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Pedunculate oak is seen as an alternative to other tree species for reforestation and mitigation programs in the face of climate change. Thus, the identification of suitable, well-adapted seed sources is of high priority. We perform a genetic inventory on 970 trees from 97 locations in Russia, Belarus, Ukraine and Latvia representing the eastern part of the natural species range. All samples were screened with a set of 348 gene markers covering the nuclear (n = 327) and the organelle genomes (chloroplast: n = 14, mitochondria: n = 7) using a genotyping-by-sequencing method. We identified 10 plastidial haplotypes, which showed a strong spatial pattern with a highly significant autocorrelation up to a range of 600 km. After excluding 47 potentially selected markers, significant spatial genetic structure up to 800 km was also observed at the selectively neutral nuclear loci. Bayesian clustering analysis indicated a sub-division into two gene pools present at all locations but with a shift of proportion from West to East. The genetic diversity was negatively correlated with longitude, showing higher values in the West and Centre and lower values at the northern, eastern and southeastern edges of the natural distribution range. We sub-divided the sampled area into six geographic regions and used the genetic composition of all samples in each region as a genetic reference for assignment tests. Self-assignment of groups of 10 individuals to their region of origin showed an average assignment success of 93 per cent. Samples of three artificial plantations of pedunculate oak in Siberia could be clearly assigned to the East–North and Centre–South regions. We discuss the implications of our results for the forest practice and in particular the proofing of seed sources.

The gene pool of populations of pedunculate oak (Quercus robur L.) from the north of the Russian part of the range of the species was studied using a set of 94 SNP loci. They were developed using the new generation DNA sequencing technology (ddRAD). Similar levels of genetic diversity were found in isolated stands with a small number of trees (expected heterozygosity HE = 0.313 ± 0.011, observed heterozygosity HO = 0.334 ± 0.004, allelic diversity υa = 1.540 ± 0.021, coefficient of inbreeding FIS = –0.067) and in relatively large populations (HE = 0.306 ± 0.010, HO = 0.318 ± 0.012, υa = 1.530 ± 0.021, FIS = –0.039). Statistically significant levels of interpopulation differentiation and population fixation (delta_T = 0.0993; Gregorius genetic distances d0 = 0.104–0.144, FST = 0.0725) were detected. Bayesian cluster analysis allowed identifying genetically distinct genetic groups. The results obtained are discussed taking into account the history of the distribution of pedunculate oak in the north of its range.

The aim of this study is to determine the genetic variability and differentiation among populations of pedunculate oak (Quercus robur) at the eastern margin of the species distribution range. We applied new set of 95 geographically informative nuclear SNP (single nucleotide polymorphism) loci developed using Double Digest Restriction Site Associated DNA (ddRAD), a new generation DNA sequencing technology. The study area is located in the basins of the Volga River and its two main tributaries, Kama and Belaya. Despite the strong reduction and fragmentation of pedunculate oak forests over the last several centuries and comparatively small sizes of present stands, a relatively similar genetic diversity of seven populations was observed (on average, allelic diversity υа = 1.472–1.603, observed heterozygosity HO = 0.305–0.358, expected heterozygosity HE = 0.272–0.343). The genetic distances between populations vary between 0.102 and 0.170 (on average, d0 = 0.128). We have identified the absence of a spatial genetic structure and the existence of genetically peculiar populations in the territory studied. The genetic distances of Gregorius between populations vary between 0.102 and 0.170 (on average, d0 = 0.128). Genetic differentiation among populations was statistically significant with a mean of the fixation index FST of 0.075. Populations from the Privolzhye Upplands and from northern parts of the study area make the most contribution to overall inter-population differentiation (d0 = 0.137). No significant differences exist among the samples at lowlands along the Volga river (d0 = 0.110). It was concluded that the multiplicity and different ages of local populations and the complexity of migration routes of the pedunculate oak from Pleistocene refugia and secondary Holocene shelters can cause this phenomenon.

The development of the mining industry has led to the appearance in many parts of the world of vast technogenic territories from which toxic heavy metals enter the environment and food chains. Physical, chemical, and biological methods of cleaning industrial land due to technological complexity and high cost are relatively little used on a large scale. Natural forest overgrowth of mining sites and the removal of heavy metals by woody plants can be an effective form of recovery. Therefore, the study of this process is of significant scientific and practical interest. The analysis of the annual growth in height and width of the annual rings of the stem of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) in 2004–2019 was made on the territory of the Uchalinsky mining and processing plant (South Ural, Russia) contaminated with heavy metals. Relatively high concentrations of copper and zinc were found in soils, roots, bark, young shoots, comparable to exceeding the maximum allowable concentrations. Despite the spatial uniformity of the heavy metal content in the stands, the tree samples significantly differed in terms of annual growth. Results suggest that the lack of nutrients and not stress from exposure to heavy metals is the main reason for relatively low growth rates on slopes of industrial wastes. It was confirmed by studying the annual growth in height of the undergrowth in habitats with different soil cover conservation. The data prove the relatively high potential of Scots pine for the natural recovery of industrial lands polluted with heavy metals by mining enterprises.

