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This study focuses on a short-term pedochronosequence of Kurgan № 1 at the Boldyrevo IV kurgan cemetery in the Orenburg Region of the Southern Cis-Urals. According to archaeological findings, the kurgan was built over several decades by people of the Yamnaya (Pit-Grave) culture of the Early Bronze Age (around 5500 BP), with the exact time of its building to be confirmed by radiocarbon dating and further archaeological information. A comparative analysis of the four earthen constructions of the kurgan and the paleosols buried under those constructions was conducted. Results suggest that the kurgan building period was accompanied by the following changes in paleosol morphology and physicochemical properties: the humus horizon acquired a tonguing-like lower boundary, decreased organic carbon content and magnetic susceptibility, while the whole profile was characterized by increasing degree of zooturbation; the impregnation by carbonates in the middle part of the profile and the contents of carbonate carbon, gypsum, and exchangeable sodium increased. Similar trends of morphological and physicochemical changes were observed in the materials of the kurgan constructions. Based on these findings it can conclude that the climate went through aridization rise during the period of the kurgan building. The paleobotanical data from palynological and microbiomorphic analyses indicate that there was a tendency for paleoclimate aridization and, possibly a cooling trend during the studied period of the Yamnaya culture, which was probably more arid than the modern climate.

Isolated phages showed activity toward opportunistic and pathogenic bacteria of genera Escherichia (K3P1, K3P2, BIM BV-44 D) and Pseudomonas (PsP1), formed lysis zones shaped as negative homogeneous colonies with a clear-cut even edge (K3P1, PsP1, BIM BV -44 D), or negative colonies with a peripheral zone of partial lysis (K3P2). The diameter of phage plaques varied from 0,5–1,5 mm. Lytic activity spectrum of phage isolates was investigated. It was found that the studied bacteriophages displayed species specificity. Bacteriophages K3P1, K3P2 were distinguished by the highest lytic range. Differences in the isolated bacteriophages according to restriction profiles were revealed. Bacteriophage distinctions in restriction profiles were revealed. Interaction of bacteriophages with cells of bacteria of E. coli and Ps. aeruginosa was explored. The tested bacteriophage strains demonstrating lytic activity toward sanitary-indicative bacterial species may find use as disinfectants in detergents.

Antimicrobial metabolites of bacterial strain B. amyloliquefaciens BIM B-1125, the basis of Bacto-health preparation, demonstrating antagonism against the representatives of the opportunistic microbiota of valuable fish species, were isolated and characterized. Extracellular localization of antimicrobial compounds was established; their stability is shown in the temperature range of 50–100 °С and in the pH range of 2–10. The lipopeptide nature of antimicrobial metabolites was shown using thin layer chromatography. The mass spectrometric analysis of the active fraction confirmed the production of lipopeptide metabolites belonging to the iturin and surfactin families (iturin A, iturin A4, iturin A6-A7 isomers, surfactin A, surfactin C, and surfactin B isomers).

Screening of sporulating bacterial strains of genus Bacillus isolated from various natural sources was carried out. The most active antagonistic bacteria were chosen. Probiotic properties of the selected spore-farming Bacillus were investigated: spectrum of antimicrobial action, safety for macroorganism, survival in transit via gastrointestinal tract (bile and acid resistance), lack of inhibiting effect on gut microbiota, native non-plasmid resistance to widely applied antimicrobial agents. The prospects of using the most active cultures as key components of probiotics and feed additives for farm stock, poultry and fish were demonstrated.

Viability of isolated sporulating bacteria showing complex enzymatic and antimicrobial activity was evaluated under conditions simulating gastrointestinal tract of animals and strains B. amyloliquefaciens BIM В-1513G and B. amyloliquefaciens BIM В-1510G displaying resistance to low pH values, presence of bile and pepsin were selected. Submerged fermentation parameters (temperature, aeration rate) were optimized for selected probiotic strains to promote their growth, antimicrobial and enzymatic activities.

В статье представлены теоретические аспекты психолого-педагогического сопровождения детей дошкольного возраста с ОВЗ, имеющими учебные страхи. Представлены этапы психолого-педагогического сопровождения, а также рассмотрены методы и методики коррекционной работы с детьми данной категории.

