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4. High-resolution and light-weight silicon pore x-ray optics

Author

Landgraf, Boris, primary, Abalo, Luis, additional, Barrière, Nicolas M., additional, Bayerle, Alex, additional, de Borst, Donny, additional, Castiglione, Luigi, additional, Collon, Maximilien J., additional, Crama, Loes, additional, Chatbi, Abdelhakim, additional, Eenkhoorn, Noë, additional, Girou, David A., additional, Günther, Ramses, additional, Hauser, Enrico, additional, van der Hoeven, Roy, additional, den Hollander, Jasper, additional, Jenkins, Yvette, additional, Lassise, Adam, additional, Keek, Laurens, additional, Körnig, Christian, additional, Obwaller, Sebastian, additional, Okma, Ben, additional, da Silva Ribeiro, Paulo, additional, Rizos, Chris, additional, Thete, Aniket, additional, Vacanti, Giuseppe, additional, Verhoeckx, Sjoerd, additional, Vervest, Mark, additional, Visser, Roel, additional, Voruz, Luc, additional, Bavdaz, Marcos, additional, Wille, Eric, additional, Ferreira, Ivo, additional, Bosman, Mathijs, additional, Haneveld, Jeroen, additional, Koelewijn, Arenda, additional, Lankwarden, Jan-Joost, additional, Olde Riekerink, Mark, additional, Schurink, Bart, additional, Start, Ronald, additional, Wijnperlé, Maurice, additional, van Baren, Coen, additional, Cibik, Levent, additional, Krumrey, Michael, additional, Skroblin, Dieter, additional, Burwitz, Vadim, additional, Christensen, Finn Erland, additional, Ferreira, Desiree Della Monica, additional, Massahi, Sonny, additional, Paredes Sanz, Diego, additional, Svendsen, Sara, additional, Dunnell, Ethan, additional, Lupton, Paul, additional, Mundon, William, additional, Rees, Andrew, additional, and Watley, Dan, additional

Published
2023
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5. Characterization of carbon thin films as an overcoating candidate material for the optics of NewATHENA

Author

Paredes Sanz, Diego, primary, Svendsen, Sara, additional, Massahi, Sonny, additional, Ferreira, Desiree Della Monica, additional, Gellert, Nis Christian, additional, Jegers, Arne S., additional, Lindquist Henriksen, Peter, additional, Landgraf, Boris, additional, Thete, Aniket, additional, Ferreira, Ivo, additional, Bavdaz, Marcos, additional, Collon, Maximilien J., additional, Krumrey, Michael, additional, Skroblin, Dieter, additional, and Christensen, Finn Erland, additional

Published
2023
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6. NewATHENA optics technology

Author

Bavdaz, Marcos, primary, Wille, Eric, additional, Ayre, Mark, additional, Ferreira, Ivo, additional, Shortt, Brian, additional, Fransen, Sebastiaan, additional, Collon, Maximilien J., additional, Vacanti, Giuseppe, additional, Barrière, Nicolas, additional, Landgraf, Boris, additional, Girou, David, additional, Olde Riekerink, Mark, additional, Haneveld, Jeroen, additional, Start, Ronald, additional, Schurink, Bart, additional, van Baren, Coen, additional, Ferreira, Desiree Della Monica, additional, Massahi, Sonny, additional, Svendsen, Sara, additional, Christensen, Finn Erland, additional, Krumrey, Michael, additional, Skroblin, Dieter, additional, Burwitz, Vadim, additional, Pareschi, Giovanni, additional, Salmaso, Bianca, additional, Moretti, Alberto, additional, Spiga, Daniele, additional, Basso, Stefano, additional, Valsecchi, Giuseppe, additional, Vernani, Dervis, additional, Lupton, Paul, additional, Mundon, William, additional, Dunnell, Ethan, additional, Riede, Mirko, additional, Korhonen, Tapio, additional, Pasanen, Mikko, additional, Sanchez, Alejandro, additional, Heinis, Dominique, additional, Colldelram, Carles, additional, Tordi, Massimiliano, additional, Niewrzella, Norman, additional, and Willingale, Richard, additional

Published
2023
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7. The development of the mirror for the Athena X-ray mission

Author

Collon, Maximilien J., primary, Abalo, Luis, additional, Barrière, Nicolas M., additional, Bayerle, Alex, additional, Castiglione, Luigi, additional, Eenkhoorn, Noë, additional, Girou, David, additional, Günther, Ramses, additional, Hauser, Enrico, additional, van der Hoeven, Roy, additional, den Hollander, Jasper, additional, Jenkins, Yvette, additional, Keek, Laurens, additional, Landgraf, Boris, additional, Lassise, Adam, additional, Okma, Ben, additional, da Silva Ribeiro, Paulo, additional, Rizos, Chris, additional, Thete, Aniket, additional, Vacanti, Giuseppe, additional, Verhoeckx, Sjoerd, additional, Vervest, Mark, additional, Visser, Roel, additional, Voruz, Luc, additional, Bavdaz, Marcos, additional, Wille, Eric, additional, Ferreira, Ivo, additional, Olde Riekerink, Mark, additional, Haneveld, Jeroen, additional, Koelewijn, Arenda, additional, Wijnperle, Maurice, additional, Lankwarden, Jan-Joost, additional, Schurink, Bart, additional, Start, Ronald, additional, van Baren, Coen, additional, den Herder, Jan-Willem, additional, Krumrey, Michael, additional, Skroblin, Dieter, additional, Burwitz, Vadiim, additional, Massahi, Sonny, additional, della Monica Ferreira, Desirée, additional, Svendsen, Sara, additional, Christensen, Finn E., additional, Mundon, William, additional, and Phillips, Gavin, additional

Published
2023
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8. Status of the demonstration of the critical technologies of the ATHENA telescope

Author

Ferreira, Ivo, primary, Bavdaz, Marcos, additional, Ayre, Mark, additional, Wille, Eric, additional, Shortt, Brian, additional, Fransen, Sebastiaan, additional, Collon, Maximilien J., additional, Vacanti, Giuseppe, additional, Barrière, Nicolas M., additional, Landgraf, Boris, additional, Olde Riekerink, Mark, additional, Haneveld, Jeroen, additional, Start, Ronald, additional, van Baren, Coen, additional, Della Monica Ferreira, Desiree, additional, Massahi, Sonny, additional, Svendsen, Sara, additional, Christensen, Finn, additional, Krumrey, Michael, additional, Skroblin, Dieter, additional, Burwitz, Vadim, additional, Pareschi, Giovanni, additional, Tagliaferri, Gianpiero, additional, Salmaso, Bianca, additional, Basso, Stefano, additional, Moretti, Alberto, additional, Spiga, Daniele, additional, Valsecchi, Giuseppe, additional, Vernani, Dervis, additional, Lupton, Paul, additional, Mundon, William, additional, Phillips, Gavin, additional, Schneider, Jakob, additional, Korhonen, Tapio, additional, Sanchez, Alejandro, additional, Heinis, Dominique, additional, Colldelram, Carles, additional, Tordi, Massimiliano, additional, and Willingale, Richard, additional

Published
2023
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10. High-resolution and light-weight silicon pore x-ray optics

