Search

The aim of the research was to compare the productivity and quality of several forage grasses in the climate conditions of south-eastern Europe. The research was conducted during 2012 and 2013, in the south-western part of the Pannonian basin (vicinity of Osijek, Croatia). The experiment included 5 grass species: Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum), cocksfoot (Dactylis glomerata), hybrid ryegrass (Lolium x boucheanum), perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) and timothy (Phleum pratense) cut three times per year, i.e. 6 cuttings in total for two years. The results have shown that there were significant statistical differences for all investigated traits between the species, years and their interaction at the P˂0.05 levels. In average, the highest dry matter yield was achieved during the first year of using (10.4 and 9.1 t*ha-1). In average two years of using, the highest yields of dry matter had Italian ryegrass and cocksfoot. Quality results showed that the cocksfoot was the least digestible because it contained over 700 g*kg-1 of NDF and 450 g*kg-1 of ADF, unlike the perennial ryegrass which had 559 and 327 g*kg-1 of NDF and ADF. The final results showed the productivity per hectare where the most energy-producing species of Italian ryegrass with the possible production of 19, 739 liters of milk with 4% milk fat. On the base protein productivity, the most prominent was the cocksfoot which could produce 11, 878 liters of milk from 713 kg proteins in one year. The results show that none of the tested grasses had a balanced relationship between protein and energy.

Certain typological urban and architectural complexes of coastal towns and settlements have been elaborated through this paper, which are characteristics as topics in the given cases and do not depend on regional individualities. The diversity and stylistic specifics of the coastal towns are a reflection of civilisational migrations through time and space. The examples of the coastal towns and settlements provide appropriate guidelines for the sustainability of traditional and original architecture. The morphological phenomena of construction in the spirit of originality are observed through the two examples of the houses of the Bay of Kotor and the Pastrovici.

This chapter analyzes the basic characteristics of landscaped green areas of hotels, public green areas, and former military complexes on the Montenegrin coast. For the purposes of this paper, green areas at nine different locations were analyzed, as well as data on all public green areas in the municipality of Kotor. Data at all locations were collected using the same methodology. The great diversity of dendroflora is evident in almost all analyzed locations. The absence of adequate care measures in one period led to a partial degradation of the quality of greenery and an increase in the share of invasive and less decorative species.

Background: Alfalfa and red clover are the most widespread and most important perennial legumes, primarily used as a high-quality feed for livestock. Both alfalfa and red clover, as well as some other plant species from Fabaceae family, are a rich natural source of phytoestrogens, nonsteroidal compounds with an estrogenic activity whose beneficial effects in the prevention and treatment of many diseases are demonstrated in numerous scientific studies. Objectives: Nowadays, various herbal preparations are present on the world market and their use is constantly increasing, as well as the growing demands of consumers for environmentally sound and health- safe production of plant species used as sources of active substances. Because of their widespread distribution, the possibility of organic breeding, and also significant increases in surface area under genetically modified crops in most EU countries, alfalfa and red clover have become more interesting alternative sources of phytoestrogens. The most common phytoestrogens in these forage legumes are genistein, daidzein, glycitein, formononetin, biochanin, coumestrol, kaempferol and apigenin. The content of these substances is significantly influenced by a number of factors including genotype, environment, production technology, plant maturity stage, and individual plant parts. Conclusion: Available evidence suggests that forage legumes represent high promising sources of health-promoting phytoestrogens. Due to numerous favorable features, they can find commercial application in different industries such as pharmaceutical, nutraceutical, cosmetic, and agriculture.

This paper presents the analysis of simply supported rectangular laminated composite plates loaded perpendicularly to the middle plane using a new computational method based on Reddy’s layerwise theory. The stress–strain analysis was based on the analytical solution of equations of the layerwise theory, where the plates with an antisymmetric layer arrangement were analysed. Each of the layers contains continuous fibres oriented in one of two mutually orthogonal directions. The results obtained by applying above-mentioned computational procedure have been compared with the results obtained using three different models of finite elements of the ANSYS software package. The quantified limits of the computational method in terms of the impact of plate thickness, the number of layers and the aspect ratio of the plate on the accuracy, convergence and stability of primary variables—components of displacement, and secondary variables—components of stress, have been analysed in the paper.

