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Bakgrund: Stroke är en sjukdom som drabbar 25 000 – 30 000 personer i Sverige varje åroch är den tredje vanligaste dödsorsaken. Stroke som kan vara antingen en propp i hjärnaneller en hjärnblödning kan ge skador på hjärnan som till exempel förlamning och sviktandetalförmåga, afasi. Afasi innebär språkstörning och är en vanlig komplikation eftergenomgången stroke. Att plötsligt förlora förmågan till att prata gör personer med afasiledsna och frustrerade. Kommunikation handlar om att muntligt eller skriftligt utbyta ideéroch information. En god kommunikation är det som skapar ett bra vårdmöte mellansjuksköterskan och patienten med afasi. Om det finns brister i kommunikationen i vårdmötetriskerar det att drabba patienten och den personcentrerade vården negativt. Syfte: Syftet med studien var att belysa sjuksköterskors erfarenheter av att kommunicera medpatienter med afasi efter stroke. Metod: Denna studie är en integrerande sammanställning av kvalitativ forskning inspireradav matasyntes. Studien har gjort sökningar i databaserna Cinahl och PubMed. Studien ärbaserad på artiklar med kvalitativ forskning. Resultatet från åtta vetenskapliga artiklaranalyserades med hjälp av Fribergs analysmodell. Resultat: Fyra kategorier kunde identifieras, sjuksköterskans erfarenheter av att tid interäcker till, sjuksköterskans erfarenheter av att relationen och kunskap till patienten ärvärdefulla, sjuksköterskans erfarenheter av olika strategier vid kommunikation med patientermed afasi och sjuksköterskans erfarenheter av icke-verbal kommunikation med patienter medafasi. Slutsats: Tid är något som påverkar flera olika delar av omvårdnaden. Det påverkarkommunikationen med patienter, användandet av kommunikationsstrategier ochförutsättningen för sjuksköterskan att kunna skapa en relation till patienten.

Politik och förvaltning är två sidor av demokratin. Den politiska makten används för att styra samhällsutvecklingen utifrån ett ideologiskt synsätt, medan den offentliga förvaltningens uppgift är att tjäna andra, ytterst medborgarna. I detta ligger en unik utmaning: å ena sidan ska folket genom sina valda representanter styra och kontrollera förvaltningen, å andra sidan ska myndigheter och tjänstemän vara självständiga nog att hävda saklighet, opartiskhet och ett etiskt förhållningssätt. Denna bok ger en bild av dessa utmaningar. Den ger också en överblick som gör det lättare att navigera bland alla aktörer. Att hitta rätt bland internationella, statliga, regionala och lokala nivåer är nämligen inte självklart. Detta är en karta som dessutom blivit alltmer splittrad i takt med decentralisering, specialisering och privatisering. I den tredje upplagan av VÅR OFFENTLIGA FÖRVALTNING har lagar och förordningar inom välfärdssektorn uppdaterats, liksom andra viktiga förändringar inom offentlig förvaltning. Även den ökade digitaliseringen och betydelsen av medlemskapet i Nato behandlas. Boken vänder sig till högskolestuderande vid utbildningar i offentlig förvaltning, men också till den som redan arbetar inom sådana verksamheter. Det inkluderar så skilda yrken som kommunikatör, utredare, socionom, arbetsvetare, lärare, arbetsförmedlare, sjukvårdspersonal, polis och miljöinspektör. Boken vänder sig också till förtroendevalda politiker och andra som är intresserade av området. Anna Melke är journalist, fil. dr i offentlig förvaltning och verksam som forskare vid Göteborgsregionen, FoU i Väst. Hon har även medverkat i tidigare upplagor, som initialt författades av Hans Bengtsson. I denna upplaga medverkar två nya författare: Petra Svensson och Sara Svensson, docenter i statsvetenskap och verksamma som lektorer vid Högskolan i Halmstad.