Author

O'Dell, Stephen L., Gaskin, Jessica A., Pareschi, Giovanni, Spiga, Daniele, Landgraf, Boris, Abalo, Luis, Barrière, Nicolas M., Bayerle, Alex, Borst, Donny de, Castiglione, Luigi, Collon, Maximilien J., Crama, Loes, Chatbi, Abdelhakim, Eenkhoorn, Noë, Girou, David, Günther, Ramses, Hauser, Enrico, Hoeven, Roy van der, Hollander, Jasper den, Jenkins, Yvette, Lassise, Adam, Keek, Laurens, Körnig, Christian, Obwaller, Sebastian, Okma, Ben, Ribeiro, Paulo da Silva, Rizos, Chris, Thete, Aniket, Vacanti, Giuseppe, Verhoeckx, Sjoerd, Vervest, Mark, Visser, Roel, Voruz, Luc, Bavdaz, Marcos, Wille, Eric, Ferreira, Ivo, Bosman, Mathijs, Haneveld, Jeroen, Koelewijn, Arenda, Lankwarden, Jan-Joost, Riekerink, Mark Olde, Schurink, Bart, Start, Ronald, Wijnperle, Maurice, Baren, Coen van, Cibik, Levent, Krumrey, Michael, Skroblin, Dieter, Burwitz, Vadim, Christensen, Finn E., Ferreira, Desirée Della Monica, Massahi, Sonny, Sanz, Diego P., Svendsen, Sara, Dunnell, Ethan, Lupton, Paul, Mundon, William, Rees, Andrew, Watley, Dan, O'Dell, Stephen L., Gaskin, Jessica A., Pareschi, Giovanni, Spiga, Daniele, Landgraf, Boris, Abalo, Luis, Barrière, Nicolas M., Bayerle, Alex, Borst, Donny de, Castiglione, Luigi, Collon, Maximilien J., Crama, Loes, Chatbi, Abdelhakim, Eenkhoorn, Noë, Girou, David, Günther, Ramses, Hauser, Enrico, Hoeven, Roy van der, Hollander, Jasper den, Jenkins, Yvette, Lassise, Adam, Keek, Laurens, Körnig, Christian, Obwaller, Sebastian, Okma, Ben, Ribeiro, Paulo da Silva, Rizos, Chris, Thete, Aniket, Vacanti, Giuseppe, Verhoeckx, Sjoerd, Vervest, Mark, Visser, Roel, Voruz, Luc, Bavdaz, Marcos, Wille, Eric, Ferreira, Ivo, Bosman, Mathijs, Haneveld, Jeroen, Koelewijn, Arenda, Lankwarden, Jan-Joost, Riekerink, Mark Olde, Schurink, Bart, Start, Ronald, Wijnperle, Maurice, Baren, Coen van, Cibik, Levent, Krumrey, Michael, Skroblin, Dieter, Burwitz, Vadim, Christensen, Finn E., Ferreira, Desirée Della Monica, Massahi, Sonny, Sanz, Diego P., Svendsen, Sara, Dunnell, Ethan, Lupton, Paul, Mundon, William, Rees, Andrew, and Watley, Dan

Abstract

Silicon Pore Optics (SPO) have been invented and developed to enable x-ray optics for space applications that require a combination of high angular resolution while being light-weight to allow achieving a large mirror surface area. In 2005, the SPO technology development was initiated by the European Space Agency (ESA) for a flagship x-ray telescope mission and is currently being planned as a baseline for the NewATHENA mission scheduled for launch in the 2030s. Its more than 2m diameter mirror will be segmented and comprises of 492 individual Silicon Pore Optics (SPO) grazing-angle imagers, called mirror modules. Arranged in concentric annuli and following a Wolter-Schwartzschild design, the mirror modules are made of several tens of primary-secondary mirror pairs, each mirror made of silicon, coated to increase the collective area of the system, and shaped to bring the incoming photons to a common focus in 12 m distance. The mission aims to deliver an angular resolution of better than nine arc-seconds (Half-energy width) and effective area of about 1.1 m2 at an energy of 1 keV. We present in this paper the status of the optics production and illustrate not only recent x-ray results but also the progress made on the environmental testing, manufacturing and assembly aspects of SPO based optics.

Published
2023

11. Status of the demonstration of the critical technologies of the ATHENA telescope

Author

Minoglou, Kyriaki, Karafolas, Nikos, Cugny, Bruno, Ferreira, Ivo, Bavdaz, Marcos, Ayre, Mark, Wille, Eric, Shortt, Brian, Fransen, Sebastiaan, Collon, Maximilien J., Vacanti, Giuseppe, Barrière, Nicolas M., Landgraf, Boris, Riekerink, Mark Olde, Haneveld, Jeroen, Start, Ronald, van Baren, Coen, Della Monica Ferreira, Desiree, Massahi, Sonny, Svendsen, Sara, Christensen, Finn, Krumrey, Michael, Skroblin, Dieter, Burwitz, Vadim, Pareschi, Giovanni, Tagliaferri, Gianpiero, Salmaso, Bianca, Basso, Stefano, Moretti, Alberto, Spiga, Daniele, Valsecchi, Giuseppe, Vernani, Dervis, Lupton, Paul, Mundon, William, Phillips, Gavin, Schneider, Jakob, Korhonen, Tapio, Sanchez, Alejandro, Heinis, Dominique, Colldelram, Carles, Tordi, Massimiliano, Willingale, Richard, Minoglou, Kyriaki, Karafolas, Nikos, Cugny, Bruno, Ferreira, Ivo, Bavdaz, Marcos, Ayre, Mark, Wille, Eric, Shortt, Brian, Fransen, Sebastiaan, Collon, Maximilien J., Vacanti, Giuseppe, Barrière, Nicolas M., Landgraf, Boris, Riekerink, Mark Olde, Haneveld, Jeroen, Start, Ronald, van Baren, Coen, Della Monica Ferreira, Desiree, Massahi, Sonny, Svendsen, Sara, Christensen, Finn, Krumrey, Michael, Skroblin, Dieter, Burwitz, Vadim, Pareschi, Giovanni, Tagliaferri, Gianpiero, Salmaso, Bianca, Basso, Stefano, Moretti, Alberto, Spiga, Daniele, Valsecchi, Giuseppe, Vernani, Dervis, Lupton, Paul, Mundon, William, Phillips, Gavin, Schneider, Jakob, Korhonen, Tapio, Sanchez, Alejandro, Heinis, Dominique, Colldelram, Carles, Tordi, Massimiliano, and Willingale, Richard

Abstract

The ATHENA (Advanced Telescope for High ENergy Astrophysics) mission is the current 2nd 'Large' mission (L2) in the ESA Cosmic Vision programme currently. It is currently at Phase B1 but the mission concept will now enter a reformulation phase that will follow a design-to-cost approach. This paper describes the main technologies behind its reference X-ray telescope based on the modular Silicon Pore Optics (SPO) technology. The large X-ray mirror is the mission enabler being specifically developed for ATHENA, in a joint effort by industry, research institutions and ESA. All aspects of the optics are being addressed, from the mirror plates and their coatings to the mirror modules and their assembly into the ATHENA telescope, as well as the facilities required to build and test the flight optics, demonstrating performance, robustness, and programmatic compliance. An overview of the status of the design and demonstration of the telescope is given. The risks that have successfully been mitigated are made explicit and the remaining risks are identified.

Published
2023

12. NewATHENA optics technology

Author

Pareschi, Giovanni, Spiga, Daniele, O'Dell, Stephen L., Gaskin, Jessica A., Bavdaz, Marcos, Wille, Eric, Ayre, Mark, Ferreira, Ivo, Shortt, Brian, Fransen, Sebastiaan, Collon, Maximilien J., Vacanti, Giuseppe, Barrière, Nicolas M., Landgraf, Boris, Girou, David, Olde Riekering, Mark, Haneveld, Jeroen, Start, Ronald, Schurink, Bart, van Baren, Coen, Monica Ferreira, Desiree Della, Massahi, Sonny, Svendsen, Sara, Christensen, Finn, Krumrey, Michael, Skroblin, Dieter, Burwitz, Vadim, Salmaso, Bianca, Moretti, Alberto, Basso, Stefano, Valsecchi, Giuseppe, Vernani, Dervis, Lupton, Paul, Mundon, William, Dunnell, Ethan, Riede, Mirko, Korhonen, Tapio, Pasanen, Mikko, Sanchez, Alejandro, Heinis, Dominique, Colldelram, Carles, Tordi, Massimiliano, Niewrzella, Norman, Willingale, Richard, Pareschi, Giovanni, Spiga, Daniele, O'Dell, Stephen L., Gaskin, Jessica A., Bavdaz, Marcos, Wille, Eric, Ayre, Mark, Ferreira, Ivo, Shortt, Brian, Fransen, Sebastiaan, Collon, Maximilien J., Vacanti, Giuseppe, Barrière, Nicolas M., Landgraf, Boris, Girou, David, Olde Riekering, Mark, Haneveld, Jeroen, Start, Ronald, Schurink, Bart, van Baren, Coen, Monica Ferreira, Desiree Della, Massahi, Sonny, Svendsen, Sara, Christensen, Finn, Krumrey, Michael, Skroblin, Dieter, Burwitz, Vadim, Salmaso, Bianca, Moretti, Alberto, Basso, Stefano, Valsecchi, Giuseppe, Vernani, Dervis, Lupton, Paul, Mundon, William, Dunnell, Ethan, Riede, Mirko, Korhonen, Tapio, Pasanen, Mikko, Sanchez, Alejandro, Heinis, Dominique, Colldelram, Carles, Tordi, Massimiliano, Niewrzella, Norman, and Willingale, Richard