Ozimi stočni grašak (Pisum arvense L.) sve se više sije u Hrvatskoj i njenom okruženju za proizvodnju kvalitetne voluminozne krme. Sjemenska proizvodnja ozimog stočnog graška vrlo je složena, a time i neizvjesna najviše radi same građe i visine stabljike. Stabljika na kraju vegetacije je visine između 1,5 i 2 metra i pod težinom mahuna poliježe što znatno otežava žetvu i povećava gubitke sjemena. U poljoprivrednoj proizvodnji ostvarivanje većeg ili manjeg prinosa, osim genetike sijane sorte ili hibrida, najčešće se povezuje s okolinskim uvjetima tijekom vegetacije, a prije svih s količinom oborina. U radu je napravljena analiza sjemenske proizvodnje ozimog stočnog graška, sorte Osječki zeleni na površinama Poljoprivrednog instituta Osijek za devetogodišnje razdoblje (2004.-2012. godina) i klimatskih prilika te je utvrđeno veliko variranje kako u prinosu, klijavosti i masi 1000 sjemenki tako i u količini oborina tijekom vegetacijskog perioda ozimog graška u analiziranim godinama. Korelacijska analiza po Pearsonu pokazala je nepostojanje veze između prinosa, klijavosti i mase 1000 sjemena te analiziranih parametara i ukupne količine oborina u vegetacijskom periodu graška, ali niti s količinom oborina po mjesecima, iz čega se može zaključiti da su promatrani parametri pod znatnim utjecajem drugih čimbenika.

Land development analyses play a fundamental role in understanding how land use change shapes the land, depending on continuously changing social, economic, and environmental factors that reflect the interests in space. It is especially important to follow land use changes in rural areas due to their role in food security, environmental hazards, cultural landscape preservation, etc. Continuous analyses and monitoring of land use changes allow for the identification and prevention of negative trends in land use (over intensification, land fragmentation, etc.) that might affect biodiversity, change physical and chemical properties of soil, causing soil degradation, change the spatial balance, stability and natural equilibrium in the rural area. The use of the cross-tabulation matrix methodology was suggested for land use change analyses. The methodology, when the cross-tabulation matrix elements are correctly interpreted, allows us to gain as much insight as possible in the process of land use change. This approach enabled a detailed analysis of vineyards in Goriška brda, Slovenia. It was found that the existing methodology fails to analyse the location of change. For this reason, additional analyses of spatial distribution of change and of the locations where changes in space occur were suggested. The study demonstrated that the land use category of vineyards changes systematically, although seemingly randomly. By comparing land use categories over several time periods, the study determined that the size and speed of change varied across different time intervals. The identified land use changes were assessed in the context of their high pressure on agricultural land. The results of the analyses showed different trends shaping the typical agrarian landscape in Goriška brda.

Architectural quality and preservation of rural characteristics is a goal of building design for sustainable environments. The environment has a different function for different societies, creating a large variety of meanings. In the Zeta region of Montenegro, the negative transformation of the rural environment is happening more rapidly than the recording of its traditional built assets. Protection and conservation of traditional rural architecture in this rural region of south-eastern Europe are important to both mitigation of the consequences of unsustainable rural shifts and the preservation of cultural heritage. This research focuses on the meaning of the different dwelling and residential environment features for the residents of the traditional houses of the rural areas of the Zeta region, Montenegro. The aim of the research was to obtain more insight and information on the meaning of architectural and rural design features by exploring the sustainability-related characteristics of traditional rural houses in the so-far insufficiently studied micro-region of the western Balkans to reveal their value and to initiate discussion of the role of heritage regeneration in sustainable rural development. Fifty (50) traditional houses of agrarian and rural areas of the Zeta region of Montenegro were observed and analysed in terms of the building site, space planning of the interior space, and building materials used. The analysis has revealed that many ecological aspects were taken into consideration and different methods were implemented during the construction of the traditional houses of the Zeta region. Taking into consideration the age of those structures, the constructors did not have an in-depth awareness of sustainability theories, and they were acting based on their personal practices and specific environmental requirements. This study’s results can help update a database of sustainability for the traditional architectural heritage of Montenegro, which will enhance the process of creating sustainable buildings without losing the place identity and staying in the same cultural context. Restoration of the traditional houses of the Zeta region of Montenegro, but also of the other rural areas of Montenegro, must in future be defined in a way that enables the preservation of recognized general values and further improvement of environmental quality and climate resilience. Simultaneously, functional reactivation of traditional houses should be understood as a contribution to the sustainable development of the studied region of Montenegro.