BACKGROUND: CoNS constitute a significant part of the human microbiota of skin and mucous membranes. They can cause nosocomial infections, and have shown decreased susceptibility to several antibiotics. The few remaining treatment options include (lipo)glycopeptides such as dalbavancin. However, there is a lack of knowledge concerning whether susceptibility to lipoglycopeptides varies between different species of CoNS. OBJECTIVES: To determine the susceptibility to dalbavancin in different species of CoNS. METHODS: We investigated 480 bacterial isolates from 10 CoNS species: Staphylococcus epidermidis, Staphylococcus capitis, Staphylococcus caprae, Staphylococcus haemolyticus, Staphylococcus lugdunensis, Staphylococcus warneri, Staphylococcus pettenkoferi, Staphylococcus hominis, Staphylococcus sciuri and Staphylococcus simulans. The isolates were randomly selected from different sources of infection, including blood isolates, as well as deep and superficial infections. Antibiotic susceptibility was tested with the gradient test method. RESULTS: There was a statistically significant difference (ANOVA; P < 0.0001) in the MIC distribution for dalbavancin between different CoNS species. S. sciuri was the least susceptible species, with 90% of the isolates having an MIC value for dalbavancin above the EUCAST breakpoint of 0.125 mg/L. The lowest MIC90 values were seen for S. capitis, S. simulans and S. caprae (all 0.032 mg/L). CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrated a difference in dalbavancin susceptibility between different CoNS species, suggesting that species-specific breakpoints for CoNS should be further investigated.

Psykisk ohälsa bland barn och ungdomar är ett växande samhällsproblem, där ångestsyndrom och depression står för majoriteten av ökade psykiatriska tillstånd. Syftet med denna studie var att undersöka bemötandets betydelse för samtalsbehandling med barn och ungdomar inom barn-och ungdomspsykiatrin. Tillvägagångssättet har varit att utföra semistrukturerade intervjuer med fyra anställda på en BUP-mottagning i en mellanstor kommun, för att få deras perspektiv och höra deras upplevelser av det studerade fenomenet. De viktigaste slutsatserna som kommits fram till är hur betydelsefullt bemötandet faktiskt är i samtalsbehandling med barn och ungdomar. Det bristande bemötandet kan i värsta fall leda till att ingen relation etableras, och att samtalsbehandlingen därmed blir svårare att genomföra eller rent av omöjlig. Ett gott bemötande möjliggör för etablerandet av en relation som präglas av förtroende och tillit, som i sin tur leder till lyckad samtalsbehandling. I ett första skede är det viktigt att vara närvarande, lyssna och förmedla hopp och att det goda bemötandet blir grundstenen för att kunna göra just detta.

Den här studien syftar till att undersöka, och bidra med kunskaper om hur social interaktion under en måltidssituation yttrar sig, samt vilka villkor som bidrar alternativt inte bidrar till barns verbala språkutveckling på längre sikt. Genom att besvara vilka interaktionsmönster som måltiden präglades av samt ta del av barnens reflektioner kring måltidsmiljön blev det möjligt för oss att närma oss barns perspektiv, något som var en förutsättning för att förstå och sätta sig in i barns livsvärld. Empirin har samlats in på en förskola under en måltidssituation tillsammans med 4 barn i åldern 4-5 år samt 1 barnbiträde. Interaktionsanalysmetoden har använts för att besvara frågeställningarna i studien, detta genom att urskilja mönster av såväl verbal som icke-verbal interaktion mellan barn och barn samt mellan barn och barnbiträde. Resultatet av den här studien visar interaktionsmönster präglad av tillsägelser och uppmaningar från barnbiträdets. Resultatet visar även att barnen använde sig av olika strategier för att hantera för dem svåra situationer under måltidssituationen. Utifrån barnens perspektiv och barnbiträdets handlingar framgår att se hur barnbiträdet och barnen till viss del saknade ömsesidig interaktion, vilket i sin tur påverkade hur barn och barnbiträdet förstod varandra under måltidssituationen., This study is performed for the purpose of examine how, and contribute with knowledge about, social interactions during a mealtime situation unfolds, as well as examine what conditions contributes, alternatively not contributes, to childrens long-term verbal linguistical development. By looking on which interaction-patterns a mealtime situation is characterized by, as well as taking part of childrens reflections on the mealtime situation and its environment, it was possible for us to approach the children’s perspective, something that was a prerequisit to understand a children’s point of view. The empiricism have been gathered at a preschool, during a mealtime situation together with children in a age between 4 - 5 years old and one childcare worker. The interaction analysis method used have helped answering the questions of this study by characterizing patters such as verbal and non-verbal interactions between children and children but also between children and childcare worker. The result in this study showed an interaction pattern characterized by negative statements and exhortations by the childcare worker The results also showed that the children used different strategies to handle difficult situations during the mealtime situation. Based on the children's perspective and the childcare worker's actions, it was possible to see how the childcare worker and the children lacked mutual interaction to some extent, which in turn affected how the children and the childcare worker understood each other during the mealtime situation.