Abstract

The re-formulation phase of the next generation x-ray observatory ATHENA (Advanced Telescope for High ENergy Astrophysics) – now NewATHENA - is being utilized for further improvements of the optics technology. The Silicon Pore Optics (SPO) remains the technology of choice, since it uniquely combines a low mass, large effective area, and good angular resolution, addressing the challenge of the NewATHENA X-ray optics. The performance and preparation for the cost-effective implementation of the flight optics is being further evolved in a joint effort by industry, research institutions and ESA. The SPO technology greatly benefits from investments in the semiconductor industry and maximizes technology spin-in. Dedicated facilities have been and are being created to produce the required mirror plates, assemble them into stacks and mirror modules, integrate them into the complete telescope and measure the performance and compatibility with the NewATHENA technical and programmatic requirements. An overview of the activities preparing the implementation of the NewATHENA optics is provided.

Published
2023

13. The development of the mirror for the Athena x-ray mission

Author

Minoglou, Kyriaki, Karafolas, Nikos, Cugny, Bruno, Collon, Maximilien J., Abalo, Luis, Barrière, Nicolas M., Bayerle, Alex, Castiglione, Luigi, Eenkhoorn, Noë, Girou, David, Günther, Ramses, Hauser, Enrico, Van Der Hoeven, Roy, Den Hollander, Jasper, Jenkins, Yvette, Keek, Laurens, Landgraf, Boris, Lassise, Adam, Okma, Ben, Da Silva Ribeiro, Paulo, Rizzos, Chris, Thete, Aniket, Vacanti, Giuseppe, Verhoeckx, Sjoerd, Vervest, Mark, Visser, Roel, Voruz, Luc, Bavdaz, Marcos, Wille, Eric, Ferreira, Ivo, Olde Riekerink, Mark, Haneveld, Jeroen, Koelewijn, Arenda, Wijnperle, Maurice, Lankwarden, Jan Joost, Schurink, Bart, Start, Ronald, Van Baren, Coen, Krumrey, Michael, Den Herder, Jan Willem, Skroblin, Dieter, Burwitz, Vadim, Massahi, Sonny, Ferreira, Desiree Della Monica, Svendsen, Sara, Christensen, Finn E., Mundon, William, Phillips, Gavin, Minoglou, Kyriaki, Karafolas, Nikos, Cugny, Bruno, Collon, Maximilien J., Abalo, Luis, Barrière, Nicolas M., Bayerle, Alex, Castiglione, Luigi, Eenkhoorn, Noë, Girou, David, Günther, Ramses, Hauser, Enrico, Van Der Hoeven, Roy, Den Hollander, Jasper, Jenkins, Yvette, Keek, Laurens, Landgraf, Boris, Lassise, Adam, Okma, Ben, Da Silva Ribeiro, Paulo, Rizzos, Chris, Thete, Aniket, Vacanti, Giuseppe, Verhoeckx, Sjoerd, Vervest, Mark, Visser, Roel, Voruz, Luc, Bavdaz, Marcos, Wille, Eric, Ferreira, Ivo, Olde Riekerink, Mark, Haneveld, Jeroen, Koelewijn, Arenda, Wijnperle, Maurice, Lankwarden, Jan Joost, Schurink, Bart, Start, Ronald, Van Baren, Coen, Krumrey, Michael, Den Herder, Jan Willem, Skroblin, Dieter, Burwitz, Vadim, Massahi, Sonny, Ferreira, Desiree Della Monica, Svendsen, Sara, Christensen, Finn E., Mundon, William, and Phillips, Gavin

Abstract

Athena is the European Space Agency’s next flagship telescope, scheduled for launch in the 2030s. Its 2.5 m diameter mirror will be segmented and comprise more than 600 individual Silicon Pore Optics (SPO) mirror modules. Arranged in concentric annuli and following a Wolter-Schwartzschild design, the mirror modules are made of several tens of grazing incidence primary-secondary mirror pairs, each mirror made of silicon, coated to increase the effective area of the system, and shaped to bring the incoming photons to a common focus 12 m away. The mission aims to deliver a half-energy width of 5" and an effective area of about 1.4 m2 at 1 keV. We present the status of the optics technology, and illustrate recent X-ray results and the progress made on the environmental testing, manufacturing and assembly aspects of the optics.

Published
2023

14. Performance of the thin film coating on the long and collimating BEaTriX parabolic mirror

Author

Gellert, Nis Christian, Massahi, Sonny, Salmaso, Bianca, Spiga, Daniele, Ferreira, Desiree, Vecchi, Gabriele, Ferreira, Ivo, Bavdaz, Marcos, Basso, Stefano, Svendsen, Sara, S Jegers, Arne, Christensen, Finn E., Gellert, Nis Christian, Massahi, Sonny, Salmaso, Bianca, Spiga, Daniele, Ferreira, Desiree, Vecchi, Gabriele, Ferreira, Ivo, Bavdaz, Marcos, Basso, Stefano, Svendsen, Sara, S Jegers, Arne, and Christensen, Finn E.

Abstract

Long mirrors coated with thin films are used for a wide range of applications, e.g., focusing or collimating high-energy optics. Focusing of incident x-ray radiation is one of the major applications for high-energy astronomical telescopes, and collimation of divergent x-ray sources is used for experimental setups to confine or expand x-ray radiation. Both applications utilize grazing angle reflection, which is typically enhanced using x-ray reflective thin films. One of the challenges with thin film coatings is the deposition induced nonuniformities. For x-ray reflecting mirrors, nonuniformity in the thin film deposition influences the thickness, roughness, and density of the thin film, which affects the predicted performance of the mirror. As part of the thin film coating development for the 456-mm-long parabolic mirror used in the Beam Expander Testing X-ray facility, our work presents the challenge of coating long x-ray reflective mirrors. We used x-ray reflectometry to investigate the nonuniformity in platinum and chromium thin films deposited using direct current magnetron sputtering.

Published
2023

16. Fine structure of the atomic scattering factors near the iridium L-edges

Author

Awaki, Hisamitsu, primary, Maeda, Yoshitomo, additional, Matsumoto, Hironori, additional, Bavdaz, Marcos, additional, Christensen, Finn E., additional, Collon, Maximilien, additional, Ferreira, Desiree D. M., additional, Ishibashi, Kazunori, additional, Massahi, Sonny, additional, Miyazawa, Takuya, additional, Svendsen, Sara, additional, and Tamura, Keisuke, additional

Published
2022
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17. Coating process parameter influence on thin films for the ATHENA x-ray optics

Author

Massahi, Sonny, primary, Ferreira, Desiree D. M., additional, Christensen, Finn, additional, Svendsen, Sara, additional, Gellert, Nis C., additional, 'S Jegers, Arne, additional, Collon, Maximilien J., additional, Landgraf, Boris, additional, Thete, Aniket, additional, Ferreira, Ivo, additional, Bavdaz, Marcos, additional, Shortt, Brian, additional, Schönberger, Waldemar, additional, Langer, Axel, additional, Krumrey, Michael, additional, Gollwitzer, Christian, additional, and Handick, Evelyn, additional

Published
2022
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18. ATHENA optics technology development

