zychor65 and JET Contributorsa // EUROfusion Consortium JET, Culham Science Centre, Abingdon, OX14 3DB, United Kingdom / 1 Aalto University, PO Box 14100, FIN-00076 Aalto, Finland / 2 Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, Centrale Marseille, M2P2 UMR 7340, 13451, Marseille, France / 3 Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, IUSTI UMR 7343, 13013 Marseille, France / 4 Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, PIIM, UMR 7345, 13013 Marseille, France / 5 Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States of America / 6 Barcelona Supercomputing Center, Barcelona, Spain / 7 CCFE, Culham Science Centre, Abingdon, Oxon, OX14 3DB, United Kingdom / 8 CEA, IRFM, F-13108 Saint Paul Lez Durance, France / 9 Center for Energy Research, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, United States of America / 10 Centro Brasileiro de Pesquisas Fisicas, Rua Xavier Sigaud, 160, Rio de Janeiro CEP 22290-180, Brazil / 11 Consorzio CREATE, Via Claudio 21, 80125 Napoli, Italy / 12 Consorzio RFX, corso Stati Uniti 4, 35127 Padova, Italy / 13 Daegu University, Jillyang, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk 712-174, Republic of Korea / 14 Departamento de Física, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, 28911 Leganés, Madrid, Spain / 15 Department of Applied Physics UG (Ghent University) St-Pietersnieuwstraat 41 B-9000 Ghent, Belgium / 16 Department of Earth and Space Sciences, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-41296 Gothenburg, Sweden / 17 Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University of Cagliari, Piazza d’Armi 09123, Cagliari, Italy / 18 Department of Experimental Physics, Faculty of Mathematics, Physics and Informatics Comenius University Mlynska dolina F2, 84248 Bratislava, Slovakia / 19 Department of Materials Science, Warsaw University of Technology, PL-01-152 Warsaw, Poland / 20 Department of Nuclear and Quantum Engineering, KAIST, Daejeon 34141, Korea / 21 Department of Physics and Applied Physics, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, G4 ONG, United Kingdom / 22 Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, SE-75120 Uppsala, Sweden / 23 Department of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-41296 Gothenburg, Sweden / 24 Department of Physics, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom / 25 Department of Physics, SCI, KTH, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden / 26 Department of Physics, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland / 27 Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 2JD, United Kingdom / 28 Department of Physics, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, United Kingdom / 29 Department of Pure and Applied Physics, Queens University, Belfast, BT7 1NN, United Kingdom / 30 Dipartimento di Ingegneria Elettrica Elettronica e Informatica, Università degli Studi di Catania, 95125 Catania, Italy / 31 Dipartimento di Ingegneria Industriale, University of Trento, Trento, Italy / 32 Dublin City University (DCU), Dublin, Ireland / 33 Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Swiss Plasma Center (SPC), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland / 34 EUROfusion Programme Management Unit, Boltzmannstr. 2, 85748 Garching, Germany / 35 EUROfusion Programme Management Unit, Culham Science Centre, Culham, OX14 3DB, United Kingdom / 36 European Commission, B-1049 Brussels, Belgium / 37 Fluid and Plasma Dynamics, ULB—Campus Plaine—CP 231 Boulevard du Triomphe, 1050 Bruxelles, Belgium / 38 FOM Institute DIFFER, Eindhoven, Netherlands / 39 Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Institut für Energie- und Klimaforschung—Plasmaphysik, 52425 Jülich, Germany / 40 Fourth State Research, 503 Lockhart Dr, Austin, TX, United States of America / 41 Fusion for Energy Joint Undertaking, Josep Pl. 2, Torres Diagonal Litoral B3, 08019, Barcelona, Spain / 42 Fusion Plasma Physics, EES, KTH, SE-10044 Stockholm, Sweden / 43 General Atomics, PO Box 85608, San Diego, CA 92186-5608, United States of America / 44 HRS Fusion, West Orange, NJ, United States of America / 45 IFP-CNR, via R. Cozzi 53, 20125 Milano, Italy / 46 Institute for Plasma Research, Bhat, Gandhinagar-382 428, Gujarat State, India / 47 Institute of Nuclear Physics, Radzikowskiego 152, 31-342 Kraków, Poland / 48 Institute of Physics, Opole University, Oleska 48, 45-052 Opole, Poland / 49 Institute of Plasma Physics and Laser Microfusion, Hery 23, 01-497 Warsaw, Poland / 50 Institute of Plasma Physics AS CR, Za Slovankou 1782/3, 182 00 Praha 8, Czechia / 51 Institute of Plasma Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, People’s Republic of China / 52 Instituto de Física, Universidade de São Paulo, Rua do Matão Travessa R Nr.187 CEP 05508-090 Cidade Universitária, São Paulo, Brasil / 53 Instituto de Plasmas e Fusão Nuclear, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal / 54 Ioffe Physico-Technical Institute, 26 Politekhnicheskaya, St Petersburg 194021, Russian Federation / 55 ITER Organization, Route de Vinon, CS 90 046, 13067 Saint Paul Lez Durance, France / 56 Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, PO Box 3640, D-76021 Karlsruhe, Germany / 57 Laboratorio Nacional de Fusión, CIEMAT, Madrid, Spain / 58 Laboratory for Plasma Physics Koninklijke Militaire School—Ecole Royale Militaire, Renaissancelaan 30 Avenue de la Renaissance B-1000, Brussels, Belgium / 59 Lithuanian energy institute, Breslaujos g. 3, LT-44403, Kaunas, Lithuania / 60 Magnetic Sensor Laboratory, Lviv Polytechnic National University, Lviv, Ukraine / 61 Maritime University of Szczecin, Waly Chrobrego 1-2, 70-500 Szczecin, Poland / 62 Max-Planck-Institut für Plasmaphysik, D-85748 Garching, Germany / 63 Max-Planck-Institut für Plasmaphysik, Teilinsitut Greifswald, D-17491 Greifswald, Germany / 64 MIT Plasma Science and Fusion Centre, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States of America / 65 National Centre for Nuclear Research (NCBJ), 05-400 Otwock-Świerk, Poland / 66 National Fusion Research Institute (NFRI), 169-148 Gwahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-806, Republic of Korea / 67 National Institute for Fusion Science, Oroshi, Toki, Gifu 509-5292, Japan / 68 National Institute for Fusion Science, Toki, 509-5292, Japan / 69 National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Naka, Ibaraki 311-0193, Japan / 70 National Technical University of Athens, Iroon Politechniou 9, 157 73 Zografou, Athens, Greece / 71 NCSR ‘Demokritos’, 153 10, Agia Paraskevi Attikis, Greece / 72 NRC Kurchatov Institute, 1 Kurchatov Square, Moscow 123182, Russian Federation / 73 Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831-6169, United States of America / 74 PELIN LLC, 27a, Gzhatskaya Ulitsa, Saint Petersburg, 195220, Russian Federation / 75 Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, I-10129 Torino, Italy / 76 Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory, James Forrestal Campus, Princeton, NJ 08543, United States of America / 77 Purdue University, 610 Purdue Mall, West Lafayette, IN 47907, United States of America / 78 SCK-CEN, Nuclear Research Centre, 2400 Mol, Belgium / 79 Second University of Napoli, Consorzio CREATE, Via Claudio 21, 80125 Napoli, Italy / 80 Seoul National University, Shilim-Dong, Gwanak-Gu, Republic of Korea / 81 Slovenian Fusion Association (SFA), Jozef Stefan Institute, Jamova 39, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia / 82 Space and Plasma Physics, EES, KTH SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden / 83 Technical University of Denmark, Department of Physics, Bldg 309, DK-2800 Kgs Lyngby, Denmark / 84 The ‘Horia Hulubei’ National Institute for Physics and Nuclear Engineering, Magurele-Bucharest, Romania / 85 The National Institute for Cryogenics and Isotopic Technology, Ramnicu Valcea, Romania / 86 The National Institute for Laser, Plasma and Radiation Physics, Magurele-Bucharest, Romania / 87 The National Institute for Optoelectronics, Magurele-Bucharest, Romania / 88 Troitsk Insitute of Innovating and Thermonuclear Research (TRINITI), Troitsk 142190, Moscow Region, Russian Federation / 89 University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, People’s Republic of China / 90 Unità Tecnica Fusione, ENEA C. R. Frascati, via E. Fermi 45, 00044 Frascati (Roma), Italy / 91 Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain / 92 Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain / 93 Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia, Madrid, Spain / 94 Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Grupo I2A2, Madrid, Spain / 95 Università di Roma Tor Vergata, Via del Politecnico 1, Roma, Italy / 96 University College Cork (UCC), Ireland / 97 University Milano-Bicocca, piazza della Scienza 3, 20126 Milano, Italy / 98 University of Basilicata, Consorzio CREATE, Via Claudio 21, 80125 Napoli, Italy / 99 University of California, 1111 Franklin St., Oakland, CA 94607, United States of America / 100 University of Cassino, Consorzio CREATE, Via Claudio 21, 80125 Napoli, Italy / 101 University of Helsinki, PO Box 43, FI-00014 University of Helsinki, Finland / 102 University of Innsbruck, Fusion@Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften (ÖAW), Innsbruck, Austria / 103 University of Latvia, 19 Raina Blvd., Riga, LV 1586, Latvia / 104 University of Lorraine, CNRS, UMR7198, YIJL, Nancy, France / 105 University of Napoli ‘Federico II’, Consorzio CREATE, Via Claudio 21, 80125 Napoli, Italy / 106 University of Napoli Parthenope, Consorzio CREATE, Via Claudio 21, 80125 Napoli, Italy / 107 University of Texas at Austin, Institute for Fusion Studies, Austin, TX 78712, United States of America / 108 University of Toyama, Toyama, 930-8555, Japan / 109 University of Tuscia, DEIM, Via del Paradiso 47, 01100 Viterbo, Italy / 110 University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, United Kingdom / 111 Vienna University of Technology, Fusion@Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften (ÖAW), Austria / 112 VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, PO Box 1000, FIN-02044 VTT, Finland / 113 Wigner Research Centre for Physics, PO Box 49, H-1525 Budapest, Hungary
Published: 2017