This research focuses on spatial planning as an instrument for achieving sustainable development of Montenegro. The research is conducted in the light of new international perspectives, i.e. newer international documents in the field of spatial planning, as global sources of normative principles, and this is the prism through which the planning systems should be viewed. Montenegro is a developing country facing the challenge of urbanization and the challenge of aligning its planning system with new trends in this area. This research explores the planning system of Montenegro with the aim of achieving sustainable spatial development by applying a new planning system approach that leads to sustainable urban and territorial development. The results of the research suggest that sustainable urban and territorial development can be achieved in the case of Montenegro through planning compact and connected cities and regions, but also through a planning system that needs to be more synchronized with decentralization.

Photochemical features of thylakoid membranes and chlorophyll content were investigated in two pea (Pisum sativum L.) cultivars with different leaf colouration: ‘Assas’ (red leaves) and ‘Arvika’ (green leaves). In vivo measured chlorophyll fluorescence (OJIP) was used to evaluate overall photosynthetic efficiency (expressed as performance index, PIABS) as well as for advanced analysis of main photochemical processes per active reaction centre (RC) of photosystem II (PSII). To evaluate the response of PSII driven linear electron transport (relETR) and non-photochemical quenching (NPQ), the plants were challenged with short-term high light (~2000 µmol m−2 s−1). In spite of prevailing red colour, leaves of ‘Assas’ had identical concentrations of chlorophylls a and b as green ones. The OJIP transients showed that red leaves grown in field (500–800 µmol m−2 s−1) had decreased PIABS and electron transport per RC beyond primary acceptor (QA−) compared to green leaves. After high light exposure red leaves revealed impaired relETR accompanied with increased NPQ values. Anthocyanins located in epidermal cells affected neither chlorophylls concentrations nor the light capture features of PSII. Despite equal concentrations of chlorophylls and PSII photochemistry further than QA− in both leaf types, red leaves reduced overall photosynthetic efficiency due to impaired relETR in thylakoid membranes.

U stvaranju i održavanju prepoznatljive slike nekoga mjesta veliku ulogu imaju postojeće, a prepoznate prirodne i povijesne vrijednosti unutar područja planiranog za njegov razvoj. Odnos planera prema pravilnoj spoznaji i čuvanju tih vrijednosti može se očitati kroz izrađene i usvojene urbanističke planove. Na primjeru grada Podgorice dan je prikaz načina prepoznavanja i planerski odnos prema tim vrijednostima, od prvih urbanističkih planova pa do danas.

The aim of the research was to compare the productivity and quality of several forage grasses in the climate conditions of south-eastern Europe. The research was conducted during 2012 and 2013, in the south-western part of the Pannonian basin (vicinity of Osijek, Croatia). The experiment included 5 grass species: Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum), cocksfoot (Dactylis glomerata), hybrid ryegrass (Lolium x boucheanum), perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) and timothy (Phleum pratense) cut three times per year, i.e. 6 cuttings in total for two years. The results have shown that there were significant statistical differences for all investigated traits between the years of the species and their interaction at the P˂0.05 levels. In average, the highest dry matter yield was achieved during the first year of usage (10.4 and 9.1 t/ha). The average usage of two years, the highest yields of dry matter had Italian ryegrass and cocksfoot. Quality results showed that the cocksfoot was the least digestible because it contained over 700 g/kg of neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and 450 g/kg of acid detergent fiber (ADF), unlike the perennial ryegrass which had 559 and 327 g/kg of NDF and ADF. Energetically most productive was Italian ryegrass with a production potential of 19,739 liters of milk and with milk fat of 4%. On the protein productivity base, the most prominent was the cocksfoot which could produce 11,878 liters of milk from 713 kg proteins in one year. The results show that none of the tested grasses had a balanced relationship between protein and energy., Istraživanje je imalo za cilj komparirati produktivnost i kvalitetu nekoliko vrsta trava u klimatskim uvjetima jugoistočne Europe. Istraživanje je provedeno tijekom 2012. i 2013. godine u jugozapadnom dijelu Panonske nizine (okolica Osijeka, Hrvatska). U pokusu su istraživani klupčasta oštrica, mačji repak, talijanski, hibridni i engleski ljulj u 4 repeticije. Provedene su 3 košnje po godini ili 6 otkosa za svaku vrstu tijekom pokusa. Rezultati su pokazali da postoje značajne statističke razlike za sva istraživana svojstva između vrsta, godina i njihove interakcije na nivou P˂0,05. U prosjeku, najveći prinos suhe tvari ostvaren je tijekom prve godine uporabe (10,4 i 9,1 t/ha). U prosjeku za dvije godine korištenja, najveći prinosi suhe tvari imali su talijanski ljulj i klupčasta oštrica. Rezultati kvalitete pokazali su da je klupčasta oštrica bila najmanje probavljiva, jer je sadržavala preko 700 g/kg vlakna topiva u neutralnom detrđentu (NDF) i 450 g/kg vlakna topiva u kiselom detrđentu (ADF), za razliku od engleskog ljulja koji je imao 559 i 327 g/kg NDF i ADF. Energetski najproduktivniji je bio talijanski ljulj sa proizvodnim potencijalom od 19.739 litara mlijeka uz mliječnu mast od 4%. Na osnovu proteina najprinosnija je bila klupčasta oštrica, koja može proizvesti 11.878 litara mlijeka iz 713 kg proteina u jednoj godini. Rezultati pokazuju da niti jedna testirana trava nije imala balansiran odnos proteina i energije.