Author

Bavdaz, Marcos, primary, Wille, Eric, additional, Ayre, Mark R., additional, Ferreira, Ivo, additional, Shortt, Brian, additional, Fransen, Sebastiaan, additional, Millinger, Mark, additional, Collon, Maximilien J., additional, Vacanti, Giuseppe, additional, Barrière, Nicolas M., additional, Landgraf, Boris, additional, Olde Riekerink, Mark, additional, Haneveld, Jeroen, additional, Start, Ronald, additional, van Baren, Coen, additional, Della Monica Ferreira, Desiree, additional, Massahi, Sonny, additional, Svendsen, Sara, additional, Christensen, Finn E., additional, Krumrey, Michael, additional, Handick, Evelyn, additional, Burwitz, Vadim, additional, Pareschi, Giovanni, additional, Salmaso, Bianca, additional, Moretti, Alberto, additional, Spiga, Daniele, additional, Valsecchi, Giuseppe, additional, Vernani, Dervis, additional, Lupton, Paul, additional, Mundon, William, additional, Phillips, Gavin, additional, Schneider, Jakob, additional, Korhonen, Tapio, additional, Sanchez, Alejandro, additional, Heinis, Dominique, additional, Colldelram, Carles, additional, Tordi, Massimiliano, additional, De Lorenzi, Simone, additional, and Willingale, Richard, additional

Published
2022
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20. Characterisation of iridium and low-density bilayer coatings for the Athena optics

Author

Svendsen, Sara, primary, Massahi, Sonny, additional, Ferreira, Desiree D. M., additional, Gellert, Nis C., additional, 'S Jegers, Arne, additional, Christensen, Finn E., additional, Thete, Aniket, additional, Landgraf, Boris, additional, Collon, Maximilien J., additional, Handick, Evelyn, additional, Skroblin, Dieter, additional, Cibik, Levent, additional, Gollwitzer, Christian, additional, Krumrey, Michael, additional, Ferreira, Ivo, additional, Shortt, Brian, additional, and Bavdaz, Marcos, additional

Published
2022
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22. The development of the mirror for the Athena X-ray mission

Author

Collon, Maximilien J., primary, Abalo, Luis, additional, Barrière, Nicolas M., additional, Bayerle, Alex, additional, Castiglione, Luigi, additional, Eenkhoorn, Noë, additional, Girou, David, additional, Günther, Ramses, additional, Hauser, Enrico, additional, van der Hoeven, Roy, additional, den Hollander, Jasper, additional, Jenkins, Yvette, additional, Landgraf, Boris, additional, Keek, Laurens, additional, Okma, Ben, additional, da Silva Ribeiro, Paulo, additional, Rizzos, Chris, additional, Thete, Aniket, additional, Vacanti, Giuseppe, additional, Verhoeckx, Sjoerd, additional, Vervest, Mark, additional, Visser, Roel, additional, Voruz, Luc, additional, Bavdaz, Marcos, additional, Wille, Eric, additional, Ferreira, Ivo, additional, Olde Riekerink, Mark, additional, Haneveld, Jeroen, additional, Koelewijn, Arenda, additional, Wijnperle, Maurice, additional, Lankwarden, Jan-Joost, additional, Schurink, Bart, additional, Start, Ronald, additional, van Baren, Coen, additional, den Herder, Jan-Willem A., additional, Handick, Evelyn, additional, Krumrey, Michael, additional, Burwitz, Vadim, additional, Massahi, Sonny, additional, Ferreira, Desiree D. M., additional, Svendsen, Sara, additional, Christensen, Finn E., additional, Mundon, William, additional, and Phillips, Gavin, additional

Published
2022
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23. ATHENA optics technology development

Author

den Herder, Jan-Willem A., Nikzad, Shouleh, Nakazawa, Kazuhiro, Bavdaz, Marcos, Wille, Eric, Ayre, Mark, Ferreira, Ivo, Shortt, Brian, Fransen, Sebastiaan, Millinger, Mark, Collon, Maximilien J., Vacanti, Giuseppe, Barrière, Nicolas M., Landgraf, Boris, Olde Riekerink, Mark, Haneveld, Jeroen, Start, Ronald, Van Baren, Coen, Della Monica Ferreira, Desiree, Massahi, Sonny, Svendsen, Sara, Christensen, Finn, Krumrey, Michael, Handick, Evelyn, Burwitz, Vadim, Pareschi, Giovanni, Salmaso, Bianca, Moretti, Alberto, Spiga, Daniele, Valsecchi, Giuseppe, Vernani, Dervis, Lupton, Paul, Mundon, William, Phillips, Gavin, Schneider, Jakob, Korhonen, Tapio, Sanchez, Alejandro, Heinis, Dominique, Colldelram, Carles, Tordi, Massimiliano, De Lorenzi, Simone, Willingale, Richard, den Herder, Jan-Willem A., Nikzad, Shouleh, Nakazawa, Kazuhiro, Bavdaz, Marcos, Wille, Eric, Ayre, Mark, Ferreira, Ivo, Shortt, Brian, Fransen, Sebastiaan, Millinger, Mark, Collon, Maximilien J., Vacanti, Giuseppe, Barrière, Nicolas M., Landgraf, Boris, Olde Riekerink, Mark, Haneveld, Jeroen, Start, Ronald, Van Baren, Coen, Della Monica Ferreira, Desiree, Massahi, Sonny, Svendsen, Sara, Christensen, Finn, Krumrey, Michael, Handick, Evelyn, Burwitz, Vadim, Pareschi, Giovanni, Salmaso, Bianca, Moretti, Alberto, Spiga, Daniele, Valsecchi, Giuseppe, Vernani, Dervis, Lupton, Paul, Mundon, William, Phillips, Gavin, Schneider, Jakob, Korhonen, Tapio, Sanchez, Alejandro, Heinis, Dominique, Colldelram, Carles, Tordi, Massimiliano, De Lorenzi, Simone, and Willingale, Richard

Abstract

The next generation x-ray observatory ATHENA (advanced telescope for high energy astrophysics) requires an optics with unprecedented performance. It is the combination of low mass, large effective area and good angular resolution that is the challenge of the x-ray optics of such a mission. ATHENA is the second large class mission in the science programme of ESA, and is currently in a reformulation process, following a design-to-cost approach to meet the cost limit of an ESA L-class mission. The silicon pore optics (SPO) is the mission enabler being specifically developed for ATHENA, in a joint effort by industry, research institutions and ESA. All aspects of the optics are being addressed, from the mirror plates and their coatings, over the mirror modules and their assembly into the ATHENA telescope, to the facilities required to build and test the flight optics, demonstrating performance, robustness, and programmatic compliance. The SPO technology is currently being matured to the level required for the adoption of the ATHENA mission, i.e., the start of the mission implementation phase. The monocrystalline silicon material and pore structure of the SPO provide these optics with excellent thermal and mechanical properties. Benefiting from technology spin-in from the semiconductor industry, the equipment, processes, and materials used to produce the SPO are highly sophisticated and optimised.

