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Biomass-derived fuel is a promising candidate for future bioenergy, which will reduce CO_2 emissions and reliance on fossil fuels. Physicochemical analysis, pyrolysis, and gasification processes were conducted to study the potential of coconut shell biomass. According to the findings, coconut shell biomass includes numerous important components, and the temperature affects both the characteristics of the charcoal, and the syngas composition. The lowest temperature generates the most charcoal (41.85%), whereas the highest temperature produces the most energy (32 MJ/kg). At the maximum temperature, a good gas composition was obtained (14.15% H_2, 15.22% CO, 13.98% CO_2, and 10.13% CH_4 concentration, respectively).

The depletion of resources and increase in demand for fossil fuel raise concerns as it is natural and non-renewable. Therefore, it will cause limitation on its availability and continuous reduction. This issue has led to the search for more economic, sustainable, and environmentally friendly alternatives which is biodiesel. The major drawback that reduces the possibility of biodiesel commercialization is the high cost of oil feedstock as it covers 75% of its total production cost. The waste cooking oil is used as feedstock in continuous transesterification as it is the primary option to lower the cost of biodiesel production. Biodiesel can be prepared using waste cooking oil and catalyst through transesterification reaction. In this research, the focus is on the utilization of chicken and quail waste eggshell to synthesize highly active Calcium Oxide (CaO)-based heterogenous catalyst with montmorillonite clay to catalyze efficient conversion of waste cooking oil to biodiesel. The formation of CaO/montmorillonite catalyst was confirmed based on the outputs from X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). The physio-chemically characteristics of catalysts exhibited a BET surface area from the ranging from 9.2-9.5 m2/g and presence of around 87% of elemental calcium as constituent through XRF characterization. In addition to this, high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis is used to determine the conversion of biodiesel using conventional and microwave heating method which revealed a maximum biodiesel production yield of 98%. This optimum biodiesel yield was obtained at reaction temperature, molar ratio of waste cooking oil to methanol, and catalyst amount of 60 ºC, 2 h, 1:12, 2.5 wt.% and 5 wt.% for both eggshells, respectively.

Roselle petals contain high anthocyanins, a good antioxidant, and natural dark red colorants. Anthocyanins help in reducing risks of cardiovascular disease and colon cancer. But anthocyanins are easily affected by extraction process. Therefore, this study proposed a new method of extracting anthocyanins using ultrasonic-assisted extraction (UAE) from roselle petals with three extraction parameters. The extraction parameters are sample’s particle size (0.125, 0.375 and 0.625 mm), solvent to solid ratio (10:1, 15:1 and 20:1 mL solvent/g solid) and extraction time (5, 10 and 15 min). The optimization of process parameters aims to achieve the highest extraction yield of extract, Total Anthocyanins Content (TAC), and Antioxidant Activity (AA). The results show that 0.125 mm of particle size, 10:1 mL solvent/g solid, 15 min of extraction obtained the best percent mass yield (64.72%), TAC (70.97 mg/L), and AA (90.05%). Method-wise, this study showed that the ultrasonic-assisted extraction gives better quality of roselle petals extracts than the maceration extraction.

Carbon dioxide (CO2) has been deemed a significant contributor to the climate crisis and has an impact on environmental systems. Adsorption is widely used among other technologies for carbon capture because of its many benefits. As a starting material for the production of activated carbon (AC) by chemical activation using malic acid due to its biodegradable and non-toxic properties, rubber seed shell (RSS) was used as agricultural waste from rubber farming. Sample A6, which was carbonized for 120 min at a temperature of 600 &deg, C and impregnated at a ratio of 1:2, was identified to achieve the highest surface area of 938.61 m2/g with micropore diameter of 1.368 nm, respectively. Using the fixed volumetric approach measured at 25, 50, and 100 &deg, C, the maximum CO2 adsorption capability reported is 59.73 cm3/g of adsorbent. Using the pseudo-first order of Lagergren, the pseudo-second order and the Elovich model, experimental data is modeled. It appears that, based on the correlation coefficient, the pseudo-first order model is aligned with the experimental findings. Furthermore, the activation energy of under 40 kJ/mol indicated a physical adsorption occurs, indicating that the RSS chemically activated with malic acid is a fascinating source of CO2 removal requirements.

This paper investigates the effects of three parameters (reaction temperature, feedstock particle size and nitrogen flow rate) towards the solid (char) yield from the pyrolysis of bamboo. Three-factor, three-level Taguchi’s L9 Orthogonal Array was used as the experimental design. The char yield at reaction temperatures of 300-500°C, feedstock particle size of 100-1000 μm, and nitrogen flow rate of 100-300 ml min−1 were investigated. The maximum solid yield was predicted based on signal-to-noise (S/N) ratio and was found to be at 300°C reaction temperature, 1000 μm feedstock particle size and 100 ml min−1 of nitrogen flow rate. Confirmation runs were conducted to validate the prediction at corresponding predicted conditions.

Diesel engine emission has been considered as major air pollution sources. Feedstocks blending method is motivated by cost reduction and property enhancement. In this paper crude rubber seed oil and palm oil are mixed in 50:50 vol. % and converted to biodiesel. Thermophysical property of the biodiesel was studied. Blends with varying contents of diesel and biodiesel 5-20 vol. % were prepared. Engine emissions and combustion characteristics were measured and analysed. The CO emission was reduced but the exhaust gas temperature and NOx emission increased proportional to the blends ratio. Premixed combustion phase in all tested blends start earlier the neat diesel .Short ignition delay and lower heat release rate were noticed.

The depletion of fossil fuel reserves has led to\ud increasing interest in liquid bio-fuel from renewable biomass. Biomass is a complex organic material consisting of\ud different degrees of cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin,\ud extractives and minerals. Some of the mineral elements\ud tend to retard conversions, yield and selectivity during\ud pyrolysis processing. This study is focused on the extraction of mineral retardants from Napier grass using deionized water, dilute sodium hydroxide and sulfuric acid and subsequent pyrolysis in a fixed bed reactor. The raw biomass was characterized before and after each pretreatment\ud following standard procedure. Pyrolysis study was conducted\ud in a fixed bed reactor at 600 o�C, 30 �C/min and 30 mL/min N2 flow. Pyrolysis oil (bio-oil) collected was analyzed using standard analytic techniques. The bio-oil yield and characteristics from each pretreated sample were compared with oil from the non-pretreated sample. Bio-oil\ud yield from the raw sample was 32.06 wt% compared to\ud 38.71, 33.28 and 29.27 wt% oil yield recorded from the\ud sample pretreated with sulfuric acid, deionized water and\ud sodium hydroxide respectively. GC–MS analysis of the oil\ud samples revealed that the oil from all the pretreated biomass had more value added chemicals and less ketones and\ud aldehydes. Pretreatment with neutral solvent generated\ud valuable leachate, showed significant impact on the ash\ud extraction, pyrolysis oil yield, and its composition and\ud therefore can be regarded as more appropriate for thermochemical conversion of Napier grass.