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The paper presents some essential tools in the field of 3D modelling for vocational education. The purpose of vocational training is to adequately prepare students for the needs of the industry. Over the last decade, the appearance of low-cost virtual reality (VR) technology has enabled it to be deployed across a broad range of educational institutions. VR as a system allows intuitive human-computer interaction and offers great benefits in many application areas important for educational process. In this paper, two VR studies in educational field were compared.

Purpose This study aims to develop a specialized and economically feasible educational model using a combination of conventional approach and additive technology with a precision that proves to be sufficient for educational use. With the use of computer-aided design/computer-aided manufacturing models in educational stages, the possibility of infectious diseases transmission can be significantly reduced. Design/methodology/approach The proposed process involves the planning and development of specialized anatomical three-dimensional (3D) models and associated structures using omnipresent additive technologies. A short survey was conducted among dental students about their knowledge of applying additive technologies in dental medicine and their desire to implement such technologies into existing curricula. Findings The results revealed how an educational 3D model can be developed by optimizing the mesh parameters to reduce the total number of elements while maintaining the quality of the geometric structure. The survey results demonstrated that the willingness to adapt to new technologies is increasing (p < 0.001) among students with a higher level of education. A series of recent studies have indicated that the lack of knowledge and the current skill gap remain the most significant barriers to the wider adoption of additive manufacturing. Practical implications An economically feasible, realistic anatomical educational model in the field of dental medicine was established. Additive technology is a key pillar of new specialized-knowledge digital skills for the enhancement of dental training. Originality/value The novelty of this study is the introduction of a 3D technology for promoting an economically feasible model, without compromising the quality of dental education.

The progress and development in the fields of technologies in the past few decades are impressive. With so many innovations that have had an impact on human lives and have changed them so drastically, living in a time where new technologies are still making massive changes, and, unquestionably, it wil continue with that trend. As the techniques are continuously evolving, people are forced to prepare ourselves and our descendants to the new and upcoming technologies so that they would be able to understand them, use them, teach others about them and also make some improvements in the specific fields of applications. This article presents an overview of the principal results of research on the impact of Virtual Reality (VR) 3D education for students in industrial vocational training. They were introducedto the generated model and had to explore all elements to have personal experience in the virtual environment. After the training, a user experience survey has been conducted, and the results obtained after the use of the system were presented.

The use of additive manufacturing (AM) in the wider sense at the level of elementary education is not sufficiently analysed in Republic of Croatia at the moment. Partially, CAD/CAM technologies requires far more specialized knowledge than what the Croatian curriculum provides. The application of different technological devices in the educational process, accelerates the teaching process, and makes it more interesting and more acceptable. The knowledge that pupil need to have at the end of schooling is rapidly changing. It is quite possible scenario that most of the knowledge gained during the elementary and secondary education will be obsolete before future student applies to the university. In order to achieve further progress, it is necessary to systematically explain all the possibilities of using these technologies from the elementary level. By developing different strategies, the young generation can focus on the knowledge they will need in their future jobs.

To determine minimum airflow rate required for olfactory stimulation in successfully rehabilitated laryngectomised patients after learning the polite yawning technique (PYT) and to confirm the hypothesis that sense of smell is rehabilitated once the nasal airflow is re-established. The study population comprised 100 laryngectomised patients. The control group consisted of 100 nonlaryngectomised patients of similar age and sex. Rhinomanometry was used to measure air flow in the right and left nostrils, respectively, while the Smell Diskettes Olfaction test (SDOT) was used to test each individual's sense of smell. The primary endpoint was increasing the airflow while the secondary endpoint was improvement in the Smell Diskettes Olfaction test score after learning the polite yawning technique. The difference in the Smell Diskettes Olfaction test results before and after introducing the polite yawning technique was statistically significant (F = 53.077 ; P < 0.001). The number of accurately identified odours increased with each measurement. There was a significant difference among rhinomanometric measurements of airflow through the right (F = 65.002 ; P < 0.001) and left nostrils (F = 75.465 ; P < 0.001). Nasal airflow improved with each measurement. The minimum airflow required for olfactory stimulation in successfully rehabilitated patients was approximately 60 cm(3) /s. The control group had considerably better airflow in both nostrils than the laryngectomised group. The difference between the total number of rehabilitated (normosmic) patients (48%) in the laringectomised group and normosmic participants (56%) in the control group (z = 1.132 ; P = 0.129) was not statistically significant. The number of odours identified by laryngectomised patients increased with the volume of nasal airflow. The number of patients with rehabilitated olfactory function approximated the percentage of normosmic individuals in the non-laryngectomised population. These findings confirm the hypothesis that sense of smell is rehabilitated once the nasal airflow is re-established.