In 2019, kurgan 1 in the Boldyrevo IV kurgan cemetery in the Orenburg region, Russia was studied. The kurgan was built by the population of the Yamnaya culture of the Early Bronze Age (about 5500 years ago). Within the kurgan, four earthen structures built-in succession have been revealed. Under each of the kurgan structures, the buried soil has been studied. According to archaeological data, the kurgan was built over several decades; radiocarbon dating showed an interval of 300 years.During the construction of the kurgan, the morphology and physicochemical properties of the soils and materials of the kurgan structures changed, namely, the content of organic matter decreased, while the content of carbonates, gypsum, exchangeable sodium in the composition of exchangeable bases and the value of magnetic susceptibility increased. It can be suggested that the studied interval of the kurgan building, like the entire early (Repino) stage of the Yamnaya culture, was characterized as more arid in comparison with the present.Based on the micromorphological analysis and physicochemical properties of the materials of the kurgan structures and buried soils, it can be assumed that the monument was built from local soils using anthropogenic material. The construction technology consisted of rough kneading and tamping of raw sandy loam material with the addition of river silt, rare coal dust, and bones. For facing the ritual site around the main burial river silt was exclusively used.Previously, in the study of short-term pedo-chrono-sequences under the structures of big kurgans of the Early Bronze Age of different ages in the Stavropol and Krasnodar Territories, it has been also compared the properties of paleosols and earthen structures. It allowed confirming the use of local soils in the construction of the monuments and carrying out paleoclimatic reconstruction. In addition, for all three studied big kurgans, a comparison was made of technical and technological approaches used by ancient builders for the construction of monumental facilities of earthen architecture.

Geoarchaeological studies of soils buried under burial mounds (kurgans) and materials of kurgan structures make it possible to solve a wide range of scientific problems. In the steppe zone of Russia, such studies are carried out in order to determine and compare the composition of buried soils and materials of kurgan structures, as well as to study the structure of earth monuments and to obtain data on the technology used by ancient people for their building.We carried out geoarchaeological studies in two key areas: in Krasnodar (kurgan Beisuzhek 9) and Stavropol (kurgan Essentuksky 1) regions. For each object, the particle-size distribution and physicochemical properties of the earthen materials of the kurgans and buried soils were investigated.Kurgan Essentuksky 1 was built in the second quarter of the 4th millennium BC (Maykop culture) according to a single plan in a short time (several decades). The kurgan with a height of 5.5-6.0 m and a diameter of 60 m consisted of four earthen and three stone structures. The earthen structures consisted of alternating layers of dark, slightly compacted humified and light dense carbonate-rich material that were taken from buried soils, i.e. dark material from the Ahkb and AhBkb horizons, and light material from the B1kb horizon. This is confirmed by similar changes in the physicochemical properties of paleosols and overlying kurgan structures. A decrease in the organic carbon content and an increase in the content of calcium carbonate, values of pHH2O and magnetic susceptibility from the first to the fourth paleosols predetermined similar changes in the materials from the first to the fourth earthen structures (from the center to the periphery of the kurgan).In the Beysuzhek 9 kurgan, three earthen structures of different ages were identified: the first and the second - the middle of the 2nd millennium BC (Novotitorovsk culture), the third construction - the beginning of the 2nd millennium BC (Catacomb culture). Each of the subsequent structures overlapped and went beyond the boundaries of the previous one: the second overlapped the first and also untouched soil next to the first; and the third overlapped the second completely and also overlapped previously uncovered soil next to the second structure. The height of the kurgan was more than 4 m, the diameter - about 100 m. The material of each structure was a soil mass from the middle horizons of the buried soils, most likely the Bkb horizon. Samples from the kurgan structures were taken from one column in the middle of the central baulk. Physicochemical analysis of paleosols and earthen structures overlying them showed a decrease in the content of organic carbon and magnetic susceptibility, an increase in the content of carbonate carbon and pHH2O from the center to the periphery of the kurgan.According to the results of the physicochemical properties of paleosols and materials of both key areas in the second half of the 4th millennium BC there was a climate change in the study region - the average annual temperatures increased and the amount of precipitation decreased.