The article is devoted to the analysis of the gender specificity of the language personality of Catherine the Second through the study of the lexical and grammatical features of her texts. The novelty of the study consists in studying the linguistic personality of a politician in a diachronic aspect and in describing the features of the linguistic personality of Catherine II through the prism of her gender specificity. The reconstruction of the main personality features of Catherine II through comprehensive, multilevel analysis of language tools allows us to identify the psychological, pragmatic, cognitive, gender aspects of the speech behavior of the Russian Empress, the specifics of her linguistic picture of the world due to bio-socio-psychological personality data and ideological and thematic originality of her works of various genres. A study of the texts of Catherine the Second showed that the empress depicts her feelings, feelings, emotions figuratively, trying to emphasize and artistically highlight the meaning of a word depending on her communicative situation. It was proved that the empress’s gender also determines the fact that in the works of Catherine II of any genre a large number of lexical and semantic groups of words (nouns, adjectives, verbs) of feelings, perception and mental state are represented. One of the main signs of the author’s gender affiliation is the usage of a large number of metaphors, epithets, vivid comparisons and personifications, etc. The study revealed that the most important trend in female speech behavior is “increased emotionality and the desire to evaluate the activities of others”.

We tested 95 new, geographically informative nuclear SNP loci of pedunculate oak in order to identify genetic differences of populations in the same seed zone. In a cluster analysis all individuals of the two studied stands are divided into two distinct groups. We observed statistically significant genetic differentiation of two populations (genetic distance d_0 = 0.170, parameter of differentiation 〖delta〗_T = 0.1696, genetic fixation F_ST = 0.0687) and higher genetic variability in the lowland stand (P = 91,58%, observed heterozygosity H_O = 0.364, expected heterozygosity H_E = 0.330, diversity of alleles υа = 1.58) in comparison to the oak stand in the Volga uplands (P = 77,89%, H_O = 0.327, H_E = 0.272, υа = 1.47). We concluded that these oak forests should be subdivided into different seed zones. Continuing the research by using the set of SNP loci and expanding the set of studied populations will supply Russian forestry by genetic information to optimize the forest seed zoning of the pedunculate oak.

The level of genetic diversity of populations of pedunculate oak (Quercus robur L.) of the southern part of the forest-steppe zone of Russia was studied using 79 SNP loci, developed on the base of the new genera-tion DNA sequencing technology ddRAD. Despite the significant decrease of the area of oak forests in the agricultural period, populations from the Lipetsk, Orel and Penza regions maintain a comparatively high and relatively similar levels of genetic diversity (observed heterozygosity HO = 0.319–0.344, ex-pected heterozygosity HE = 0.317–0.342, allelic diversity υа = 1.537–1.561). The observed distribution of genotypes corresponds to the frequencies expected by the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, the inbreeding coefficient varies from F = ‒ 0.019 to = F = + 0.011. The genetic distance of Gregorius between the sam-ples Orel and Penza (d0 = 0.138), which are geographically the most distant from each other, were statisti-cally significant. The results obtained are discussed in regard to the dynamics of oak forests in the histori-cal past and to problems of conservation and rational use of the gene pool of local populations.

We used Double Digest Restriction site associated DNA sequencing (ddRAD) and Miseq to develop new geographically informative nuclear and plastid SNP and indel loci in Quercus robur and Q. petraea. Genotypes derived from sequence data of 95 individuals and two pools of 20 individuals each of Q. robur and Q. mongolica covering the distribution range of the species, were analysed to select geographically informative and polymorphic loci within Germany and Russia. We successfully screened a selected set of 431 nuclear single nucleotide polymorphism (nSNP), six nuclear Indel, six mitochondrial single nucleotide polymorphism (mtSNP) and ten chloroplast single nucleotide polymorphism (cpSNP) loci with a SeqSNP genotyping platform on 100 individuals Quercus petraea from 10 locations in Germany, 100 individuals Quercus robur from ten locations in Germany and 100 individuals Quercus robur from ten locations in Russia. The newly developed loci are useful for species identification and genetic studies on the genetic diversity and genetic differentiation of Quercus robur and Quercus petraea in Europe.