28. Simulations with current constraints of ELM-induced tungsten melt motion in ASDEX Upgrade

Author: K. Krieger, E. Thoren, Boris Bazylev, B. Sieglin, Panagiotis Tolias, Matthias Komm, R.A. Pitts, Svetlana V. Ratynskaia, S. Pestchanyi, EUROfusion MST1 Team, and ASDEX Upgrade Team, Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics, Max Planck Society
Subjects: Physics, Leading edge, Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors, Dynamics (mechanics), chemistry.chemical_element, Motion (geometry), Mechanics, Tungsten, Condensed Matter Physics, 01 natural sciences, Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics, 010305 fluids & plasmas, Physics::Fluid Dynamics, ASDEX Upgrade, chemistry, Condensed Matter::Superconductivity, 0103 physical sciences, Compressibility, Physics::Accelerator Physics, Current (fluid), 010306 general physics, Mathematical Physics
Abstract: Melt motion simulations of recent ASDEX Upgrade experiments on transient-induced melting of a tungsten leading edge during ELMing H-mode are performed with the incompressible fluid dynamics code ME ...
Published: 2017

29. Time resolved collection and characterization of dust particles moving in the TEXTOR scrape-off layer

Author: Andrey Litnovsky, G. Possnert, Svetlana V. Ratynskaia, Henric Bergsåker, Per Petersson, and Igor Bykov
Subjects: Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Toroid, Materials science, Nuclear Energy and Engineering, Dust particles, General Materials Science, Aerogel, Atomic physics, Particle flux, Layer (electronics), Characterization (materials science)
Abstract: Moving dust has been collected in the SOL of TEXTOR in a time-resolved way with silica aerogel collectors [1-3]. The collectors were exposed to the toroidal particle flux in NBI heated discharges d ...
Published: 2013

30. Characterization of dust particles in the TEXTOR tokamak with Thomson scattering diagnostic

Author: S. A. Bozhenkov, Svetlana V. Ratynskaia, V. Philipps, D.L. Rudakov, Andrey Litnovsky, A. Pospieszczyk, N. Ashikawa, M. Tsalas, and M. Kantor
Subjects: Physics, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Tokamak, Thomson scattering, Dust particles, Fusion plasma, Astrophysics::Cosmology and Extragalactic Astrophysics, Thermal emission, Laser probing, Laser assisted, complex mixtures, law.invention, Characterization (materials science), Computational physics, Nuclear Energy and Engineering, Physics::Plasma Physics, law, General Materials Science, Atomic physics, Astrophysics::Galaxy Astrophysics
Abstract: The presence of dust particles in a fusion plasma is recognized as a serious issue for safe and efficient operation of the ITER tokamak. The paper presents an in situ laser assisted method for characterization of dust from thermal emission of the particles. The method was developed in the TEXTOR tokamak with the use of Thomson scattering (TS). The diagnostic is capable to detect single particles and measure the dust density profile along the laser probing axis, velocity distribution of dust particles along this axis as well as surface temperature and size of the detected particles.
Published: 2013

31. Tungsten dust remobilization under steady-state and transient plasma conditions

Author: M. De Angeli, Jiri Matejicek, E. Thoren, G. Riva, Vladimir Weinzettl, Igor Bykov, Thomas Hunt Morgan, D.L. Rudakov, G. De Temmerman, Panagiotis Tolias, D. Ripamonti, Svetlana V. Ratynskaia, Radomir Panek, and Ladislas Vignitchouk
Subjects: Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Steady state, Materials science, Materials Science (miscellaneous), Dust-in-plasma, Metallurgy, chemistry.chemical_element, Gas dynamics, Plasma, Tungsten, Thermal conduction, lcsh:TK9001-9401, 01 natural sciences, complex mixtures, 010305 fluids & plasmas, Contact mechanics, Nuclear Energy and Engineering, chemistry, Chemical physics, 0103 physical sciences, lcsh:Nuclear engineering. Atomic power, Transient (oscillation), 010306 general physics
Abstract: Remobilization is one of the most prominent unresolved fusion dust-relevant issues, strongly related to the lifetime of dust in plasma-wetted regions, the survivability of dust on hot plasma-facing surfaces and the formation of dust accumulation sites. A systematic cross-machine study has been initiated to investigate the remobilization of tungsten micron-size dust from tungsten surfaces implementing a newly developed technique based on controlled pre-adhesion by gas dynamics methods. It has been utilized in a number of devices and has provided new insights on remobilization under steady-state and transient conditions. The experiments are interpreted with contact mechanics theory and heat conduction models.
Published: 2016
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32. Interaction of adhered metallic dust with transient plasma heat loads