Published
2022

25. SPO mirror plate production and coating

Author

Landgraf, Boris, primary, Babic, Ljubiša, additional, Barrière, Nicolas M., additional, Bayerle, Alex, additional, Castiglione, Luigi, additional, Collon, Maximilien J., additional, Eenkhoorn, Noë, additional, Girou, David, additional, Günther, Ramses, additional, Hauser, Enrico, additional, Jenkins, Yvette, additional, Keek, Laurens, additional, Okma, Ben, additional, Serano, Gregorio M., additional, Thete, Aniket, additional, Vacanti, Giuseppe, additional, Verhoeckx, Sjoerd, additional, Vervest, Mark, additional, Voruz, Luc, additional, Beijersbergen, Marco W., additional, Bavdaz, Marcos, additional, Wille, Eric, additional, Ferreira, Ivo, additional, Fransen, Sebastiaan, additional, Shortt, Brian, additional, Riekerink, Mark O., additional, Haneveld, Jeroen, additional, Koelewijn, Arenda, additional, Wijnperlé, Maurice, additional, Lankwarden, Jan-Joost, additional, Schurink, Bart, additional, Start, Ronald, additional, van Baren, Coen, additional, Hieltjes, Paul, additional, den Herder, Jan-Willem, additional, Handick, Evelyn, additional, Krumrey, Michael, additional, Bradshaw, Miranda, additional, Burwitz, Vadim, additional, Massahi, Sonny, additional, Svendsen, Sara, additional, Ferreira, Desiree D. M., additional, Christensen, Finn E., additional, Valsecchi, Giuseppe, additional, Kailla, Geeta, additional, Phillips, Gavin, additional, Mundon, William, additional, Chequer, Ian, additional, and Ball, Kevin, additional

Published
2021
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26. Silicon pore optics x-ray mirror development for the Athena telescope

Author

Collon, Maximilien J., primary, Babic, Ljubiša, additional, Barrière, Nicolas M., additional, Bayerle, Alex, additional, Castiglione, Luigi, additional, Eenkhoorn, Noë, additional, Girou, David, additional, Günther, Ramses, additional, Hauser, Enrico, additional, Jenkins, Yvette, additional, Landgraf, Boris, additional, Keek, Laurens, additional, Okma, Ben, additional, Mendoza Serrano, Gregorio, additional, Thete, Aniket, additional, Vacanti, Giuseppe, additional, Verhoeckx, Sjoerd, additional, Vervest, Mark, additional, Voruz, Luc, additional, Beijersbergen, Marco W., additional, Bavdaz, Marcos, additional, Wille, Eric, additional, Ferreira, Ivo, additional, Fransen, Sebastiaan, additional, Shortt, Brian, additional, Riekerink, Mark O., additional, Haneveld, Jeroen, additional, Koelewijn, Arenda, additional, Wijnperlé, Maurice, additional, Lankwarden, Jan-Joost, additional, Schurink, Bart, additional, Start, Ronald, additional, van Baren, Coen, additional, Hieltjes, Paul, additional, den Herder, Jan-Willem, additional, Handick, Evelyn, additional, Krumrey, Michael, additional, Bradshaw, Miranda, additional, Burwitz, Vadim, additional, Massahi, Sonny, additional, Svendsen, Sara, additional, Ferreira, Desiree D. M., additional, Christensen, Finn E., additional, Valsecchi, Giuseppe, additional, Kailla, Geeta, additional, Mundon, William, additional, Philips, Gavin, additional, and Ball, Kevin, additional

Published
2021
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27. Effect of mirror curvature on the angular resolution of silicon pore optics

Author

Jegers, Arne S., primary, Ferreira, Desiree D. M., additional, Bergbäck Knudsen, Erik, additional, Massahi, Sonny, additional, Svendsen, Sara, additional, Henriksen, Peter L., additional, Gellert, Nis C., additional, Sironi, Giorgia, additional, Spiga, Daniele, additional, Ferreira, Ivo, additional, Shortt, Brian, additional, and Bavdaz, Marcos, additional

Published
2021
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28. ATHENA x-ray optics development and accommodation

Author

Bavdaz, Marcos, primary, Wille, Eric, additional, Ayre, Mark, additional, Ferreira, Ivo, additional, Shortt, Brian, additional, Fransen, Sebastiaan, additional, Millinger, Mark, additional, Collon, Maximilien J., additional, Vacanti, Giuseppe, additional, Barrière, Nicolas M., additional, Landgraf, Boris, additional, Riekerink, Mark O., additional, Haneveld, Jeroen, additional, Start, Ronald, additional, van Baren, Coen, additional, Ferreira, Desiree D. M., additional, Massahi, Sonny, additional, Svendsen, Sara, additional, Christensen, Finn E., additional, Krumrey, Michael, additional, Handick, Evelyn, additional, Burwitz, Vadim, additional, Bradshaw, Miranda, additional, Pareschi, Giovanni, additional, Valsecchi, Giuseppe, additional, Vernani, Dervis, additional, Kailla, Geeta, additional, Mundon, William, additional, Phillips, Gavin, additional, Schneider, Jakob, additional, Korhonen, Tapio, additional, Sanchez, Alejandro, additional, Heinis, Dominique, additional, Colldelram, Carles, additional, Torti, Massimiliano, additional, and Willingale, Richard, additional

Published
2021
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29. Compatibility of iridium thin films with the silicon pore optics technology for Athena

Author

Svendsen, Sara, primary, Ferreira, Desiree D. M., additional, Massahi, Sonny, additional, Henriksen, Peter L., additional, Gellert, Nis C., additional, Jegers, Arne S., additional, Christensen, Finn E., additional, Landgraf, Boris, additional, Thete, Aniket, additional, Collon, Maximilien J., additional, Ferreira, Ivo, additional, Shortt, Brian, additional, and Bavdaz, Marcos, additional

Published
2021
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30. Impact of annealing on performance of X-ray mirror coatings for Athena

Author

Henriksen, Peter L., primary, Ferreira, Desiree D. M., additional, Massahi, Sonny, additional, Svendsen, Sara, additional, Gellert, Nis C., additional, Christensen, Finn E., additional, Jegers, Arne S., additional, Landgraf, Boris, additional, Thete, Aniket, additional, Collon, Maximilien J., additional, Handick, Evelyn, additional, Cibik, Levent, additional, Krumrey, Michael, additional, Gollwitzer, Christian, additional, Ferreira, Ivo, additional, Shortt, Brian, additional, and Bavdaz, Marcos, additional

Published
2021
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31. The effect of deposition process parameters on thin film coatings for the Athena X-ray optics

Author

Massahi, Sonny, primary, Ferreira, Desiree D. M., additional, Christensen, Finn E., additional, Gellert, Nis C., additional, Svendsen, Sara, additional, Henriksen, Peter L., additional, Jegers, Arne S., additional, Collon, Maximilien J., additional, Landgraf, Boris, additional, Girou, David, additional, Thete, Aniket, additional, Shortt, Brian, additional, Ferreira, Ivo, additional, Bavdaz, Marcos, additional, Schönberger, Waldemar, additional, and Langer, Axel, additional

Published
2021
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32. Hands-on project aimed at technical education: realizing a dc magnetron sputtering system

Author

Massahi, Sonny, primary, Ferreira, Desiree, additional, Avngaard, Michael, additional, Christensen, Aksel, additional, Haugbølle, Daniel, additional, Jensen, Karen, additional, Mejnertz, Ida, additional, Selsner, Jonas, additional, Westermann, Morten, additional, Fléron, René, additional, Christensen, Finn, additional, Gellert, Nis, additional, Svendsen, Sara, additional, Henriksen, Peter, additional, and 'S Jegers, Arne, additional

Published
2021
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34. Measuring the atomic scattering factors near the iridium L-edges for the Athena silicon pore optics reflector

Author

Awaki, Hisamitsu, Maeda, Yoshitomo, Matsumoto, Hironori, Svendsen, Sara, Bavdaz, Marcos, Collon, Maximilien, Asakura, Kazunori, Christensen, Finn E., Ferreira, Desiree D.M., Guainazzi, Matteo, Hoshino, Masato, Ide, Shuntaro, Ishibashi, Kazunori, Kan, Wansu, Massahi, Sonny, Miyazawa, Takuya, Shimizu, Sadayuki, Shortt, Brian, Takehara, Yusuke, Tamura, Keisuke, Uesugi, Kentaro, Willingale, Richard, Yoneyama, Tomokage, Yoshida, Atsushi, Awaki, Hisamitsu, Maeda, Yoshitomo, Matsumoto, Hironori, Svendsen, Sara, Bavdaz, Marcos, Collon, Maximilien, Asakura, Kazunori, Christensen, Finn E., Ferreira, Desiree D.M., Guainazzi, Matteo, Hoshino, Masato, Ide, Shuntaro, Ishibashi, Kazunori, Kan, Wansu, Massahi, Sonny, Miyazawa, Takuya, Shimizu, Sadayuki, Shortt, Brian, Takehara, Yusuke, Tamura, Keisuke, Uesugi, Kentaro, Willingale, Richard, Yoneyama, Tomokage, and Yoshida, Atsushi

Abstract

Athena, a future high-energy mission, is expected to consist of a large aperture x-ray mirror with a focal length of 12 m. The mirror surface is to be coated with iridium and a low Z overcoat. To define the effective area of the x-ray telescope, the atomic scattering factors of iridium with an energy resolution less than that (2.5 eV) of the x-ray integral field unit are needed. We measured the reflectance of the silicon pore optics mirror plate coated with iridium in the energy range of 9 to 15 keV and that near the iridium L-edges in steps of 10 and 1.5 eV, respectively, at the synchrotron beamline SPring-8. The L3, L2, and L1 edges were clearly detected around 11,215, 12,824, and 13,428 eV, respectively. The measured scattering factors were 1/43 % smaller than the corresponding values reported by Henke et al., likely due to the presence of an overlayer on the iridium coating, and were consistent with those measured by Graessle et al. The angular dependence of the reflectivity measured indicates that the iridium surface was extremely smooth, with a surface roughness of 0.3 nm.