Bakgrund: Amning ger en rad fördelar för både barnets och moderns hälsa på kort och lång sikt. Världshälsoorganisationen (WHO) rekommenderar helamning under barnets första sex månader. Trots det ses en minskning av andel barn som helammas i åldersgruppen noll-sex månader. Här har specialistsjuksköterskor på barnavårdscentralen en viktig uppgift att tidigt identifiera problem och ge mödrar stöd att amma. Motiv: Amningsfrekvensen sjunker i Sverige, allt färre barn under sex månader helammas. Få studier har utförts som beskriver specialistsjuksköterskors attityder om amning inom barnavårdscentralen (BVC). Genom en sådan kartläggning av attityder kan kunskap erhållas som kan vara av vikt i utvecklandet av metoder som syftar till att stödja föräldrar i amning, vilket skulle kunna bidra till en ökad amningsfrekvens. Syfte: Syftet med studien var att kartlägga specialistsjuksköterskors attityder till amning på barnavårdscentralen i fem regioner i Sverige. Metod: Studien genomfördes som en tvärsnittsstudie med en kvantitativ deskriptiv design med bekvämlighetsurval. För att mäta attityder hos specialistsjuksköterskor användes en modifierad The Lowa Feeding Attitude Scale (IIFAS). Totalt deltog 42 personer i studien och de samband som studerades var om utbildningsnivå, ålder, extra amningsutbildning eller yrkesverksamma år hade någon betydelse för specialistsjuksköterskors attityd om amning. Resultat: Respondenterna fick ett medelvärde på 72,5 poäng när de svarade på instrumentet. Det indikerar att respondenterna i studien har neutrala attityder om amning. Inget signifikant samband hittades mellan respondenternas attityder och deras ålder, yrkesverksamma år inom BVC, vilken specialistutbildning respondenterna hade eller om de hade genomfört en extra amningskurs. Konklusion: Studiens resultat visade att specialistsjuksköterskor generellt hade ett neutralt förhållningssätt till amning. Detta indikerar att det finns förbättringsområden. Amningsutbildning är av vikt inom BVC f, Background: Breastfeeding provides several benefits for both the child's and the mother's health. The WHO recommends exclusive breastfeeding during the child's first six months. Despite this, a decrease is taking place in the proportion of children who are fully breastfed in this age. The specialist nurses at the child health center have an important task of identifying problems early and giving mothers support to breastfeed. Motive: The breastfeeding rate is falling in Sweden. Few studies have been conducted that describe specialist nurses' attitudes about breastfeeding. Through such a mapping of attitudes, knowledge can be obtained that can be of importance in the development of methods aimed at supporting parents in breastfeeding. This could contribute to an increased frequency of breastfeeding. Aim: The aim of this study was to map specialist nurses' attitudes about breastfeeding at the child health care center in Sweden. Methods: The study was conducted as a cross-sectional study using a quantitative descriptive design with convenience sampling. To measure attitudes of specialist nurses, a modified IIFAS was used, it also included age, level of education, additional breastfeeding training and professional work years. A total of 42 people participated in the study. Result: Respondents scored an average of 72.5 points when answering the instrument, which indicates neutral attitudes about breastfeeding. No significant correlation was found between the respondents' attitudes and their age, professional work years in child health care, level of education or if they had completed an additional breastfeeding training. Conclusion: The results of the study showed that specialist nurses generally had a neutral approach to breastfeeding. Breastfeeding training is important to enhance attitudes about breastfeeding among the specialist nurses. Future research aimed at specialist nurses' attitudes about breastfeeding is needed to map the need for training and extra efforts

The article investigates how local cross-border cooperation organizations reacted to re-bordering policies since 2015, with focus on the re-bordering related to the migration of 2015 and the onset of the Covid-19 pandemic in 2020. The article compares the reaction of cross-border cooperation organizations at three European borders, using a typology of resistance, support and acceptance. The findings dem-onstrate how local actors were constrained by complex geopolitical and national interest narratives, and that local responses could take a variety of formats. The article suggests that further research should focus on understanding political-administrative relations within multi-level systems to explain this variety.

