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Praktikum iz Тehnologije materijala napisan je saglasno nastavnom programu za predmet Tehnologija materijala, koji se izučava na Rudarsko-geološkom fakultetu Univerziteta u Beogradu. Pisan je sa ciljem da studentima II godine osnovnih akademskih studija na studijskim programima: Rudarsko inženjerstvo, Inženjerstvo zaštite životne sredine i Inženjerstvo nafte i gasa, pruži potrebne informacije za rešavanje računskih zadataka i praćenje eksperimentalnih vežbi koje obrađuju sve oblasti koje se izučavaju u okviru kursa. Без категорије Без категорије

As a way of exploitation in mining operation, mass blasting has the more application. However, usage the large amount of explosives leads to increasing the negative blasting effects. By the negative blasting effects, we mean seismic effect of blasting, sound effect, scattering of blasted rock mass, etc. In order to protect environment from shock when performing blasting it is necessary to define rock mass oscillation equation for each working site. This paper offers the analysis of the method for defining parameters of the oscillation equation. To define parameters in the rock mass oscillation equation, we have used five models. The first model represents a usual model – method of Least Squares. The second model is based on the quotient of the value of the equal number of experimental data of oscillation velocity and corresponding reduced distances. The third model is based on defining parameters of oscillation equation by applying Lagrange’s theorem. The fourth model is based on defining parameters for oscillation equation by applying the quotient of relative oscillation velocity increments and reduced distances. As the result of numerous measuring’s there has been noted that the value of one of the parameters in the oscillation equation is within the limits from 1 to 3, however most frequently from 1 to 2. On the basis of this as well as on the basis of oscillation equation characteristic, the value of one parameter was adopted. Thus, we got a new rock mass 292 oscillation equation which is now simpler, and we designated it as the fifth model. On the basis of calculation on concrete example of mass blasting, it has been stated that all mentioned models may be used in order to calculate rock mass oscillation velocity

102 96 М30 М33 Savremeno rudarstvo, a pogotovo masovna eksploatacija metaličnih ležišta, ne bi se mogla zamisliti bez primene eksploziva. Rudarstvo je privredna grana, gde su eksplozivi našli najširu primenu za eksploataciju čvrstih mineralnih sirovina. Primena energije eksploziva dovodi do poboljšanja tehničkoekonomskih pokazatelja pri eksploataciji mineralnih sirovina, ali i do pojave negativnih efekata koji prate radove na miniranju. Eksplozivni materijali u rudarstvu, geologiji i drugim delatnostima, svojim dejstvom narušavaju prirodnu sredinu u vidu drobljenja, razbacivanja komada stene, vazdušnih udara, pojave sezmičkih efekata, pojave gasova itd. Najvažniji uslov, pri korišćenju eksplozivnih sredstava, je da pomenuti efekti pre svega ne utiču nepovoljno na ljude, kao i da ne oštećuju stambene ili industrijske objekte, koji se mogu naći u polju njihovog dejstva. U ovom radu prikazana je analiza seizmičkog dejstva eksplozije na okolne objekte, koje je nastalo kao posledica miniranja pri izradi tunela Golubac kod Golupca, Istočna Srbija. S obzirom da u našoj zemlji još nisu doneti propisi kojima se reguliše nivo potresa koji nastaje kao posledica miniranja, ocena seizmičkog dejstva miniranja određena je na osnovu kriterijuma IFZ Akademije nauka Rusije, kriterijuma u SR Nemačkoj i kriterijuma prema USA normama. Modern mining cannot be imagined without usage the explosives, especially the mass mining of metal deposits. Mining is an economic branch where explosives found the extensive application for exploitation the hard mineral raw materials. Usage the energy of explosive leads to technical-economic indicators improvement during the mineral raw materials mining but also leads to appearance of negative effects that follow blasting works. Explosive materials in mining, geology and other activities violate the natural environment by their effect in sight of crushing, scattering of rock pieces, air strikes, appearance the seismic effects, appearance the harmful gases etc. During the usage of explosives, the most important requirement is that the mentioned effects primarily do not unfavourable influence on people, as well as that they do not damage the residential and industrial objects that can be found in the field of their effect. This paper presents an analysis of seismic effect of explosion on the surrounding objects that is caused as a result of blasting works during the tunnel construction Golubac near Golubac, East Serbia. Considering that standards that regulate the level of shock caused by blasting still not created in our country, the seismic effect evaluation of blasting is determined based on criterion of IFZ Russian Academic of Science, criterion of SR in Germany and criterion according to USA standards.

308 291 M10 М14

12 3710 14 M20 М22 Underground mining engineers and planners in our country are faced with extremely difficult working conditions and a continuous shortage of money. Production disruptions are frequent and can sometimes last more than a week. During this time, gate road support is additionally exposed to rock stress and the result is its progressive deformation and the loss of functionality of gate roads. In such an environment, it is necessary to develop a low-cost methodology to maintain a gate road support system. For this purpose, we have developed a model consisting of two main phases. The first phase is related to support deformation monitoring, while the second phase is related to data analysis. To record support deformations over a defined time horizon we use laser scanning technology together with multivariate singular spectrum analysis to conduct data processing and forecasting. Fuzzy time series is applied to classify the intensity of displacements into several independent groups (clusters).