Published
2021

35. Effect of mirror curvature on the angular resolution of silicon pore optics

Author

O'Dell, Stephen L., Gaskin, Jessica A., Pareschi, Giovanni, Jegers, Arne S., Ferreira, Desiree Della Monica, Bergbäck Knudsen, Erik, Massahi, Sonny, Svendsen, Sara, Lindquist Henriksen, Peter, Gellert, Nis Christian, Sironi, Giorgia, Spiga, Daniele, Ferreira, Ivo, Shortt, Brian, Bavdaz, Marcos, O'Dell, Stephen L., Gaskin, Jessica A., Pareschi, Giovanni, Jegers, Arne S., Ferreira, Desiree Della Monica, Bergbäck Knudsen, Erik, Massahi, Sonny, Svendsen, Sara, Lindquist Henriksen, Peter, Gellert, Nis Christian, Sironi, Giorgia, Spiga, Daniele, Ferreira, Ivo, Shortt, Brian, and Bavdaz, Marcos

Abstract

Silicon Pore Optics are a novel technology for focusing high-energy photons, where pairs of mirror plates stacked into mirror modules. This paper presents a study of the angular resolution of SPO mirror assemblies, using a selection of sagittal mirror curvatures. Results were achieved by ray-tracing the different configurations of the mirror with the ray tracing software SPORT, or Silicon Pore Optics Ray Tracer, using an observation of the Crab Nebula originally obtained by Chandra. It is found that a true Wolter geometry most closely reproduces the original image, while geometries with a conic approximation on either their primary or secondary mirrors create the most diffuse image. A geometry with conic approximations on both primary and secondary mirrors falls in between the two extremes.

Published
2021

36. The Athena x-ray optics development and accommodation

Author

O'Dell, Stephen L., Gaskin, Jessica A., Pareschi, Giovanni, Bavdaz, Marcos, Wille, Eric, Ayre, Mark, Ferreira, Ivo, Shortt, Brian, Fransen, Sebastiaan, Millinger, Mark, Collon, Maximilien J., Vacanti, Giuseppe, Barrière, Nicolas M., Landgraf, Boris, Riekerink, Mark Olde, Haneveld, Jeroen, Start, Ronald, van Baren, Coen, Monica Ferreira, Desiree Della, Massahi, Sonny, Svendsen, Sara, Christensen, Finn, Krumrey, Michael, Handick, Evelyn, Burwitz, Vadim, Bradshaw, Miranda, Valsecchi, Giuseppe, Vernani, Dervis, Kailla, Geeta, Mundon, William, Phillips, Gavin, Schneider, Jakob, Korhonen, Tapio, Sanchez, Alejandro, Heinis, Dominique, Tordi, Massimiliano, Willingale, Richard, O'Dell, Stephen L., Gaskin, Jessica A., Pareschi, Giovanni, Bavdaz, Marcos, Wille, Eric, Ayre, Mark, Ferreira, Ivo, Shortt, Brian, Fransen, Sebastiaan, Millinger, Mark, Collon, Maximilien J., Vacanti, Giuseppe, Barrière, Nicolas M., Landgraf, Boris, Riekerink, Mark Olde, Haneveld, Jeroen, Start, Ronald, van Baren, Coen, Monica Ferreira, Desiree Della, Massahi, Sonny, Svendsen, Sara, Christensen, Finn, Krumrey, Michael, Handick, Evelyn, Burwitz, Vadim, Bradshaw, Miranda, Valsecchi, Giuseppe, Vernani, Dervis, Kailla, Geeta, Mundon, William, Phillips, Gavin, Schneider, Jakob, Korhonen, Tapio, Sanchez, Alejandro, Heinis, Dominique, Tordi, Massimiliano, and Willingale, Richard

Abstract

The ATHENA mission, under study and preparation by ESA as its second Large-class science mission, requires the largest X-ray optics ever flown, building on a novel optics technology based on mono crystalline silicon. Referred to as Silicon Pore Optics technology (SPO), the optics is highly modular and benefits from technology spin-in from the semiconductor industry. The telescope aperture of about 2.5 meters is populated by 600 mirror modules, accurately co -aligned to produce a common focus. The development of the SPO technology is a joint effort by European industrial and research entities, working together to address the challenges to demonstrate the imaging performance, robustness and efficient series production of the ATHENA optics. A technology development plan was established and is being regularly updated to reflect the latest developments, and is fully funded by the ESA technology development programmes. An industrial consortium was formed to ensure coherence of the individual technology development activities. The SPO technology uses precision machined mirror plates produced using thelatest generation top quality 12 inch silicon wafers, which are assembled into rugged stacks. The surfaces of the mirror plates and the integral support structure is such, that no glue is required to join the individual mirror plates. Once accurately aligned with respect to each other, the surfaces of the mirror plates merge in a physical bonding process. The resultant SPO mirror modules are therefore very accurate and stable and can sustain the harsh conditions encountered during launch and are able to tolerate the space environment expected during operations. The accommodation of the ATHENA telescope is also innovative, relying on a hexapod mechanismto align the optics to the selected detector instruments located in the focal plane. Systemstudies are complemented by dedicated technology development activities to demonstrate the capabilities before the adoption of the ATHE

Published
2021

37. SPO mirror plate production and coating

Author

O'Dell, Stephen L., Gaskin, Jessica A., Pareschi, Giovanni, Landgraf, Boris, Babić, Ljubiša, Barrière, Nicolas M., Bayerle, Alex, Castiglione, Luigi, Collon, Maximilien J., Eenkhoorn, Noë, Girou, David, Günther, Ramses, Hauser, Enrico, Jenkins, Yvette, Keek, Laurens, Okma, Ben, Serano, Gregorio M., Thete, Aniket, Vacanti, Giuseppe, Verhoeckx, Sjoerd, Vervest, Mark, Voruz, Luc, Beijersbergen, Marco W., Bavdaz, Marcos, Wille, Eric, Ferreira, Ivo, Fransen, Sebastiaan, Shortt, Brian, Riekerink, Mark O., Haneveld, Jeroen, Koelewijn, Arenda, Wijnperlé, Maurice, Lankwarden, Jan Joost, Schurink, Bart, Start, Ronald, Van Baren, Coen, Hieltjes, Paul, Den Herder, Jan Willem, Handick, Evelyn, Krumrey, Michael, Bradshaw, Miranda, Burwitz, Vadim, Massahi, Sonny, Svendsen, Sara, Ferreira, Desirée Della Monica, Christensen, Finn E., Valsecchi, Giuseppe, Kailla, Geeta, Phillips, Gavin, Mundon, William, Chequer, Ian, Ball, Kevin, O'Dell, Stephen L., Gaskin, Jessica A., Pareschi, Giovanni, Landgraf, Boris, Babić, Ljubiša, Barrière, Nicolas M., Bayerle, Alex, Castiglione, Luigi, Collon, Maximilien J., Eenkhoorn, Noë, Girou, David, Günther, Ramses, Hauser, Enrico, Jenkins, Yvette, Keek, Laurens, Okma, Ben, Serano, Gregorio M., Thete, Aniket, Vacanti, Giuseppe, Verhoeckx, Sjoerd, Vervest, Mark, Voruz, Luc, Beijersbergen, Marco W., Bavdaz, Marcos, Wille, Eric, Ferreira, Ivo, Fransen, Sebastiaan, Shortt, Brian, Riekerink, Mark O., Haneveld, Jeroen, Koelewijn, Arenda, Wijnperlé, Maurice, Lankwarden, Jan Joost, Schurink, Bart, Start, Ronald, Van Baren, Coen, Hieltjes, Paul, Den Herder, Jan Willem, Handick, Evelyn, Krumrey, Michael, Bradshaw, Miranda, Burwitz, Vadim, Massahi, Sonny, Svendsen, Sara, Ferreira, Desirée Della Monica, Christensen, Finn E., Valsecchi, Giuseppe, Kailla, Geeta, Phillips, Gavin, Mundon, William, Chequer, Ian, and Ball, Kevin