The article analyzes how history is used in the Danish-Swedish crossborder Öresund area. The case study allows for an exploration of memory politics with relation to multiple regional processes (EU, Nordic, Scandinavian), as well as from multiple perspectives (national, subnational and transnational). The article argues that the Nordic arena is in the focus of communicative and cultural memories through storytelling, with emphasis on solidarity and successful institution-building. Yet, conflicting national memories persist as obstacles and current diverting political standpoints at national level (e.g., migration, the Covid pandemic) are likely to affect how history is portrayed regionally. European history, on the other hand, plays a subservient role. For instance, references to the European continent’s totalitarian past are not explicitly used for memory politics, and recollection of the world wars are used in asymmetric modes and with focus on the specific Nordic experience.

Uppsatsen syftar till att undersöka hur stor möjlighet arbetsgivare på Sveriges arbetsplatser har att styra över sina anställdas utseenden i form av att uppställa utseendekrav samt klädkoder. Arbetsledningsrätten är långtgående i Sverige och ger arbetsgivare rätt att leda och fördela arbetet i sin verksamhet som det behagar dem. Även om arbetsledningsrätten är genomgripande är den inte obegränsad. Det finns begränsningar i form av diskrimineringslagstiftning, behöriga myndigheters föreskrifter och regeringsformen som inskränker arbetsgivarens möjlighet att bestämma obehindrat över de anställdas utseenden. En arbetsgivare får inte bryta mot någon diskrimineringsgrund genom uppställande av sin policy. Exempelvis ska inte en man och en kvinna behöva förhålla sig till olika regler som arbetsgivaren uppställer, finns det regler som skiljer könen åt strider det mot diskrimineringsgrunden kön. I många verksamheter finns det regler och lagar gällande hur de anställda måste klä sig ur ett hygien- och/eller säkerhetsperspektiv som en arbetsgivare inte får avvika från. Detta inskränker ytterligare arbetsgivarens möjligheter att bestämma över hur de anställda ska klä sig. Slutligen finns det även begränsningar i regeringsformen som anger att alla invånare har en religionsfrihet samt en yttrandefrihet som ska lämnas okränkt. Genom rättspraxis har vi dock kommit fram till att dessa rättigheter kan begränsas om arbetsgivarens mål med inskränkningen anses vara tillräckligt motiverad och har ett berättigat syfte., The purpose of this essay is to establish the extent to which employers in Sweden's workplaces are able to regulate their employees' appearance through the implementation of dress codes and appearance rules. In Sweden, businesses have a fairly broad range of options for how they choose to organize and allocate work inside their organizations. Although the extensive labor management rights are still not unrestricted. The freedom of the employer to freely decide on the look of the employees is constrained by laws against discrimination, the rules of relevant agencies, and the Constitution of Sweden. By establishing its policy, an employer may not engage in discrimination on any grounds. Men and women cannot, for instance, be required to follow different rules without overstepping the prohibition against discrimination based on gender. An employer is not allowed to depart from the regulations and legislation that apply to how employees are required to dress in many workplaces from a cleanliness and/or safety perspective. This further limits the employer's discretion over how to decide the appearance of its staff. Finally, there are restrictions from the Constitution of Sweden which states that all citizens have unrestrained rights to freedom of expression and religion. However, case law has led us to the conclusion that these rights may occasionally be reduced if the employer's goal for the restriction is considered to be adequately justified.