Author: M. De Angeli, D. Ripamonti, Panagiotis Tolias, Svetlana V. Ratynskaia, D.L. Rudakov, J.W.M. Vernimmen, Igor Bykov, Ladislas Vignitchouk, K. Bystrov, S. Bardin, G. Riva, H.J. van der Meiden, and G. De Temmerman
Subjects: Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Materials science, Tokamak, droplets, Divertor, chemistry.chemical_element, Plasma, Tungsten, metallic dust, Condensed Matter Physics, Thermal conduction, 01 natural sciences, complex mixtures, 010305 fluids & plasmas, law.invention, dust remobilization, chemistry, law, 0103 physical sciences, Heat transfer, transient heat, Wetting, Composite material, 010306 general physics, Contact area
Abstract: The first study of the interaction of metallic dust (tungsten, aluminum) adhered on tungsten substrates with transient plasma heat loads is presented. Experiments were carried out in the Pilot-PSI linear device with transient heat fluxes up to 550 MW m−2 and in the DIII-D divertor tokamak. The central role of the dust-substrate contact area in heat conduction is highlighted and confirmed by heat transfer simulations. The experiments provide evidence of the occurrence of wetting-induced coagulation, a novel growth mechanism where cluster melting accompanied by droplet wetting leads to the formation of larger grains. The physical processes behind this mechanism are elucidated. The remobilization activity of the newly formed dust and the survivability of tungsten dust on hot surfaces are documented and discussed in the light of implications for ITER.
Published: 2016

33. The finite probe size effect in fluctuation measurements; application to dusty plasmas

Author: Panagiotis Tolias, E. Lazzaro, U. de Angelis, and Svetlana V. Ratynskaia
Subjects: Physics, Dusty plasma, Plasma parameters, Mode (statistics), Spectral density, Plasma, Condensed Matter Physics, 01 natural sciences, 010305 fluids & plasmas, Computational physics, 0103 physical sciences, Wavenumber, Cutoff, Current (fluid), 010306 general physics, Dust, Plasma theory, Probes, Semiconductor plasmas, Current fluctuations, Diagnostic techniques, Dust acoustic modes, Dusty plasmas, Plasma fluctuations, Plasma parameter, Spectral modifications, Temperature fluctuation
Abstract: The effect of the finite probe size in plasma fluctuation measurements is revisited for dusty plasmas, where it has been argued that dust leads to a significant low-frequency enhancement in the spectral densities of ion density fluctuations, which can constitute the physical basis of a dust diagnostic technique. Theoretical predictions for the spectral modifications are presented and the dust acoustic mode contribution is analysed. The finite probe size effect is treated within the volume average approach, which introduces geometry dependent form factors that are calculated for spherical and cylindrical probes. The volume average approach is compared with the typically employed cutoff wavenumber approximation for various dust and plasma parameters. The contribution of temperature fluctuations to the spectral density of current fluctuations is also evaluated.
Published: 2016
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34. Dust remobilization experiments on the COMPASS tokamak

Author: Panagiotis Tolias, G. Riva, M. Tomes, A. Havranek, M. De Angeli, Miglena Dimitrova, J. Adamek, Jordan Cavalier, Jiri Matejicek, M. Peterka, Martin Imrisek, Svetlana V. Ratynskaia, Vladimir Weinzettl, Jakub Seidl, Radomir Panek, and Josef Havlicek
Subjects: Tokamak, Dust remobilization, Plasma confinement, complex mixtures, 01 natural sciences, Tungsten, 010305 fluids & plasmas, Astrobiology, law.invention, Nuclear physics, Plasma, Plasma instability, law, 0103 physical sciences, General Materials Science, 010306 general physics, Civil and Structural Engineering, COMPASS tokamak, _____, Mechanical Engineering, Magnetic confinement fusion, Visible radiation, Nuclear Energy and Engineering, Disruption, Environmental science, ELM
Abstract: Dust transport is among important issues for ITER and DEMO, where material erosion will be significant. One of possible mechanisms how material is eroded from plasma facing surfaces is the remobilization of dust particles linked to their lifetime there and to the formation of dust accumulation sites. On the COMPASS tokamak, dust remobilization experiments have been performed using a tungsten surface with well-defined seeded dust particles exposed to L-mode and ELMy H-mode discharges as well as to a disruption. On small flat tungsten blocks, a dust of the particle size up to 25 mm was deposited by a low speed gas gun. Dust particles were prepared as sub-millimetre spots positioned on the top and on the side surfaces of the block. Dust particle positions for all prepared spots were mapped using a scanning electron microscope (SEM). Then, the samples were mounted on a manipulator allowing insertion to a fixed position close to the divertor region and were exposed to a discharge of the COMPASS tokamak. After the removal of the blocks from the vacuum vessel, positions of the seeded tungsten dust particles were again mapped by SEM and compared with the original ones, deducing movements of individual particles as well as a pattern-like behaviour. Remobilization of dust particles were monitored by a fast visible light camera with a pixel resolution of 0.3 mm at 15-40 kfps. Heat flux conditions were derived from measurements of the divertor probes (0.02-0.5 MW/m22 in L-mode and inter-ELM periods of H-mode) and Langmuir and ball-pen probes (
Published: 2016