Abstract

The Silicon Pore Optics (SPO) technology has been established as a new type of X-ray optics and will enable future X-ray observatories such as Athena and Arcus. SPO is being developed at cosine Research B.V. together with the European Space Agency (ESA) and academic as well as industrial partners. For Athena, about 150,000 mirror plates are required. With the technology spin-in from the semiconductor industry, mass production processes can be employed to manufacture rectangular SPO mirror plates in high quality, large quantity and at low cost. Over the last years, several aspects of the SPO mirror plates have been reviewed and undergone further developments in terms of effective area, intrinsic behavior of the mirror plates and mass production capability. The paper will provide an overview of most recent SPO plate designs, mirror plate production status and plan forward including reflective coating process as well as mass production developments.

Published
2021

38. The Athena x-ray optics development and accommodation

Author

Bavdaz, Marcos, primary, Wille, Eric, additional, Ayre, Mark, additional, Ferreira, Ivo, additional, Shortt, Brian, additional, Fransen, Sebastiaan, additional, Millinger, Mark, additional, Collon, Maximilien J., additional, Vacanti, Giuseppe, additional, Barrière, M., additional, Landgraf, Boris, additional, Riekerink, Mark O., additional, Haneveld, Jeroen, additional, Start, Ronald, additional, van Baren, Coen, additional, Monica Ferreira, Desiree Della, additional, Massahi, Sonny, additional, Svendsen, Sara, additional, Christensen, Finn, additional, Krumrey, Michael, additional, Handick, Evelyn, additional, Burwitz, Vadim, additional, Bradshaw, Miranda J., additional, Pareschi, Giovanni, additional, Valsecchi, Giuseppe, additional, Vernani, Dervis, additional, Kailla, Geeta, additional, Mundon, William, additional, Phillips, Gavin, additional, Schneider, Jakob, additional, Korhonen, Tapio, additional, Sanchez, Alejandro, additional, Heinis, Dominique, additional, Tordi, Massimiliano, additional, and Willingale, Richard, additional

Published
2021
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39. X-ray mirror development and production for the Athena telescope

Author

Collon, Maximilien J., primary, Babic, Ljubiša, additional, Barrière, Nicolas M., additional, Bayerle, Alex, additional, Castiglione, Luigi, additional, Eenkhoorn, Noë, additional, Girou, David, additional, Günther, Ramses, additional, Hauser, Enrico, additional, Jenkins, Yvette, additional, Landgraf, Boris, additional, Keek, Laurens, additional, Okma, Ben, additional, Mendoza Serano, Gregorio, additional, Thete, Aniket, additional, Vacanti, Giuseppe, additional, Verhoeckx, Sjoerd, additional, Vervest, Mark, additional, Voruz, Luc, additional, Beijersbergen, Marco, additional, Bavdaz, Marcos, additional, Wille, Eric, additional, Ferreira, Ivo, additional, Fransen, Sebastiaan, additional, Shortt, Brian, additional, Riekerink, Mark Olde, additional, Haneveld, Jeroen, additional, Koelewijn, Arenda, additional, Wijnperle, Maurice, additional, Lankwarden, Jan-Joost, additional, Schurink, Bart, additional, Start, Ronald, additional, van Baren, Coen, additional, Hieltjes, Paul, additional, den Herder, Jan Willem, additional, Handick, Evelyn, additional, Krumrey, Michael, additional, Bradshaw, Miranda, additional, Burwitz, Vadim, additional, Massahi, Sonny, additional, Svendsen, Sara B., additional, Ferreira, Desiree Della Monica, additional, Christensen, Finn E., additional, Valsecchi, Giuseppe, additional, Kailla, Geeta, additional, Mundon, William, additional, Phillips, Gavin, additional, Chequer, Ian, additional, and Ball, Kevin, additional

Published
2021
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40. Enhancing the Athena Telescope Performance Using X-Ray Mirror Coatings

Author

Svendsen, Sara

Abstract

The Athena (Advanced Telescope for High Energy Astrophysics) mission is a next generation X- ray observatory selected by the European Space Agency. Expected for launch in the early 2030s, Athena will define the next era of X-ray astronomy with an unprecedented performance in the 0.1 − 12 keV range. The focusing optics of Athena is based on silicon pore optics (SPO) technology with mirror sur- faces coated with X-ray reflective thin films. DTU Space is leading the research and development on state-of-the-art thin film coatings suitable to achieve the Athena performance requirements. This thesis presents the investigation of a new candidate thin film bilayer coating comprised of iridium and silicon carbide. The thin films are characterized in terms of stability of performance, surface evolution and chemical composition. The silicon carbide overlayer is essential to achieve the required low-energy performance of Athena. However, the industrialization processes required to manufacture more than 100,000 SPO mirror plates for the flight optics, including chemical and thermal exposure, may challenge the integrity of the low-density overcoat. Demonstrating compatibility of the thin film with all process parameters is therefore critical to qualify the material combination. In this work, the iridium and silicon carbide bilayer coating design is demonstrated to be a suitable candidate for the Athena optics. Exposing the coatings to a chemical process step required for the SPO plate stacking emphasizes a critical issue since preliminary results indicate partial removal of the silicon carbide overcoat. Future studies should investigate the relevant process parameters in order to eliminate risks to the low-energy performance of Athena. Evaluating the uncertainty on structural parameters derived from X-ray reflectometry measure- ments is critical for the qualification of thin film modeling, as well as for later ground calibration of Athena. Methods for uncertainty estimation across different experimental facilities are pre- sented and fit parameter sensitivities are evaluated through a novel approach using subspace analysis. Ray tracing simulation is a valuable tool to evaluate the optics performance of future X-ray missions. A general ray tracing tool is built in the McXtrace software to simulate a wide field lobster eye optics telescope. The performance is emonstrated based on design parameters for the Soft X-ray Imager on board the mission candidate THESEUS (Transient High Energy Sky and Early Universe Surveyor. A finite element analysis is implemented to the ray tracer to evaluate the effect on the optics due to thermoelastic deformations based on estimated in-orbit thermal environments.