People create Places, but can hardly distinguish Places from Space as the definition of Place is a complex integration of nature and culture manifested in physical terms, which has been developed and is still developing in particular locations. Places are linked by a flow of people and goods between them, and each of them has its attributes—altogether creating the Identity of Place. Proper respect of cultural and natural heritage values, along with adequate safeguarding and maintaining, will help in preserving the Identity of Place. The most effective tool a planer can use in managing and controlling the Place Identity and its valuable identity attributes is a clearly defined planning process that will result in setting clear and omni-understandable planning ordinances and proposed methodologies for conserving/preserving (protecting) the Identity of Place. This paper proposes possible planning steps that represent a planning model researched and developed within the HERU, scientific project, which could help achieve this goal. The planning process today is a multidisciplinary one, with professionals from different fields taking part. The planner’s role is to coordinate and combine all of their efforts within a single document (physical or urban plan), a document that will create a unique searchlight for the Place development. To make it possible and reach that planning model, all participants must speak the same (professional) language. We need something we all shall agree upon—a relevant glossary within a field that will be prepared by professionals, not by lawmakers.

For centuries, the territory of Montenegro replaced the different cultures and nations, each of them has left at least some trace of its existence. In the area of Orja Luka, a village of central Montenegro, on the third kilometres from Danilovgrad, in plain called Bjelopavlici, the dominant influence was the Turkish government and we can say that it mostly guided the life of its inhabitants. Looking more recently, the area of Orja Luka largely resists the construction fever. A reason for this may be, mostly, a financial moment that is clearly felt in the atmosphere during visiting the area, of this and every other rural area. Perhaps ironically, but from the standpoint of identity, authentication, protection this can be a positive thing in the whole story. Users of objects don’t have funds to arrange the area in which they live. The old buildings still dominate, but on their architecture signs of the times are visible. It is possible, little by little, as a result of modern urbanization ambient traditional architecture disappears. But all the forces we have to fight that the specificity of this architectural speech remains a powerful inspiration for future achievements based on the idea of preserving the local and regional urban planning and architecture.

This paper presents a case study of the village of Mrkovi in the Bay of Kotor, Montenegro, showing the importance of landscape identification and assessment in planning the revitalization and development of Mediterranean rural settlements. The research revealed the methods of identification and evaluation of different landscape types. Moreover, it showed how such an approach could considerably contribute to the preservation of the space&rsquo, s identity and quality by taking into account the existing characteristics of the space or the relationship between cultural and natural heritage. The identification of the landscape types was followed by the evaluation of individual elements and assessment of vulnerability in relation to the space&rsquo, s natural, cultural, and visual quality. The first step in the process of preserving the elements that contribute to the landscape&rsquo, s identity was the spatial identification of the cultural pattern of traditional terraces with drystone walls. The results of analysis indicate a high risk of degradation of the basic landscape value. The effects of future interventions in the space, especially the planned construction of a tourist resort, can be mitigated if they comply with the guidelines related to the rational use of the space and delimitation of the construction zones. This paper points out the importance of a responsible attitude and planned approach regarding the cultural and natural landscape of Mediterranean rural settlements.