35. Experimental validation of the analytical model for tungsten dust - wall mechanical impacts incorporated in the MIGRAINe dust dynamics code

Author: H.J. van der Meiden, Ladislas Vignitchouk, Svetlana V. Ratynskaia, A. Shalpegin, M. De Angeli, F. Brochard, and Panagiotis Tolias
Subjects: Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Materials science, Materials Science (miscellaneous), chemistry.chemical_element, Nanotechnology, Astrophysics::Cosmology and Extragalactic Astrophysics, Tungsten, 01 natural sciences, 010305 fluids & plasmas, 0103 physical sciences, Impact model, Calibration, Astrophysics::Solar and Stellar Astrophysics, Aerospace engineering, 010306 general physics, Astrophysics::Galaxy Astrophysics, business.industry, Experimental validation, __, lcsh:TK9001-9401, Visualization, Nuclear Energy and Engineering, chemistry, ____, lcsh:Nuclear engineering. Atomic power, Astrophysics::Earth and Planetary Astrophysics, business
Abstract: Mechanical dust-wall collisions are unavoidable in fusion devices and their accurate modeling is essential for the understanding of dust transport. The MIGRAINe dust dynamics code features analytical models addressing all facets of dust-surface impacts, some aspects of which have not been experimentally validated thus far. Dedicated dust injection experiments have been carried out in Pilot-PSI resulting to the visualization of in-plasma tungsten dust-surface impacts with an unprecedented resolution. They allowed for a calibration of key quantities of the MIGRAINe impact model.
Published: 2016

36. Studies of mobile dust in scrape-off layer plasmas using silica aerogel collectors

Author: Svetlana V. Ratynskaia, Andrey Litnovsky, Henric Bergsåker, Wubeshet Sahle, and Douglas Ogata
Subjects: Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Fusion, Materials science, Tokamak, Reversed field pinch, business.industry, Aerogel, Plasma, Molecular physics, law.invention, Optics, Nuclear Energy and Engineering, Optical microscope, law, General Materials Science, Particle velocity, business, Layer (electronics)
Abstract: Dust capture with ultralow density silica aerogel collectors is a new method, which allows time resolved in situ capture of dust particles in the scrape-off layers of fusion devices, without substantially damaging the particles. Particle composition and morphology, particle flux densities and particle velocity distributions can be determined through appropriate analysis of the aerogel surfaces after exposure. The method has been applied in comparative studies of intrinsic dust in the TEXTOR tokamak and in the Extrap T2R reversed field pinch. The analysis methods have been mainly optical microscopy and SEM. The method is shown to be applicable in both devices and the results are tentatively compared between the two plasma devices, which are very different in terms of edge plasma conditions, time scale, geometry and wall materials.
Published: 2011

37. Interaction of metal dust adhered on castellated substrates with the ELMy H-mode plasmas of ASDEX-Upgrade

Author: M. De Angeli, D. Ripamonti, E. Thoren, A. Herrmann, R. Neu, G. Riva, Ladislas Vignitchouk, K. Krieger, Panagiotis Tolias, B. Sieglin, Svetlana V. Ratynskaia, V. Rohde, ASDEX Upgrade Team, Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics, Max Planck Society, and EUROfusion MST1 Team
Subjects: Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Materials science, droplets, transient heat loads, Divertor, Metallurgy, Refractory metals, chemistry.chemical_element, Plasma, metallic dust, Tungsten, equipment and supplies, Condensed Matter Physics, complex mixtures, 01 natural sciences, Copper, castellated PFC, respiratory tract diseases, 010305 fluids & plasmas, Chromium, chemistry, ASDEX Upgrade, 0103 physical sciences, Beryllium, 010306 general physics
Abstract: Castellated substrates with adhered micron dust have been exposed in the outer ASDEX-Upgrade divertor to ELMy H-mode discharges. Beryllium proxy (chromium, copper) and refractory metal (tungsten, molybdenum) dust has been deposited on the plasma-facing and plasma-shadowed sides of the monoblocks as well as the bottom of the gaps. Interaction with time-averaged transient heat loads up to 5 MWm(-2) led to dust remobilization, clustering, melting and wetting-induced coagulation. The amount of dust released in the vessel has been quantified and remobilized dust trajectories inferred. Gaps can efficiently trap locally adhered dust, but dust detaching from adjacent monoblocks does not preferentially move inside the gaps implying that they do not constitute a dust accumulation site. Heat transfer simulations of melting events are also reported taking into account heat constriction due to the finite contact area and the presence of surface roughness.
Published: 2018