Published
2020

41. Status of the Ir and Ir/SiC coating development for the Athena optics

Author

A. den Herder, Jan-Willem, Nikzad, Shouleh, Nakazawa, Kazuhiro, Svendsen, Sara, Ferreira, Desiree D. M., Massahi, Sonny, Jafari, Atefeh, Gellert, Nis C., Christensen, Finn E., Henriksen, Peter L., Vu, Lan M., Jegers, Arne S., Shortt, Brian, Landgraf, Boris, Girou, David A., Collon, Maximillien J., Cibik, Levent, Handick, Evelyn, Krumrey, Michael, A. den Herder, Jan-Willem, Nikzad, Shouleh, Nakazawa, Kazuhiro, Svendsen, Sara, Ferreira, Desiree D. M., Massahi, Sonny, Jafari, Atefeh, Gellert, Nis C., Christensen, Finn E., Henriksen, Peter L., Vu, Lan M., Jegers, Arne S., Shortt, Brian, Landgraf, Boris, Girou, David A., Collon, Maximillien J., Cibik, Levent, Handick, Evelyn, and Krumrey, Michael

Abstract

The mirror coatings for the Athena X-ray telescope assumes Ir/SiC bilayer thin films as a baseline design. Adding the soft overcoat to the Ir X-ray mirror coatings for the Athena optics is used to improve the low energy performance necessary to achieve the telescope effective area requirements. The Athena mirror is based on silicon pore optics technology, for which the manufacturing process involves a sequence of wet chemical and thermal post-coating treatments of the mirror plates. Establishing compatibility of the thin film material candidates following exposure to these processes is critical for the Athena mission since the specific coating quality will influence the performance of the X-ray telescope. We present an investigation of Ir and Ir/SiC thin films exposed to post-coating treatments based on coatings produced at DTU Space. The current status of the chemical procedures is presented with representative coatings from the Athena-dedicated coating facility.

Published
2020

42. Example telescope simulations with the AstroX telescope toolbox for McXtrace

Author

A. den Herder, Jan-Willem, Nikzad, Shouleh, Nakazawa, Kazuhiro, Knudsen, Erik B., Svendsen, Sara, Henriksen, Peter L., Jegers, Arne S., Willendrup, Peter K., Ferreira, Desiree D. M., A. den Herder, Jan-Willem, Nikzad, Shouleh, Nakazawa, Kazuhiro, Knudsen, Erik B., Svendsen, Sara, Henriksen, Peter L., Jegers, Arne S., Willendrup, Peter K., and Ferreira, Desiree D. M.

Abstract

We present a number of example studies of telescope optics using the latest version of the AstroX add on toolbox for McXtrace. Among which are first, a benchmark study of effective area and vignetting for the Chandra X-ray Observatory which we find to match well with literature. Second, a convenient way of building a telescope model (in this case NuSTAR) with many similar optical elements scripted using python module. This lends itself well to be included in online notebooks and/or for teaching. Third, we show a new AstroX module for lobster eye optics, and fourth, a study of the proposed solar axion telescope BabyIAXO.

Published
2020

43. Long-term performance and durability of Ir/B4C multilayer x-ray mirrors: focusing on composition, structure, and reflectivity properties

Author

Jafari, Atefeh, Ferreira, Desiree D. M., Kadkhodazadeh, Shima, Kasama, Takeshi, Massahi, Sonny, Svendsen, Sara, Vu, Lan M., Henriksen, Peter L., Balogh, Zoltàn M., Krumrey, Michael, Cibik, Levent, Christensen, Finn E., Shortt, Brian, Jafari, Atefeh, Ferreira, Desiree D. M., Kadkhodazadeh, Shima, Kasama, Takeshi, Massahi, Sonny, Svendsen, Sara, Vu, Lan M., Henriksen, Peter L., Balogh, Zoltàn M., Krumrey, Michael, Cibik, Levent, Christensen, Finn E., and Shortt, Brian

Abstract

Multilayer (ML) thin film coatings have shown promise in achieving hard x-ray nanofocusing with high reflectivity and high resolution. The chemical, structural, and long-term stability of Ir/B4C MLs, which are of great interest to the synchrotron and astrophysics communities, are not yet fully understood. The evolution of the x-ray performance of Ir/B4C ML mirrors was monitored over 5 years, and the chemical and structural properties were investigated in depth. Reflectivity scans reveal significant alteration in the energy range of 3.4 to 10 keV over this period. Furthermore, thickness and density degradation of B4C layers were observed in scanning electron transmission microscopy results. The oxidation of B4C occurs only for the top layers, whereas the buried B4C layers go through various complex chemical modifications. The x-ray reflectivity model of Ir/B4C structure was modified, based on the experimental findings, and resulted in good understanding of the long-term reflectivity performance of the x-ray mirror coatings.

Published
2020

44. Measuring the atomic scattering factors near the iridium L-edges for the Athena silicon pore optics reflector

Author

Awaki, Hisamitsu, primary, Maeda, Yoshitomo, additional, Matsumoto, Hironori, additional, Svendsen, Sara, additional, Bavdaz, Marcos, additional, Collon, Maximilien, additional, Asakura, Kazunori, additional, Christensen, Finn E., additional, Ferreira, Desiree D. M., additional, Guainazzi, Matteo, additional, Hoshino, Masato, additional, Ide, Shuntaro, additional, Ishibashi, Kazunori, additional, Kan, Wansu, additional, Massahi, Sonny, additional, Miyazawa, Takuya, additional, Shimizu, Sadayuki, additional, Shortt, Brian, additional, Takehara, Yusuke, additional, Tamura, Keisuke, additional, Uesugi, Kentaro, additional, Willingale, Richard, additional, Yoneyama, Tomokage, additional, and Yoshida, Atsushi, additional

Published
2021
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45. Balancing of residual stress in thin film iridium by utilizing chromium as an underlayer

Author

Massahi, Sonny, primary, Vu, Lan M., additional, Ferreira, Desiree D., additional, Christensen, Finn E., additional, Gellert, Nis C., additional, Henriksen, Peter L., additional, Svendsen, Sara, additional, 'S Jergers, Arne, additional, Collon, Max, additional, Landgraf, Boris, additional, Girou, David, additional, Thete, Aniket, additional, Shortt, Brian, additional, Ferrreira, Ivo, additional, and Bavdaz, Marcos, additional

Published
2020
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48. Status of the Ir and Ir/SiC coating development for the Athena optics

Author

Svendsen, Sara, primary, Della Monica Ferreira, Desiree, additional, Massahi, Sonny, additional, Jafari, Atefeh, additional, Gellert, Nis C., additional, Christensen, Finn E., additional, Henriksen, Peter L., additional, Vu, Lan M., additional, 'S Jegers, Arne, additional, Shortt, Brian, additional, Landgraf, Boris, additional, Girou, David A., additional, Collon, Maximillien J., additional, Cibik, Levent, additional, Handick, Evelyn, additional, and Krumrey, Michael, additional

Published
2020
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49. Long-term performance and durability of Ir/B4C multilayer x-ray mirrors: focusing on composition, structure, and reflectivity properties

Author

Jafari, Atefeh, primary, Ferreira, Desiree D. M., additional, Kadkhodazadeh, Shima, additional, Kasama, Takeshi, additional, Massahi, Sonny, additional, Svendsen, Sara, additional, Vu, Lan M., additional, Henriksen, Peter L., additional, Balogh, Zoltàn M., additional, Krumrey, Michael, additional, Cibik, Levent, additional, Christensen, Finn E., additional, and Shortt, Brian, additional

Published
2020
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50. The development of the mirror for the Athena x-ray mission

Author

den Herder, Jan-Willem A., Nikzad, Shouleh, Nakazawa, Kazuhiro, Collon, Maximilien J., Abalo, Luis, Barrière, Nicolas M., Bayerle, Alex, Castiglione, Luigi, Eenkhoorn, Noë, Girou, David, Günther, Ramses, Hauser, Enrico, van der Hoeven, Roy, den Hollander, Jasper, Jenkins, Yvette, Landgraf, Boris, Keek, Laurens, Okma, Ben, da Silva Ribeiro, Paulo, Rizzos, Chris, Thete, Aniket, Vacanti, Giuseppe, Verhoeckx, Sjoerd, Vervest, Mark, Visser, Roel, Voruz, Luc, Bavdaz, Marcos, Wille, Eric, Ferreira, Ivo, Olde Riekerink, Mark, Haneveld, Jeroen, Koelewijn, Arenda, Wijnperle, Maurice, Lankwarden, Jan-Joost, Schurink, Bart, Start, Ronald, van Baren, Coen, den Herder, Jan-Willem, Handick, Evelyn, Krumrey, Michael, Burwitz, Vadim, Massahi, Sonny, Ferreira, Desiree Della Monica, Svendsen, Sara, Christensen, Finn E., Mundon, William, and Phillips, Gavin

Published
2022
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