The chrono-sequence of paleosols, buried under different constructions in the big kurgan Essentuksky 1 in Ciscaucasia (Stavropol region), built by people of the Maikop culture in the second quarter of the 4th millennium BC, was studied. The height of the kurgan was 5.5-6 m and diameter – more than 60 m. It had four earthen constructions and three – made of stones. We studied the composition of the material of kurgan’s constructions, paleosols buried under four earthen kurgan's constructions and the surface soil on the area adjoining to the kurgan. The macro- and micromorphological observations and set of analytical and instrumental methods were used to study the properties of soils in the chrono-sequence and composition of material from the earthen constructions. According to archaeological data, the kurgan was built for time-span from 25, but not more than 50 years. During this interval, the morphological and physicochemical properties of soils changed, namely, there was a decrease in the thickness of the humus profile and the content of organic carbon, an increase in the content of gypsum, carbon of carbonates, a shift of the area of their accumulation up the profile, and transformation of the forms of carbonate features. The percentage of the exchangeable sodium and magnesium in the composition of exchangeable bases increased and magnetic susceptibility decreased. The most “arid” properties are found in the paleosol buried last in the studied chronological sequence: the humus horizon is the lightest, the profile is most enriched in carbonates, there is the highest content of exchangeable sodium and magnesium in the composition of exchange bases, the lowest magnetic susceptibility and the maximum amount of gypsum in the second meter of the profile. During the indicated time-span of the construction of the kurgan, Haplic Chernozems Loamic changed in Calcic Chernozems Loamic. For the studied time-span, a palynological analysis revealed a decrease in forest area and an increase in the portion of grassy vegetation. In the composition of grasses, there was an increase in the proportion of steppe and xerophytic species. The climate of the studied interval (the beginning of the development of the Maikop culture in the Ciscaucasia) is characterized as drier and hotter in comparison with nowadays. The material for the earthen layers of the kurgan's constructions was taken from the gleyic horizons of the Gleysols (the lowest layer in the first and second constructions) and from the Ah and AhB horizons of the Chernozems (the overwhelming majority of the layers). This study was supported by the Russian Science Foundation, project no. 16-17-10280.

Precise HLA genotyping is of great clinical importance, albeit a challenging bioinformatics endeavor because of the hyper polymorphism of the HLA region. The ever-increasing availability of next-generation sequencing (NGS) solutions has spurred the development of several computational methods for predicting HLA genotypes from NGS data. Although some of these tools genotype HLA Class I alleles reasonably well, there is a need to incorporate integrative parameters related to ethnicity frequency information, in order to improve performance for both Class I and Class II alleles. Here, we present a bioinformatics method that addresses some of the current shortfalls in HLA genotyping from NGS. First, reads that map to the HLA region is aligned against a comprehensive library of reference HLA alleles. The allele type was then subsequently determined on the basis of the distribution of aligned reads, and the prior probabilities of the ethnic frequencies of alleles. Three public NGS datasets were used to benchmark the approach against six similar tools. The method outlined in this manuscript displayed an overall accuracy of 98.73% for Class I and 96.37% for Class II alleles. We illustrate an improved integrative approach that outperforms existing tools and is able to predict HLA alleles with improved fidelity for both Class I and Class II alleles.

In connection with the crisis increased the urgency of adaptation to international standards of financial reporting in the Russian economy in the Russian commercial organizations. Great influence on the modern accounting in Russia have been successfully carried out reforms and existing requirements for a number of commercial organizations on the preparation of financial statements in accordance with International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS). The article shows that the accounting system in the Russian Federation for the period of market reforms has undergone significant changes, and the basic steps of the translation of the Russian system of accounting and reporting in IFRS format. The article identified and grouped the main problems of further development of Russian accounting and reporting. Showing difficulties that do not allow to apply international standards in full, as well as proposed solutions to these problems. As one of these solutions to the identified problems proposed structure of the conceptual foundations of accounting (financial) statements of the private sector of the Russian Federation, the sequence recommended approval of federal accounting and reporting standards for commercial organizations in Russia.

Evaluation of individual and combined variant callers on S1 experiment. Exhaustive evaluation of the composite variant callers and all possible unions and intersections between the included algorithms. (PDF 695 kb)