CAD technology has introduced a turning point in the way of design. In the period before the introduction of computer systems, drafts were traditionally made by pen and each mistake meant erasing, whereas bigger mistakes often required re-creation of the anatomical documentation. The closely linked development of CAD/CAM technology marked the upturn in obtaining the anatomic shape and its creation. This article gives a brief insight into 3D digitization in the field of making the anatomic insole.

Cilj: Utvrditi primjenjivost anatomskog modela nosne šupljine i pripadajućih parana- zalnih sinusa „3D fess slices®” u nastavi anatomije i otorinolaringologije. Metode: U istraživa- nje u školskoj godini 2012./2013. bile su uključene dvije grupe studenata, studenti Sveučilišta u Zürichu na kolegiju Klinička anatomija (N = 94) i studenti Medicinskog fakulteta Sveučilišta u Rijeci (N = 116). U Rijeci su to bili studenti Dentalne medicine, prve (N = 29), treće godine (N = 23) i pete godine Opće medicine na kolegiju Otorinolaringologija (N = 64). Nakon proučavanja anatomskih modela nosne šupljine i paranazalnih sinusa, studenti su ispunili anketu koju je oblikovala jedna od autorica (T. Š. V.). Rezultati: Svi studenti izrazito su pozitivnim od- govorom na posljednje pitanje ankete pokazali veliku motiviranost u učenju anatomije kroz primjenu anatomskog modela „3D fess slices®”, kao i olakšano razumijevanje u učenju pojedinih dijelova nosne šupljine i paranazalnih sinusa. Zaključak: Anatomski model „3D fess slices®” pokazao se kao pozitivna nadopuna u učenju anatomije nosne šupljine i paranazalnih sinusa. Ova studija pridonosi medicinskoj edukaciji u svrhu uključivanja ovog, kao i drugih sličnih anatomskih modela., Aim: To determine the applicability of an anatomical model of the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses, named the ”3D fess slices®”, in teaching anatomy. Methods: This study was conducted during the academic year 2012/2013 and included two groups of students: students of the Clinical Anatomy course of the University of Zürich (N = 94) and students of the Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka (N = 116). The students from Rijeka were in their first (N = 29) and the third year (N = 23) of the School of Dental Medicine, and fifth year of Otorhinolaryngology course of the School of Medicine (N = 64). After studying the anatomical model of the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses, the students filled out a survey formed by one of the authors (TŠV). Results: All students answered highly positive to the last question of the survey and in that way demonstrated outstanding motivation to learn anatomy using the “3D fess slices®” anatomical models, which facilitated the understanding of certain parts of the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses. Conclusion: The “3D fess slices®” anatomical model proved to be a useful supplement in teaching the anatomy of the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses. Our results demonstrated that including this or similar anatomical models in teaching will contribute to medical education.