This paper draws on findings from an ongoing research project called ”Effects of a multi-module intervention designed to increase critical thinking and the ability to identify misinformation, disinformation, and conspiracy theories in high school students”. The aim of this project is to empirically evaluate an educational intervention consisting of six one-hour sessions. The sessions include traditional lectures regarding critical thinking, misinformation, disinformation, and conspiracy theories but also includes a game (Bad news), and group discussions, all designed to train high school students in critical thinking as well as the capacity to identify disinformation and conspiracy theories. The project combines competences from media and communication studies, psychology, political science, and data communication, and the intervention has so far been implemented in three Swedish high schools. In the paper we discuss preliminary findings and experiences drawn from the first phase of the project. We will also discuss the applicability of the intervention, and challenges that we have identified.

While the idea of self-help has historically been associated with women the growing popularity of online self-improvement groups has attracted both sexes. The growing popularity of people like Jordan Peterson and Andrew Tate - who speak of the importance of self-improvement alongside anti-feminist rhetoric - within the Manosphere online community also shows a trend of self-improvement moving towards a male audience. This study aims to examine the foundations of the self-improvement rhetoric and its relation to Michel Foucualt’s theory of the discourse of discipline and Raewyn Connell’s theory of hegemonic masculinity. Previous research on the topic of self-improvement has found arguments for the rhetoric as containing and perpetrating ideals of neoliberalism as well as the forming of citizens in line with the needs of capitalism. With the growing presence of more explicit promotions of masculine hegemony our study aims to provide another look into the world of hegemonic masculinity through less obvious promotions of it. With a thematic analysis of a Reddit-thread on self-improvement, our study finds that the rhetoric of the subreddit relies on (1) the presumed knowledge of a rational subject, (2) an ideal of control as the ultimate goal and (3) the reinforcement of these through specific strategies. Furthermore we find that the ideals that are perpetuated through this discourse are gendered in nature and correlate to the depiction of Connell’s transnational business masculinity., Medan idén om självhjälp historiskt sett har associerats med kvinnor, har den växande populariteten av självförbättringsgrupper online lockat båda könen. Den växande populariteten av personer som Jordan Peterson och Andrew Tate – som talar om vikten av självförbättring samtidigt med användandet av antifeministisk retorik – inom Manosphere online-communityn visar också en trend av att självförbättringsämnet numera rör en manlig publik. Denna studie syftar till att undersöka grunderna för självförbättringens retorik och dess relation till Michel Foucaults teori om diskursen kring disciplin och Raewyn Connells teori om hegemonisk maskulinitet. Tidigare forskning på ämnet självförbättring har funnit argument för att retoriken innehåller och bevarar ideal om nyliberalism såväl som formandet av medborgare i linje med kapitalismens behov. Med den växande närvaron av mer explicita främjande av maskulin hegemoni syftar vår studie till att ge en ny inblick i världen av hegemonisk maskulinitet genom mindre uppenbara skildringar av den. Med en tematisk analys av en Reddit-tråd om självförbättring, finner vår studie att trådens retorik bygger på (1) den förgivettagna kunskapen om existensen av ett rationellt subjekt, (2) ett ideal om kontroll som det slutliga målet och (3) förstärkningen av dessa genom specifika strategier. Vidare finner vi att de ideal som bevaras genom denna diskurs är könsbaserade och korrelerar med skildringen av Connells transnationella affärsmaskulinitet.

This chapter provides a case study of the use of online platforms for national consultations that target all citizens in Hungary. The Hungarian government, since 2010 led by the national-conservative populist party Fidesz, has carried out what is the most extensive series of consultations in contemporary Europe if measured by the share of citizens involved. The consultations are dominantly conducted by questionnaires that are printed and mailed by the postal service to all citizens, but recent consultations have also offered an online platform. Drawing on previous research on what happens when populist actors employ and institutionalize participatory methods, the chapter extends the inquiry to include the use of an electronic platform. Findings of this work shows that the online component has so far not led to new dynamics, and to the limited extent that it had any effect, it has largely been negative in terms of procedural guarantees. Due to the weakness of technology to prevent abuse, the online version of the consultation eroded rather than enhanced the credibility of the consultation process. The case study serves as a cautionary tale to those believing that e-participation practices ‘by default’ lead to superior normative and/or policy outcomes.