38. Characteristics of charged dust inferred from the Cassini RPWS measurements in the vicinity of Enceladus

Author: V. V. Yaroshenko, Jan-Erik Wahlund, Svetlana V. Ratynskaia, William S. Kurth, Gregor E. Morfill, Jonas Olson, D. A. Gurnett, Michiko Morooka, and Nils Brenning
Subjects: Physics, Dusty plasma, Space and Planetary Science, Waves in plasmas, Astronomy, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Moons of Saturn, Electron, Enceladus
Abstract: The data obtained by the Cassini Radio and Plasma Wave Science (RPWS) instrument during the shallow (17.02.2005) and the steep (14.07.2005) crossings of the E-ring revealed a considerable electron ...
Published: 2009

39. Diagnostics of fast dust particles in tokamak edge plasmas

Author: U. de Angelis, A. A. Tuccillo, C. Castaldo, Ciro Marmolino, L. Pieroni, E. Giovannozzi, V. Pericoli, G. Maddaluno, Michael Kretschmer, Gregor E. Morfill, Kristoffer Rypdal, Svetlana V. Ratynskaia, and A. Rufoloni
Subjects: Nuclear and High Energy Physics, education.field_of_study, Tokamak, Materials science, Turbulence, Carbon dust, Plasma, Edge (geometry), Condensed Matter Physics, Instability, Frascati Tokamak Upgrade, law.invention, Physics::Plasma Physics, law, Ionization, Dusty plasmas, Plasma diagnostics, Atomic physics, education
Abstract: The use of electrostatic probes as a diagnostic tool of the dust particles in the tokamak edge plasmas is investigated. Probe measurements of electrostatic fluctuations in the scrape-off layer of t ...
Published: 2007

40. PK-4: Complex Plasmas in Space—The Next Generation

Author: Andrey Zobnin, Vladimir E. Fortov, H. Höfner, A. D. Usachev, Markus H. Thoma, Martin Fink, Oleg F. Petrov, Gregor E. Morfill, Sergey A. Khrapak, V. V. Yaroshenko, Svetlana V. Ratynskaia, and Michael Kretschmer
Subjects: Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Dusty plasma, Materials science, business.industry, Turbulence, Flow (psychology), Nozzle, Electrical engineering, Plasma, Mechanics, Condensed Matter Physics, Ion, Drag, business, Glass tube
Abstract: PK-4 is an experiment designed to investigate complex plasmas in a combined dc/RF discharge under microgravity conditions on board of the International Space Station. The dc discharge is produced in a glass tube with a length of 35 cm and a diameter of 3 cm. In addition, an RF discharge can be applied by external RF coils. The setup is especially suited for studying the liquid phase of the complex plasmas, e.g., flow phenomena such as turbulence or nozzles, and forces acting on the microparticles. Experiments in the laboratory and in parabolic flights have been used to determine the charge of the microparticles as well as the ion drag force acting on them
Published: 2007

41. Natural fluctuations in un-magnetized and magnetized plasmas

Author: Antonio Panarese, Svetlana V. Ratynskaia, Panagiotis Tolias, U. de Angelis, and Savino Longo
Subjects: Physics, Work (thermodynamics), Distribution function, Classical mechanics, Coulomb, Equations of motion, Statistical analysis, Electron, Statistical physics, Plasma, Condensed Matter Physics, Charged particle
Abstract: There are still open issues within the fluctuation theory of plasmas, in view of the difficulty of formulating adequate theoretical approaches and solving the related equations in particular regimes. A promising alternative approach is direct microphysical modeling based on first principles, as successfully applied to neutral rarefied fluids. Within this approach, the equations of motion of a large ensemble of charged particles are solved numerically while correlations are obtained from statistical analysis of the ensemble at different times. As a first step, in this work we validate the data analysis technique adopted in this numerical scheme for the case of an electron ensemble neglecting Coulomb interactions. The simulation results are compared with the analytical theory of ‘natural’ fluctuations for both un-magnetized and magnetized plasmas. For the latter, the derivations for arbitrary average distribution functions are presented.
Published: 2015

42. BABE - a brush cathode discharge for thermal fluctuation measurements

Author: Giorgio Dilecce, Svetlana V. Ratynskaia, and Panagiotis Tolias
Subjects: Physics, Range (particle radiation), Brush, Plasma, Condensed Matter Physics, Cathode, law.invention, Anode, law, Homogeneous, Physics::Plasma Physics, Electrode, Thermal, Atomic physics
Abstract: For experimental tests of fluctuation theory in ideal plasmas and plasmas seeded with dust, the ideal environment would be that of stable quiescent plasma. In most laboratory plasmas the homogeneous state of the positive column is often unstable, rare exceptions are the so-called brush cathode discharges, proposed in the 60s, where a specially manufactured cathode allows stable operation in the abnormal glow regime and the only fluctuations present are those due the thermal motion of the particles. Such a device, the BAri Brush Electrode (BABE), has recently been built in a novel configuration that combines the advantages of the inverse design with those of the reflex geometry. The region between the two anodes is essentially field-free and extremely stable in wide range of plasma densities and collisionalities. Unprecedented low fluctuation levels of δn/n ⩽ 10−5 in He and δn/n ⩽ 5 × 10−6 in Ar discharges have been achieved.
Published: 2015