As for most other temperate broadleaved tree species, large-scale genetic inventories of pedunculate oak (Quercus robur L.) have focused on the plastidial genome, which showed the impact of post-glacial recolonization and manmade seed transfer. However, how have pollen mediated gene flow and introgression impacted the large-scale genetic structure? To answer these questions, we did a genetic inventory on 1970 pedunculate oak trees from 197 locations in 13 European countries. All samples were screened with a targeted sequencing approach on a set of 381 polymorphic loci (356 nuclear SNPs, 3 nuclear InDels, 17 chloroplast SNPs, and 5 mitochondrial SNPs). In a former analysis with additional 1763 putative Quercus petraea trees screened for the same gene markers we obtained estimates on the species admixture of all pedunculate oak trees. We identified 13 plastidial haplotypes, which showed a strong spatial pattern with a highly significant autocorrelation up to a range of 1250 km. Significant spatial genetic structure up to 1250 km was also observed at the nuclear loci. However, the differentiation at the nuclear gene markers was much lower compared to the organelle gene markers. The matrix of genetic distances among locations was partially correlated between nuclear and organelle genomes. Bayesian clustering analysis revealed the best fit to the data for a sub-division into two gene pools. One gene pool is dominating the west and the other is the most abundant in the east. The western gene pool was significantly influenced by introgression from Quercus petraea in the past. In Germany, we identified a contact zone of pedunculate oaks with different introgression intensity, likely resulting from different historical levels of introgression in glacial refugia or during postglacial recolonization. The main directions of postglacial recolonization were south to north and south to northwest in West and Central Europe, and for the eastern haplotypes also east to west in Central Europe. By contrast, the pollen mediated gene flow and introgression from Q. petraea modified the large-scale structure at the nuclear gene markers with significant west–east direction.

This study is devoted to the consideration of the processes of the emergence and destruction of synonymy in the diachronic aspect between languages of units of two levels - lexical and educational. Moreover, both levels are interconnected and interdependent, since changes in one of them are necessarily on the other. An important role is given to the value of the context in the processes under study. Recognizing the symbolic nature of the language as an exponent of the linguistic picture of the world of its speakers, the authors analyze the reasons for the convergence and divergence of meanings at different time intervals of both the same word and the same root different affix lexemes. The material for the study was the verbs of the lexico-semantic group «Verbs of placing an object anywhere as a result of a certain action», taken in the same context from the lists of the biographies of the Russian saints Boris and Gleb, created at different times and subsequently translated from Old Russian into modern Russian tongue. The main criterion for the selection of linguistic material was the principle of interchangeability of lexemes in the same contexts, since in relation to diachronic synonymy it is fundamental and objectively reflects the linguistic situation of the linguistic period under consideration. In the course of the study, the authors come to the conclusion that the development of synonymous relations between the analyzed verbs «обертеть», «увертеть» and «ввертеть» influenced by the grammatical characteristics of lexemes and their lexical meaning associated with contextual use. And the frequency or singularity of their use is associated not only and not so much with the dictionary meaning, but with the genre of the text in which this or that verb is used.

We used double digest restriction site associated DNA sequencing (ddRAD) to develop new geographically informative nuclear SNP loci in Quercus robur and Quercus petraea. Genotypes derived from sequence data of 95 individuals covering the distribution range of the species were analysed to select geographically informative and polymorphic loci within Russia and Germany. We successfully screened a selected set of 119 loci on a MassARRAY® iPLEX™ platform on 190 individuals from 19 locations in Russia. The newly developed loci will be useful for genetic studies over the whole distribution range of both species.

Development of agriculture in the forest and forest-steppe zones of the vast East European plain over the past millennium has resulted to a significant decrease of broad-leaved forests habitat. It is expected that the disintegration of the forest tree species distribution ranges will lead to the erosion of the population genetic diversity of due to limited gene flow, impacts on gene pools of genetic drift and inbreeding. To investigate this threat, we analyzed the genetic diversity and differentiation among 20 populations of pedunculate oak (Quercus robur L.) from the Ural Mountains (Russia) and neighboring lowlands and foothills. A set of 412 nuclear SNPs loci was used for our study. A positive correlation (r = 0.168, p