Jari stočni grašak jedna je od najznačajnijih krupnozrnih mahunarki. Kod većine oplemenjivačkih programa graška selekcijski je proces usmjeren na razvoj visokoprinosnoga i kvalitetnoga sortimenta za proizvodnju zrna i/ili visokokvalitetne voluminozne stočne hrane. Proizvodnja zrna bogatoga bjelančevinama uglavnom je povezana s jarim sortama, dok je proizvodnja voluminozne mase, odnosno korištenje cijele biljke, koja je, osim bjelančevina, značajan izvor minerala i vitamina, odlika ozimih sorti. Zbog nemogućnosti jesenje sjetve (kasno napuštanje polja prethodne kulture, obilne kiše u vrijeme pripreme tla i sjetve, promjena poslovnoga plana, veći broj stoke i sl.), sve su češći zahtjevi proizvođača za jarim sortama graška, koje daju veliku masu u kratkome periodu (100 dana) i omogućuju sjetvu druge kulture na istoj površini. Ciljevi ovoga istraživanja bili su: tijekom dvije uzastopne godine (2012. i 2013.) procijeniti agronomsku vrijednost sorti (jarih, fakultativno ozimih) i novostvorenih oplemenjivačkih linija jaroga stočnoga graška (7 linja, 6 sorti) te odabrati najperspektivnije linije za daljnji selekcijski proces i/ili pokretanje postupka prijave nove potencijalne sorte jaroga graška za proizvodnju voluminoznoga krmiva. Najveće prosječne prinose zelene mase ostvarile su oplemenjivačke linije MBK-7 (33 t ha-1), MBK 41 (28 t ha-1) i MBK-51(28 t ha-1) te sorte Dora (35 t ha-1) i Poneka (34 t ha-1). Navedene sorte predstavljaju vrijedan materijal za daljnji oplemenjivački rad, a identificirane superiorne linije imaju potencijal za nove sorte., Spring field pea is one of the most important coarse legumes. In most pea breeding programs, the selection process is focused on the development of high-yielding and top-quality varieties for grain and/or green forage production. Production of protein rich grain is mainly associated with spring varieties, while production of green mass rich in protein, minerals and vitamins is characteristic for winter varieties. Due to problems with planting in autumn (late harvest of previous crop, heavy rains during soil preparation and planting, business plan modifications, abundance of cattle etc.), farmers often prefer spring pea varieties that can produce large green mass over shorter period of time, as well as ensure planting of the next crop in the same field. Objectives of this research were: agronomic value assessment of (spring and potentially winter) varieties and new breeding lines of spring field pea over a two-year period (2012-2013), as well as the selection of lines with the most potential for further breeding process and/or registration of new spring field varieties for green forage production. The highest mean yields of green mass and dry matter, as well as favourable values of other assessed traits were obtained by breeding lines MBK-7, MBK-41, MBK-51, and varieties Dora and Poneka. These varieties represent valuable germplasm for further breeding process, while selected lines have high potential for the development of new varieties.

This paper presents a new computational method for stress-strain analysis of simply supported rectangular cross-ply laminated composite plates subjected to transverse loads which was applied in the authors FORTRAN program code. The algorithm of the program is based on the layerwise theory of Reddy. Equations obtained by applying the principle of virtual displacements were solved in a closed form using double trigonometric series. Convergence control and numerical stability of the program's outputs: displacements and stresses, with appropriate comments, are discussed. Comparison and verification of the presented computational method was carried out in relation to the results given in the available literature. Also, a comparison with the values calculated using the ANSYS program which is based on finite element method was performed. The paper presents and provides comments on edge dimensionless displacements and v ¯ of a laminated plate. For the adopted simply supported rectangular four-layer plate with antisymmetric layer an analysis of dimensionless deflection change in the middle of the plate and displacemen u ¯ on the edge of the plate was performed, as well as the analysis of the ratio between the maximum values σ xy / σ yy and σ yz / σ yy due to the change of the aspect ratio a/b , the side-to-thickness ratio b/h and elastic modulus ratio E 1 /E 2 . The results of the proposed computational model based on the layerwise theory are given in a tabular and graphical form.