43. Highly resolved measurements of dust motion in the sheath boundary of magnetized plasmas

Author: F. Brochard, Igor Bykov, M. De Angeli, G. De Temmerman, Ladislas Vignitchouk, K. Bystrov, Svetlana V. Ratynskaia, S. Bardin, Thomas Hunt Morgan, A. Shalpegin, Panagiotis Tolias, Institut Jean Lamour (IJL), Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Université de Lorraine (UL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Dutch Institute for Fundamental Energy Research [Eindhoven] (DIFFER)
Subjects: fast imaging, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Microscope, chemistry.chemical_element, Tungsten, castellations, law.invention, dust remobilization, Planar, Optics, sheath, law, [SPI.GPROC]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Chemical and Process Engineering, Image resolution, Astrophysics::Galaxy Astrophysics, Physics, dust impacts, Pixel, business.industry, Resolution (electron density), Dynamics (mechanics), Plasma, Condensed Matter Physics, dust dynamics, chemistry, business
Abstract: International audience; Dust trajectories have been recorded with an unprecedented, under fusion-relevant plasma conditions, spatial resolution of 9 mu m/pixel in Pilot-PSI. The optical setup allowed the use of fast cameras as a basic microscope. It is demonstrated that such a resolution is essential for the correct interpretation of experiments on several aspects of dust-surface interactions. Highly resolved tungsten dust dynamics measurements are presented from dedicated experiments on dust collisions with plasma facing components, motion in the vicinity of castellated samples and remobilization from planar samples.
Published: 2015

44. Elastic–plastic adhesive impacts of tungsten dust with metal surfaces in plasma environments

Author: M. De Angeli, D. Ripamonti, G. De Temmerman, Panagiotis Tolias, Ladislas Vignitchouk, S. Bardin, N. den Harder, Igor Bykov, Svetlana V. Ratynskaia, F. Brochard, A. Shalpegin, and K. Bystrov
Subjects: Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Materials science, chemistry.chemical_element, Astrophysics::Cosmology and Extragalactic Astrophysics, Tungsten, complex mixtures, Metal, Physics::Plasma Physics, Astrophysics::Solar and Stellar Astrophysics, General Materials Science, Composite material, Astrophysics::Galaxy Astrophysics, dust in tokamak, Divertor, lithium limiter, magnetic dust, Plasma, Adhesion, metallic dust, equipment and supplies, respiratory tract diseases, Nuclear Energy and Engineering, chemistry, visual_art, visual_art.visual_art_medium, SPHERES, Adhesive, Astrophysics::Earth and Planetary Astrophysics, dust, FTU, Layer (electronics)
Abstract: Dust-surface collisions impose size selectivity on the ability of dust grains to migrate in scrape-off layer and divertor plasmas and to adhere to plasma-facing components. Here, we report first experimental evidence of dust impact phenomena in plasma environments concerning low-speed collisions of tungsten dust with tungsten surfaces: re-bouncing, adhesion, sliding and rolling. The results comply with the predictions of the model of elastic-perfectly plastic adhesive spheres employed in the dust dynamics code MIGRAINe for sub- to several meters per second impacts of micrometer-range metal dust.
Published: 2015

45. 41st European Physical Society Conference on Plasma Physics

Author: Svetlana V. Ratynskaia, Sylvie Jacquemot, Department of Fusion Plasma Physics [Stockholm] (KTH), Royal Institute of Technology [Stockholm] (KTH ), DAM Île-de-France (DAM/DIF), Direction des Applications Militaires (DAM), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA), Laboratoire pour l'utilisation des lasers intenses (LULI), and Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: Engineering, Nuclear Energy and Engineering, business.industry, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-PLASM-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Plasma Physics [physics.plasm-ph], Plasma, Condensed Matter Physics, business, Engineering physics, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS
Abstract: International audience
Published: 2015

46. Parabolic flight experiments with PK-4

Author: Markus H. Thoma, Vladimir E. Fortov, Michael Kretschmer, Andrey Zobnin, Oleg F. Petrov, H. Höfner, Gregor E. Morfill, Svetlana V. Ratynskaia, and A. D. Usachev
Subjects: Physics, business.industry, Applied Mathematics, Design of experiments, General Engineering, Parabolic flight, General Physics and Astronomy, Plasma, On board, Modeling and Simulation, International Space Station, Particle, Tube (fluid conveyance), Aerospace engineering, business, Rf discharge
Abstract: PK-4 is an experiment designed to investigate complex plasmas (low-temperature plasmas containing microparticles, e.g. dust grains) in a combined dc/rf discharge under microgravity conditions on board of the International Space Station. Within the 35th and 36th ESA parabolic flight campaigns first experiments under microgravity conditions in a specially designed experiment set-up have been performed. The particle flow inside the tube, the appearance of dust waves, and lane formation in interpenetrating particle clouds have been observed.
Published: 2006