In this article, the problem of self-organization of the individualis analyzed. At present, self-organization of the individual is considered inmany areas of psychological science (A. Ishkov, V. Klochko, O. Motkov). Theexistence of various approaches to understanding the self-organization of theindividual contributed to the emergence of numerous definitions, often notrelated. Sometimes the self-organization of the personality is interpretedthrough the prism of similar concepts: "self-development" (E. Uvarov),"self-government" (M. Peisakhov), "self-regulation" (O.Konopkin). However, only the concept of "self-organization of theindividual" makes it possible to understand the essence of theintrapersonal processes that underlies the formation of such key structures asmotives, goals, ideals (S. Djakov).The article substantiates the reference to the concept of"self-organization of the individual". In Russian psychology, theconcept of "personality" is closely related to the notion of"activity" (A. Leontiev, B. Ananiev). Personality manifests itself asa subject of activity, as it is included in social relations and laboractivity. The differentiation of characteristics related to the personality orto the subject of activity still raises questions among researchers, since thesame characteristics can be attributed to both: to the individual and to thesubject of activity.The aim of the work was to study the self-organization of thepersonality as a process of self-change, taking into account two aspects:personality and activity. Self-organization of activity describes the featuresof the subject's own activity and includes several stages from goal- setting tothe change of activity with a negative result. The personal aspect ofself-organization considers the structure of links between individualcharacteristics and values -semantic units of personality. The resultingintegral properties allow the individual to build his behavior in accordancewith the assimilated ideals and design his further development.The article considers the possibility of considering the problem ofself-organization from two perspectives. The first position is connected withthe manifestation of personality as a subject of activity and is based on thesystematic and organized nature of the activity that is performed. The secondhas its own personal aspect and analyzes the structure of the connectionsbetween motives and personal qualities. The combination of these two positionsin an empirical study leads to an understanding of the individuality of aperson.

The article examines severalapproaches to studying the phenomenon of "style", that exist inmodern psychology. Some researchers associate the concept of "style"with the adaptive mechanisms of the human psyche (A. Adler, R. Stagner), othersconsider "style" as part of the system of interaction of the subjectwith the environment (V. Tolochek, B. Vyatkin).The article describes thedevelopment of the semantics of the concept of "style" inpsychological researches. Originally, this concept appeared in the works of A.Adler, G. Allport and was associated with the growing interest of society inthe individuality of man. Understanding that each person has a peculiar style,opened the possibility of knowing the depth and diversity of the inner world ofa man. But the main issue – the opposition of the individuality of a person tothe influence of society - remained unresolved (Z. Freud, B. Skinner).The representatives of Sovietpsychology actively engaged in the same issue in the early of the twentiethcentury. They solved the problem of increasing the efficiency of labor withoutpersonal deformation of the worker and through the disclosure of his potential(A. Gastev, V. Bekhterev). One of the results of this work was the emergence ofthe concept of "individual style of activity", which reflected the abilityof the subject to develop personal qualities in accordance with therequirements of the activity and at the same time to change the conditions ofactivity in accordance with their ideas about achieving the goal.The article analyzes the place and roleof the concept of "individual style of activity" from the point ofview of the psychology of education. Formation of an individual style ofactivity begins from the moment of inclusion of the subject in public activityand continues throughout all stages of training. Being manifested ineducational activity, individual style of activity is then transferred to thefield of specialized activity. Upon completion of training, the individualstyle of activity becomes a condition for the graduate's readiness to performprofessional duties.The article substantiates the use ofthe concept of "individual style of activity" in the psychology ofeducation, which will make it possible to effectively design a system ofpsychological and pedagogical support for the professional development ofstudents taking into account their individual characteristics.

One of the urgent problems of modern psychology of education is the question of the psychological factors of the formation of the subject of knowledge in the educational environment of the university. Since the educational environment of different universities does not always meet the needs of a developing subject of knowledge, its psychological qualities play a special role. Therefore, in the modern education system, there is a need to move from the paradigm of "competences" to the anthropological principle of education, based on the concept of "subjectivity". "Subjectivity" in the tradition of Russian psychology is associated with the ability to self-development and self-education (S.L. Rubinstein, S.N. Kostromina, V.I. Slobodchikov). An important factor in the development of subjectivity is the ability to self-organization. In modern studies there is no description of the relationship between self-organization of the individual and his subjectivity, which is partly due to the inaccuracy of the existing definitions. Many scientists (A.D. Ishkov, V.M. Latushkina, V.I. Morosanova and others) consider self-organization as a set of behavioral traits, such as responsibility, self-control and foresight. However, we understand the self-organization of the subject at the stage of vocational training from the standpoint of a systematic approach, namely, as an integral system of personal qualities of different nature. The integral system is formed on the basis of the dominant personal qualities of the subject, which are included in the activity and are used to achieve certain goals, changing in accordance with the value attitude to the world. In behavior this system is manifested as a subject position regarding the activity and its organization. The purpose of the study was to identify the relationship of the ability of the subject to self-organization with the development of his subjectivity. The study involved students of the VolgaStateTechnologicalUniversity (N = 100). The cross-sectional method allowed us to establish differences concerning the organization of the activities of students enrolled in different courses. It is established that self-organization of the personality of senior students is characterized by the presence of specific integral properties. Integral properties associated with the value setting of students in research activities. Senior students, as subjects of knowledge, are focused on the performance of independent research, which indicates the development of their subjectivity. Self-organization of the personality of second-year students is associated with the presence of qualities that can potentially be involved in research activities and develop in it. However, only to the senior courses the structure of the integral properties manifests itself most clearly, which indicates the formation of students' subjectivity. So, we concluded that the self-organization of the individual is a manifestation of the integrity of the individual and is associated with the formation of the subjectivity of the future professional. Research activities of students can act as a condition for the formation of subjectivity.