The aim of this research was to determine the relationships between genetically similar and dissimilar parental components of alfalfa based on genetic distance estimated by RAPD markers, and yield and yield-related performance of F1 progenies derived from them. Eight combinations of parents with large and small genetic distances were hand-crossed in the field during July 2007. F1 progenies and their selected parental germplasm of each cross combination were evaluated during two consecutive years (2008 and 2009). Field experiment was designed as a randomised complete block in four replicates. The data for the yields of green mass and dry matter, plant height and number of stems were collected for all individual plants of each progeny/parent. The results of this investigation revealed positive association between the genetic diversity of parental germplasm and the yield of their progenies. Most of the progenies created by crossing genetically divergent parental components had higher yield and yield-related traits than progenies obtained by crossing similar parents. The results confirmed the usefulness of molecular marker application in identification of alfalfa germplasm similarity/dissimilarity.

Manipulation of corn seed from harvest throughout processing to disinfections is associated with seed damage. Such damage causes lower germination and germination energy. Seed damage, especially in the embryo and crown, are factors that decrease germination, especially under low temperatures. Also, damaged seed is inclined to infections by soil pathogens (Aspergillus, Pythium, Penicillium), causing seed and germ roing. In some cases, plant density is seriously reduced by infestations so that resowing is required. Seed of five corn-inbred lines differing in form and type (A: shallow and round form of the dent type MO-17, Os6-2; B: deep and uniform of the semi-flint type B-73, Os84-28 and Os87-24) were tested for their quantity and damaged spots (crown, germ, back side and belly side). Seed damage following the manipulations ranged as follows: from 3.8 to 7.2% (harvest), from 36.2 to 52.8% (husking) and from 38.4 to 54.0% (the end of processing). Also, damage of different parts of seed following their processing was as follows: from 17.8 to 29.2% (crown), from 4.1 to 6.7% (germ), from 6.3 to 9.8% (back side) and from 5.7 to 8.3% (belly side). High negative correlation (from r = -0.620 to r = -0.960) between damage of seed and seed quality (germination energy, germination) and high positive correlation between germination energy and germination were found over the investigated years and for both lines.

Three maize inbred lines (Os86-39, Os89-35 and Os87-24) were grown in pots with Eutric Cambisol using 9 fertilisation variants (control 10 kg/ha Zn – on soil surface; 5 kg/ha – foliar application; 61 kg/ha P; 61 kg/ha P and 10 kg/ha Zn – on soil surface; 61 kg/ha P and 5 kg/ha Zn – foliar application; 183 kg/ha P; 183 kg/ha P and 10 kg/ha Zn – on soil surface; 183 kg/ha P and 5 kg/ha Zn – foliar application). The effects of phosphorus and zinc fertilisation on the dry matter yield, plant height, stalk diameter as well as phosphorus and zinc concentrations in ear-leaves were investigated. Significant differences were found between the lines in all parameters investigated except for phosphorus concentration. Line Os87-24 was characterised by the best results in the total biomass production. Zinc fertilisation decreased while phosphorus fertilisation increased total plant dry matter mass. Phosphorus fertilisation increased its concentration in the ear-leaves. Zinc fertilisation, especially foliar, resulted in Zn concentration increase in the ear-leaf of the lines investigated.

Field pea (Pisum arvense L.), also known as Austrian winter pea, is increasingly being planted in Croatia and its surrounding to produce high-quality roughage. The main characteristics of the variety are short vegetation, high forage yields and excellent forage quality that is reflected in the high protein production. Seed production of peas is a very complex process. In agricultural production the yield is under the influence of plant genetic potential and environmental factors, especially of the precipitation amount during the growing season. Seed production of forage pea variety 'Osječki zeleni' along with the climatic conditions for a nine-year period (2004-2012) were analysed. The analyses showed large variability in yields, germination and 1000 grain weight as well as oscillations in the amounts of precipitation during the growing period of winter peas in the analysed years. Pearson's correlation coefficient analysis showed a lack of relation between yield, germination and 1000 grain weight. There was no correlation observed between the tested parameters and the total amount of precipitation during the growing period. Thus it can be concluded that the observed parameters were substantially influenced by other environmental factors., Ozimi stočni grašak (Pisum arvense), poznat i kao Austrian winter peas, sve se više sije u Hrvatskoj i njenom okruženju za proizvodnju kvalitetne voiuminozne krme. Osnovne značajke te kulture su kratka vegetacija, visoki prinosi mase i odlična kakvoća, koja se ogleda kroz visoku produkciju bjelančevina. Sjemenska proizvodnja ozimoga stočnoga graška vrlo je složena, a time i neizvjesna, najviše radi same građe i visine stabljike. U poljoprivrednoj proizvodnji ostvarivanje većega ili manjega prinosa, osim genetike sijane sorte ili hibrida, najčešće se povezuje s okolinskim uvjetima tijekom vegetacije, a prije svih s količinom oborina. Stoga je napravljena analiza sjemenske proizvodnje ozimoga stočnoga graška, sorte Osječki zeleni, na površinama Poljoprivrednog instituta Osijek za devetogodišnje razdoblje (2004.-2012. godina) i klimatskih prilika te je utvrđeno veliko variranje, kako u prinosu, klijavosti i masi 1000 sjemenki, tako i u količini oborina tijekom vegetacijskoga perioda ozimoga graška u analiziranim godinama. Korelacijska analiza, po Pearsonu, pokazala je nepostojanje veze između prinosa, klijavosti i mase 1000 sjemena te analiziranih parametara i ukupne količine oborina u vegetacijskome periodu graška, iz čega se može zaključiti da su promatrani parametri pod znatnim utjecajem drugih čimbenika.