Approximately 5% of patients with colorectal cancer (CRC) have a Mendelian predisposition for the disease. Identification of the disease-causing genetic variant enables carrier testing and tailored cancer prevention within affected families. To determine the panorama and genetic variation of Mendelian CRC syndromes among referrals at the cancer genetics clinics in Sweden, 850 patients clinically selected for CRC genetic investigation were included in a prospective study that tested for all major hereditary polyposis and nonpolyposis CRC conditions. Genetically defined syndromes were diagnosed in 11% of the patients. Lynch syndrome was predominant (n = 73) followed by familial adenomatous polyposis (n = 12) and MUTYH-associated polyposis (n = 8); the latter of which two patients presented with CRC before polyposis was evident. One patient with a history of adolescent-onset CRC and polyposis had biallelic disease-causing variants diagnostic for constitutional mismatch repair deficiency syndrome. Post-study review of detected variants of unknown clinical significance (n = 129) resulted in the reclassification of variants as likely benign (n = 59) or as diagnostic for Lynch syndrome (n = 2). Our results reveal the panorama of Mendelian CRC syndromes at the cancer genetics clinics in Sweden and show that unified testing for polyposis and nonpolyposis CRC conditions as well as regular reexamination of sequence data improve the diagnostic yield., Funding Agencies|health-care regions in Sweden

Including the voices and knowledge of service users is essential for developing recovery-oriented and evidence-based mental health services. Recent studies have however, suggested that challenges remain to the legitimization of user knowledge in practice. To further explore such challenges, a co-production study was conducted by a team of researchers and representatives from user organizations in Sweden. The aim of the study was to explore the barriers and facilitators to the legitimacy of user knowledge, as a central factor in sustainably implementing user influence in mental health practice. A series of workshops, with representatives of mental health services and user organizations were conducted by the research team to explore these issues. The analysis built on the theoretical framework of epistemic injustice, and the underlying aspects, testimonial, hermeneutic and participation-based injustice, were utilized as a framework for a deductive analysis. Results suggest that this is a useful model for exploring the complex dynamics related to the legitimacy of user knowledge in mental health systems. The analysis suggests that the legitimacy of user knowledge is related to the representativeness of the knowledge base, the systematic formulation of this knowledge in applicable methods, access to resources and positions within the mental health system and participation in the process of integrating this knowledge-base in mental health contexts. Legitimizing user knowledge in practice additionally challenges mental health systems to support readiness for change in working environments and to address the power and role issues that these changes involve.

Bakgrund: Diabetes typ 1 är kroniskt sjukdom som kan drabba ungdomar. Ungdomar upplever att det är svårt att leva med diabetes typ 1 samt har fullt ansvar om sin sjukdom/ behandling. Diabetes typ 1 är en autoimmun sjukdom, som kan också orsakas av genetisk koppling. Sjukdomen drabbar barn och ungdomar. Komplikationer till diabetes typ 1 kan vara att drabbas av hyperglykemi eller hypoglykemi. Hyperglykemi innebär förhöjd mängd glukos i blodet. Hypoglykemi för låg blodglukos halt. Syfte: Syftet med denna litteraturstudie är att belysa hur ungdomar med diabetes typ 1 upplever det att ta fullt ansvar för sin sjukdom. Metod: Studien är en litteraturöversikt där 15 artiklar redovisar forskningsresultat över det valda området. Sökningar genomfördes i CINAHL och PubMed samt artiklarna är mellan år 2011- 2021. Resultat: Två huvudkategorier och sex underkategorier identifierades. Processen till självhantering (intialfas, utvecklingsfas och redo för självhantering). Påverkansfaktorer (omgivningens påverkan, oro och rädslors påverkan och att vara annorlunda). Slutsats: Genom dessa kategorier framkom olika processer. Utifrån självhantering ska ungdomar ha ökat kunskap samt erfarenhet om sin sjukdom och behandling. Ungdomarnas upplevelse av att genomgå processen försvåras av obalans då ungdomarna är mer oroliga för att anses annorlunda medan sjukvården är mer fokuserade på glukosvärden. En ökad förståelse för ungdomarnas upplevelse kan leda till bättre omvårdnad, sjuksköterskans kunskapsbas kan ge bättre vård till ungdomar med diabetes typ 1., Background: Type 1 diabetes is a chronic disease that can affect young people. Young people experience that it is difficult to live with type 1 diabetes and have full responsibility for their illness / treatment. Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune disease, which can also be caused by genetic linkage. The disease affects children and adolescents. Complications of type 1 diabetes can include hyperglycemia orhypoglycemia. Hyperglycemia means an increased amount of glucose in the blood. Hypoglycaemia for low blood glucose. Aim: The purpose of this literature study is to shed light on how young people with type 1 diabetes experience taking full responsibility for their illness. Method: The study is a literature review where 15 articles report research results over the selected area. Searches were conducted in CINAHL and PubMed and the articles are between the years 2011-2021. Results: Two main categories and six subcategories are identified.The process for self-management (initial phase, development phase and ready for self-management). Influencing factors (the influence of the environment, the influence of anxiety and fear and being different). Conclusion: Through these categories, different processes emerged. Based onself-management (self-management), young people must have increased knowledge and experience of their illness and treatment. The young people's experience of undergoing the process is made more difficult by imbalance as the young people are more worried about being considered different while the healthcare is more focused on glucose values. An increased understanding of the young people's experience can lead to better nursing, the nurse's knowledge base can provide better care to young people with type 1 diabetes.