The article is devoted to the problem of self-organization of activity and psychological factors of success of educational activities of graduate students. The concept of “self-organization”, actively discussed in Russian science, does not have an exact equivalent in English-language publications. From the point of view of proceduralism, self-organization is an independent step-by-step construction by a person of the structure of his features, motives and ideals. Self-organization has two aspects: the construction of an “I-image” or self-esteem — an internal aspect, and the organization of one’s activity or its success — an external aspect. In the works of S.N. Kostromina, S.I. Rozum, N.A. Loginova, as well as in our previous works, showed that the integrity of the structure of personal qualities (“I-image”) determines the success of an activity. At the same time, the structure of personality traits changes in the process of performing activities (abilities are formed, self-esteem changes, etc.). This study is devoted to the external aspect of self-organization, which we call “self-organization of activity”, and its relationship with personality traits. The purpose of the study is to describe the model of self-organization of graduate students. The task of the study was to build a network model of the relationship between the characteristics of students' activities and their personality traits and values. The graph method or the network modeling method was used as a tool. The sample consisted of 44 graduate students (mean age 20.6 ± 2.6 years, m-19, f-25). At the first stage a correlation analysis of the relationship between the characteristics of the activity and the personality traits of the subjects was carried out. At the second stage a model of self-organization of students ' activities was built with the help of the program "Gephi 0.9.2". As a result, it was found that such characteristics of activity as flexibility (correction), purposefulness (goal setting), planning and self-control are most deeply integrated into the structure of personality traits. Personality features are manifested in these characteristics of activity, forming complexes of features or stable combinations around them. In this case, the connecting link of the entire model is such features as risk avoidance, sociability and self-control of behavior. The ability to plan and self-monitor the implementation of activities, developed in this group of subjects, is aimed at achieving such value as recognition of the success of the people around them. Orientation to the creative approach is manifested in the adjustment of the activity, but it prevents the adequate analysis of the conditions of the activity. In addition, the identified complexes of features are associated with a particular area of the individual. When planning activities, subjects are guided by relations with the closest environment, while in self-control of activities they based on high demands and their own prudence. Flexibility of activity is connected with domination in society and adaptation to new situations, while goal-setting - with self-confidence. In conclusion we must say that the described model of self-organization of activities ensures the successful implementation of students ' learning activities. It is proposed to conduct training sessions with students in order to form additional motivational attitudes of students' activities and the development of qualities necessary for the organization of activities.

In polyandrous species, male reproductive success will at least partly be determined by males' success in sperm competition. To understand the potential for post-mating sexual selection, it is therefore important to assess the extent of female remating. In the lekking moth Achroia grisella, male mating success is strongly determined by female choice based on the attractiveness of male ultrasonic songs. Although observations have indicated that some females will remate, only little is known about the level of sperm competition. In many species, females are more likely to remate if their first mating involved an already mated male than if the first male was virgin. Potentially, this is because mated males are less well able to provide an adequate sperm supply, nutrients, or substances inhibiting female remating. This phenomenon will effectively reduce the strength of pre-copulatory sexual selection because attractive males with high mating success will be more susceptible to sperm competition. We therefore performed an experiment designed both to provide a more precise estimate of female remating probability and simultaneously to test the hypothesis that female remating is influenced by male mating history. Overall, approximately one of five females remated with a second male. Yet, although females mated to non-virgin males were somewhat more prone to remate, the effect of male mating history was not significant. The results revealed, however, that heavier females were more likely to remate. Furthermore, we found that females' second copulations were longer, suggesting that, in accordance with theory, males may invest more sperm in situations with an elevated risk of sperm competition.