Uvod: Oblik zuba važan je čimbenik koji određuje estetsko zadovoljstvo bolesnika izgledom zuba. Prema Williamsu, oblik gornjeg centralnog inciziva povezan je s oblikom lica. Na temelju toga razlikujemo tri osnovna oblika zuba: trokutasti, ovoidni i kvadratasti. Cilj ovog rada bio je utvrditi povezanost između oblika gornjih prednjih zuba i zadovoljstva izgledom. Ispitanici i postupci: U istraživanju je sudjelovalo 700 ispitanika obaju spolova koji su zbog dentalnih zahvata dolazili u Kliniku za dentalnu medicinu Kliničkog bolničkog centra Rijeka. Postupak obrade svakog ispitanika sastojao se od ispunjavanja upitnika o estetici koji je sastavljen za potrebe ovoga istraživanja. Za provjeru učinaka oblika zuba na procjenu zadovoljstva napravljeni su jednosmjerni ANOVA testovi. Rezultati: Klinički procijenjeni oblik središnjih i postraničnih sjekutića ima statistički značajan utjecaj na bolesnikovu procjenu zadovoljstva oblikom zubi (p = 0.013; p = 0.025), no ne i oblik očnjaka te generalni oblik svih prednjih zubi. Zaključak: Bolesnici su statistički značajno zadovoljniji izgledom kada imaju trokutaste nego ovoidne središnje i postranične sjekutiće, no nema razlika u zadovoljstvu između onih koji imaju ovoidne i kvadrataste te kvadrataste i trokutaste., Introduction: The shape of the tooth is an important factor in determining patient satisfaction with the appearance of teeth. According to Williams, the shape of the upper central incisors is associated with the shape of the face. On this basis, we can distinguish three basic types of teeth: triangular, ovoid and quadratic. The aim of this study was to determine the correlation between the shape of the maxillary anterior teeth and the satisfaction with their appearance. Materials and methods: The sample consisted of 700 participants of both genders who were scheduled for dental treatment at the Clinic of Dental Medicine, Clinical Hospital Center Rijeka. The study consisted of completion of the Aesthetic questionnaire especially constructed for this purpose. The effects of teeth shape on the assessment of satisfaction were checked by one-way ANOVA. Results: The clinically evaluated form of side and central incisor has a statistically significant impact on patient well-being as a form of teeth (p = 0.013; p = 0.025), but not the shape of the canines and the general shape of the front teeth. Conclusion: Patients were significantly more satisfied with their appearance when they had a triangular, rather than ovoid central and lateral incisors, with no difference in satisfaction between those with ovoid, square and triangular.

Tehnologija 3D ispisa predstavlja brz i relativno jednostavan način izrade prototipova. Osnovna je prednost uporabe tehnologije brze izrade (RP) u izravnom ispisu 3D modela iz CAD/CAM podataka bez potrebe za dodatnim operacijama. Upravo je ta dostupnost brze izrade 3D modela omogućila bržu komunikaciju i bržu evaluaciju različitih inženjerskih rješenja i koncepcija te lakšu komunikaciju s partnerima i prodavačima. Rezultati su vidljivi u kraćem ciklusu razvoja proizvoda te kraćem ciklusu projektiranja. U članku je dan prikaz nekolicine najzastupljenijih RP tehnologija koje se danas koriste., 3D printing technology is a quick and relatively easy way of making prototypes. The main advantage of using the technology of Rapid Prototyping (RP) is the direct printing of 3D models from CAD / CAM data without the need for additional operations. The RP technology of manufacturing 3-D models allows faster communication and faster evaluation of various engineering solutions and concepts, and easier communication with partners and vendors. The results are visible in a shorter product development cycle and a shorter design cycle. The article presents several RP technologies that are in use today.

Današnji trendovi u biotehnološkoj proizvodnji sve više se baziraju na multidisciplinarnom pristupu. Zahvaljujući snažnom razvoju računala omogućeno je planiranje i projektiranje biomedicinskih implantata kroz 3D prikaz modela koštanih defekata orofacijalne regije. U tom smislu posebno je važna njihova detaljna analiza i kasnija proizvodnja na nekom od 3D printera nove generacije koja omogućuje izradu stvarnog modela lubanje. Pri tome za izradu biomedicinskih implantata na raspolaganju stoji čitav niz biokompatibilnih materijala od polimetil-metakrilata do titanskih slitina., Present trends in biotechnological manufacturing are mostly based on multidisciplinary approach. The fast development of computers enabled the planning and designing of biomedical implants through the 3D view model of bone defects in orofacial region. Regarding this fact, the detailed model analysis is of special importance since it will enable the creation of realistic skull models in the future through a new generation of 3D printers. A wide range of new biocompatible materials, including polymethyl methacrylate and titanium alloys are available for the creation of biomedical implants.

Fast and efficient position check is extremely important in the production cycle. It is hard for us to check every particular detail in series because of the short time period. So far, the mode of operation has been associated with statistical laws. Depending on the size of series, a random sample is taken in certain percentage, and afterwards the position and geometry are manually controlled. This paper attempts to analyze photogrammetrical approach which allows simple automatically controlled positions set in advance as well as undemanding documentation of all analyzed parts. This kind of approach came into being in a vast industrial environment with a great tendency for further development. For the purpose of the research, the program solution has been developed. This kind of approach recognizes the type and sort of parts automatically and then loads relevant control positions from the database. The proposed approach reduces time needed for position control and therefore enables greater control of higher amount of parts which in turn directly contributes to earlier failure detection. On the other side, program solution can easily be adapted to specific situations in the production plant. As a result of the increase of automatization level, the need for employment is lower and as a result also the cost of control.