Studiens syfte är att få fördjupad förståelse för förskollärares och barnskötares uppfattningar och erfarenheter av barnlitteraturens betydelse i förskolans lärmiljö i avseende att främja alla barns läslust. Studien utgick från en kvalitativ metod och det empiriska material som samlats in är baserat på beskrivningar av förskollärares och barnskötares arbete med barnlitteratur. Analysen av studiens resultat tar utgångspunkt i ett allmändidaktiskt perspektiv och teorin om litteracitet. Resultatet tyder på att samtliga pedagoger har en uppfattning om att litteracitetarbete är en viktig del av förskolans utbildning. Samtidigt visar resultatet på att arbetet med barnlitteratur varierar. Därmed kan vi konstatera att barnen ges olika förutsättningar till att utveckla läslust och litteracitetskompetens.

The purpose of this thesis is to systematically map the factors and tasks linked to drowning accidents and the rescue services response to drowning accidents that has the most influence on the outcome. To achieve this purpose, two methods have been used, a literature study and an interview study. The literature study aimed to map the current research on drowning and drowning response and to identify factors and tasks linked to drowning accidents that has the most influence on the outcome. The interview study aimed to gather the knowledge of experts on drowning and drowning response and identify factors and tasks linked to drowning accidents that has the most influence on the outcome. Through the studies the three most important factors were identified and the tasks were mapped and divided into three categories. The identified factors and mapped tasks were used to create a model to describe operational capability of the fire rescue service in the event of a drowning accident.

This thesis aims to analyze the methods of existing studies on the relationship be- tween energy intensity and economic variables. I study panel data from 42 countries to examine the cointegration between energy intensity and GDP, capital stock, pop- ulation, and CO2 emissions as well as estimate their relationship with a pooled common correlated effects (CCEP) estimator. Then I investigate the heterogeneity by testing for cointegration and estimating coefficients for each country separately. The heterogeneity analysis shows that the results for cointegration and regression estimates on a panel data level do not cohere with the test results and coefficient estimates for the countries separately. The results imply that previous studies which have not accounted for the cointegration vector and slope coefficient heterogeneity may not have robust results and could explain why the earlier literature presents such conflicting results.