47. Plasma profiles, waves and anomalous transport in a purely toroidal plasma modified by a biased internal anode

Author: Kristoffer Rypdal and Svetlana V. Ratynskaia
Subjects: Physics, Tokamak, Toroid, Plasma confinement, Plasma, Low frequency, Condensed Matter Physics, Space (mathematics), Particle transport, Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics, Anode, law.invention, Physics::Plasma Physics, law, Physics::Space Physics, Atomic physics, Mathematical Physics
Abstract: Two-dimensional (2D) plasma profiles, gradient-driven low frequency electrostatic waves and anomalous particle transport are studied experimentally in a purely toroidal plasma configuration. The pl ...
Published: 2006

48. The project ‘Plasmakristall-4’ (PK-4)—a new stage in investigations of dusty plasmas under microgravity conditions: first results and future plans

Author: K. Tarantik, Vladimir E. Fortov, Markus H. Thoma, Svetlana V. Ratynskaia, A. D. Usachev, Martin Fink, Andrey Zobnin, Michael Kretschmer, Oleg F. Petrov, Gregor E. Morfill, H. Hoefner, V. Esenkov, and Y. Gerasimov
Subjects: Shock wave, Physics, Dusty plasma, business.industry, Turbulence, Nozzle, Laminar flow, Plasma, Mechanics, Condensed Matter Physics, Optics, Nuclear Energy and Engineering, Physics::Plasma Physics, Plasma diagnostics, business, Cosmic dust
Abstract: The PK-4 experiment is a continuation of the successful dusty plasma experiments PK-1, PK-2 and PK-3 conducted on board of the orbital space stations Mir and International Space Station. For all these experiments it is important to avoid the strong influence of gravity, exerting an external stress on the system. Whereas PK-3 and PK-3 Plus experiments are using a planar rf capacitive discharge, PK-4 studies complex plasmas in a long cylindrical chamber with a combined dc/rf discharge. Such a configuration of the chamber will provide a particular advantage for investigation of different dynamical phenomena in complex plasmas such as sheared laminar flow of a highly nonideal dusty liquid and its transition to the turbulent regime, nozzle flow, boundary layers and instabilities, shock waves (solitons) formation and propagation, dust particle lane formation, and space dust grain separation according to their size.
Published: 2005

49. Measurements of the Dust-Ion Momentum Transfer Frequency and Ion Drag Force in Complex Plasmas

Author: Svetlana V. Ratynskaia, Michael Kretschmer, Markus H. Thoma, V. V. Yaroshenko, Gregor E. Morfill, and Sergey A. Khrapak
Subjects: Physics, Range (particle radiation), Drift velocity, Physics::Plasma Physics, Drag, Electric field, Momentum transfer, Particle, Plasma, Atomic physics, Condensed Matter Physics, Ion
Abstract: A simple self-consistent method to estimate the effect of the streaming ions on microparticles in a positive column of a dc discharge plasma is presented. The momentum transfer frequency in dust-ion collisions and the ion drag force are determined within a wide range of gas pressures, p = 20 - 120 Pa. The method does not require a priory knowledge of the particle charge, but involves only the particle charge gradient which is recovered from the same experimental data. The method depends only on two experimental quantities: dust particle drift velocity and electric field, thus minimizing the errors in the estimates. Reasonable agreement is found between our force measurements and theoretical predictions, corresponding to the regime of moderate ion-dust particle coupling.
Published: 2005

50. Fluctuation threshold and profile resilience in weakly ionized plasma in a curved, unsheared magnetic field

Author: Kristoffer Rypdal and Svetlana V. Ratynskaia
Subjects: Physics, Field (physics), Equipotential surface, Atmospheric-pressure plasma, Plasma, Electron, Atomic physics, Magnetohydrodynamics, Condensed Matter Physics, Instability, Magnetic field
Abstract: A study of electrostatic fluctuations in a weakly ionized plasma confined by a purely toroidal magnetic field B is presented. At low B field the plasma is quiescent and transport is provided by stationary E×B flows along open equipotential surfaces. For B above a certain threshold, strong electrostatic fluctuations are excited, and the electron pressure profile on the low-field side is resilient with scale length much shorter than the threshold scale length for flute instability. At threshold the fluctuations exhibit the signatures of a monochromatic drift mode, and above threshold they are dominated by flute modes growing on the low-field side. Threshold behavior and profile resilience are explained as a two-stage process, where drift waves act as a seed for the unstable flute modes, and where a negative feedback mechanism involving anomalous transport regulates the electron pressure profile to maintain the imposed particle flux.
Published: 2004

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