In this research we have determined germination energy and germination of seeds of sunflower hybrids ‘Luka’ and ‘Apolon’, at the beginning of storage and 6, 12 and 18 months after of storage period (2011-2012) in the floor concrete storage at two different air temperatures and humidity (S-1: air temperature 15-18°C and relative air humidity 65-70%) as well as in climate chamber (S-2: air temperature 10-12°C and relative air humidity 60-65%), stored in four treatments (Control: processed-untreated seed; T-1: treated with A.I. metalaxyl-M; T-2: treated with A.I. metalaxyl-M + A.I. imidacloprid and T-3: treated with A.I. metalaxyl-M + A.I. clothianidin). Based on the obtained results we have determined that sunflower hybrid ‘Luka’, compared to hybrid ‘Apolon’, in the given storage conditions and with the same seed treatment has 5-8% higher germination energy and seed germination and that in climate chamber both hybrids have 5-7% higher germination energy. Seed treatment of both sunflower hybrids with A.I. imidacloprid maximally reduced initial germination energy and seed germination in all tested periods and conditions of storage. On the average, natural seed, after 18 months of storage did not have better seed quality compared to seed treated with A.I. metalaxyl-M while other treatments had more significant influence on reduction of germination energy and seed germination, 6-15%. On the average, compared to other variants, seeds treated with A.I. metalaxyl-M after 18 months of storage in both storage conditions had higher germination energy by 4-15%, and seed germination by 2-12%., Istraživanjem je utvrđena energija klijanja i klijavost sjemena hibrida suncokreta Luka i Apolon nakon skladištenja od 18 mjeseci (2011.-2012.) u podno-betonskome skladištu (S-1; temperatura zraka 15-18°C i relativna vlaga zraka 65-70%) i klima komori (S-2; temperatura zraka 10-12°C i relativna vlaga zraka 60-65%),skladišteno u četiri tretmana (Kontrola; dorađeno-netretirano sjeme, T-1; tretirano s a.t. metalaksil-M, T-2; tretirano s a.t. metalaksil-M + a.t. imidakloprid i T-3; tretirano s a.t. metalaksil-M + a.t. klotianidin). Na osnovi dobivenih rezultata istraživanja, utvrđeno je da hibrid suncokreta Luka u odnosu na hibrid Apolon u danim uvjetima skladištenja i pri istome tretmanu sjemena ima 5-8% veću energiju klijanja i klijavost sjemena te daje u klima komori kod oba hibrida kvaliteta sjemena veća za 5-7%. Tretiranje sjemena oba hibrida suncokreta s a.t. imidakloprid najviše smanjuje početnu energiju klijanja i klijavost sjemena kao i u svim dužinama i uvjetima skladištenja sjemena. U prosjeku, nakon skladištenja od 18 mjeseci naturalno sjeme i sjeme tretirano s a.t. metalaksil-M nisu se razlikovali u kvaliteti, dok su ostali tretmani značajno više utjecali na smanjenje energije i klijavosti sjemena 6-15%. U prosjeku, tretirano je sjeme s a.t. metalaksil-M poslije skladištenja od 18 mjeseci pri oba uvjeta imalo veću energiju klijanja za 4-15%, a klijavost sjemena za 2-12% u odnosu na druge varijante.