The paper engages with the concept of democratic backsliding (Backe and Sitter, 2020; Bermeo 2016; Greskovits 2015) with relation to policymaking in a specific territorial governance space, namely cross-border regions. Many scholars have pointed to the lack of democratic legitimacy of cross-border regional policy-making processes, but usually this has been in the context of technical-bureaucratic and/or neo-liberal modes of governing. There has so far been no attention to what happens when borderlands are drawn into democratic backsliding processes. The paper uses the seven national borders of Hungary to analyze policy-making processes in three steps. It first discusses the deteriorating democracy index of the V-Dem project with relation to the Hungarian borderlands. It then applies a basic policy cycle approach to discuss how policy-making in the respective borderland regions may be affected by deficiencies in democratic policy-making processes at the national level. Finally, the paper investigates attitudes among voters and cross-border cooperation organizations in the border regions. The paper argues that backsliding democracy has consequences across the different dimensions of democracy and through the stages of the policy cycle, although unevenly so, with the electoral and participatory and dimensions of democracy and the early stages of the policy cycle more affected. In addition, the finding that citizens residing close to border crossings tend to be right leaning indicates a presence of nationalist attitudes likely to lead to views on borders as protection rather than obstacles to be overcome. This implies a changed discursive meaning of borders, possibly affecting the deliberative component of democracy. © 2022, The Author.

The paper analyzes how history is used in the Danish-Swedish cross-border Oresund area, located around the metropolitan area of the Danish capital Copenhagen and across the strait of Oresund to the Swedish regions Scania and Halland. The case study allows for an exploration of the use of history with relation to multiple regional processes (EU, Nordic, Scandinavian), as well as from multiple perspectives (national, sub-national and trans-national). The article argues that regional and local discourses focus memory politics on Nordic cooperation in general, with some emphasis on post-War history of Nordic institutional cooperation, but that current diverting political standpoints at national level (migration, crime, the Covid pandemic) may affect how history is portrayed regionally. It further argues that the references to the European continent’s totalitarian past, fascism and colonialism is not explicitly used for memory politics despite an increasing body of critical scholarly research concerning Sweden’s relationship to Nazi-Germany. On the other hand, recollection of the World Wars and the Holocaust are used in asymmetric modes. © 2022, The Author.

As pointed out by the political scientist Josef Uscinski conspiracy theories are about power, who has power and what they do with it when no one sees (Uscinski 2019, 48). Political scientists paid scant attention to conspiracy theories for a long time, though, due to the disciplinary focus on rational choice theory making it hard to accept voters as non-rational actors (Butter and Knight 2019, 37). This has changed in recent years though, to the extent that conspiracy theories can be called a fashionable subject for research, akin to populism and right-wing radicalism. The research has been inspired by empirical developments in the US (especially the presidency of Donald Trump 2016-2020) and US research methods and approaches often dominate, for instance when it comes to operationalizing and measurement of conspiracy theories. This paper does two things. First, it seeks to give an overview of what we know about conspiracy theories in the national context of Sweden and internationally, based on a bibliometric and thematic analysis of 1100 abstracts. Secondly, the paper uses a political science perspective to discuss a pilot project to translate and use the Generic Conspiracist Beliefs Scale (Brotherton et al 2013) at Halmstad University. Specific focus is put on connotations to the term “government” and how translation may impact answers in Swedish.

National borders in Europe are increasingly subject to re-bordering processes, including the external and internal borders of the European Union. This article asks if and how local cross-border organizations (Euroregions) have reacted to to the recent hardening of these borders. The Austrian-German border is one where border controls have been re-introduced in the wake of the 2015 refugee crisis, and which also has significant local cross- border institutional activity. Based on an analysis of 350 written items, published by six Euroregions during the five-year period 2015–2019, the article finds that the Euroregions have generally not voiced resistance to this development and have not been active in relation to the policy field of refugee or migrant inclusion. When they reacted, the resistance has mainly been embedded in an argumentation linked to instrumental concerns, such as the traffic situation, even though the research also demonstrated the existence of normative arguments related to human rights discourses and rights of migrants. © 2020 The Author(s). Published by Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group, Funding Agency: Robert Schuman Centre for Advanced Studies at the European University Institute in Florence, Italy

The chapter investigates how a transborder food community, cross-border commuting patterns, and solidarity activities taking place at Hungarian border sites can demonstrate different types of resilience as a process and over time. The cases highlight that resilience may be manifest as reactions to both multiple slow disruptions and sudden single disruptions. The study is therefore an answer to calls for contextualized approaches that also consider the crisscrossing of various scales and bounded entities, in contrast to more rigid, ‘placeless’ benchmarking measurements. The overall inquiry highlights how applying a process-based approach to resilience, also accounting for values and political resistance, help uncover developments in borderlands that may otherwise remain unearthed.