172 167 М30 М33 Metamorphites of the series “Vranjska banja” built predominantly of high crystallinity schist series, alternately layered double mica, gneiss, leptonite and micaschist. For the construction of the “Prvonek” dam were carried out laboratory investigations of dynamic and static elastic properties on micashist and gneiss samples in the perpendicular and parallel direction to the foliation. These investigations provided monitoring of the rock mass anisotropy properties and greater reliability of the design parameteres. As the design of mining and construction facilities becomes more demanding, such investigations are becoming increasingly standard in complicated geological environments.

М60 М63 Primena energije eksploziva tj. miniranje, predstavlja osnovni način eksploatacije čvrstih mineralnih sirovina u rudarstvu. Miniranjem se postižu vrlo povoljni tehnoekonomski pokazatelji, koje nažalost prate i negativni efekti miniranja. U cilju zaštite životne sredine potrebno je za svaku radnu sredinu odrediti jednačinu oscilovanja stenske mase pri miniranju. Ova jednačina definiše promenu brzine oscilovanja stenske mase u zavisnosti od rastojanja, količine eksploziva, uslova izvođenja miniranja i geoloških karakteristika stenske

М30 М31

The 'Prvonek' dam was built in tight asymmetric Banjska river valley about 100 meters downstream from the river Gradasnica. Barrier at the dam site built predominantly slate series of high crystallinity Vranjska Banja, alternately layered double mica, gneiss, leptinolite and micaschist. For the construction of this place were carried out extensive field and laboratory geotechnical investigations. Part of laboratory geotechnical investigations related to the testing of dynamic properties in the perpendicular and parallel direction to the foliation of gneiss and micashist samples on the right side. The aim of investigations is definition of anisotropy tested dynamic parameters.

Almost all of rock masses are more or less anisotropic medium. Foliation, layering, cracking and cleavage are some of the rock attributes that indicate to anisotropy presence. Due to the existence of these discontinuities, elastic waves propagation velocities along certain directions are extremely different. In this paper, we investigated total of 50 samples which are divided into two groups of samples, isotropic and anisotropic samples. Longitudinal elastic waves propagation velocities are measured in the three normal directions and three orthogonal planes, respectively. The main scope of this study is related to interval numbers in order to express uncertainties of the longitudinal elastic waves propagation velocities. Based on this, we have determined quantitative indicators of anisotropy. Obtained results are represented in graphic form.

This paper presents a review of the advantages of application of JKSimBlast 2DFace software in design phase of underground premises. The aim of this research was to show possibilities of the software and possibility of its application in design of underground premises with suggestions for further work. A model of a drift “TIP 5” was developed and analysed in the software to show all the possibilities of the application of software in underground construction. Further work would require a detailed field work to gather input data required for more detail analysis of the effects of blasting in the software itself, as well as validation of the results given by software on the field.

Production planning in an underground mine plays a key activity in the mining company business. It is supported by the fact that mineral industry is unique and volatile environment. There are two uncertain parameters that cannot be managed by planners, metal price, and operating costs. Having ability to quantify and incorporate them in the process of planning can help companies to do their business in much easier way. We quantify these uncertainties by the simulation of mean reverting process and Itô-Doob stochastic differential equation, respectively. Mineral deposit is represented as a set of mineable blocks and room and pillar mining method is selected as a way of mining. Multicriteria clustering algorithm is used to create areas inside of mineral deposit that have technological characteristics required by the planners. We also developed a way to forecast the volatility of economic values of these areas through the planning period. Fuzzy 0-1 linear programming model is used to define the sequence of mining of these areas by maximization of the expected value of the fuzzy future cash flow. Model was tested on small hypothetical lead-zinc mineral deposit and results showed that our approach was able to solve such complex problem.

34 25 11 M50 М51 Knowing mechanical properties of rocks incorporated with ultrasonic waves velocities investigations provide a secure basis for mine modelling. Uniaxial compressive strength, dynamic elastic modulus and ultrasonic waves velocities are just some of the rock properties that indicate on presence of discontinuities, stratification and fissures of rocks. Determining the relationship of these rock properties testing the rock samples that are corresponding to different rock types extracted from different mineral deposits represents the core of this study. In this paper, we statistically analyzed measured and calculated rock properties. We established the connection between these parameters creating empirical correlation equations. Using least squares method and simple linear regression analysis, we defined correlation coefficients and also developed empirical correlation equations.

The explosion caused by detonation of explosive materials is followed by release of a large amount of energy. Whereby, a greater part of energy is used for rock destruction, and part of energy, in the form of seismic wave, is lost in the rock mass causing rock mass oscillation. Investigations of the character and behavior of the pattern of seismic wave indicate that the intensity and nature of the seismic wave are influenced by rock mass properties, and by blasting conditions. For evaluation and control of the seismic effect of blasting operations, the most commonly used equation is that of M.A. Sadovskii. Sadovskii’s equation defines the alteration in the velocity of rock mass oscillation depending on the distance, the quantity of explosives, blasting conditions and geological characteristics of the rock mass, and it is determined based on trial blasting for a specific work environment. Thus, this paper offers analysis of the method for determination of parameters of the rock mass oscillation equation, which are conditioned by rock mass properties and blasting conditions. Practical part of this paper includes the experimental research carried out at Majdanpek open pit, located in the northern part of eastern Serbia and the investigations carried out during mass blasting at Nepricava open pit, located in central Serbia. In this paper, parameters n and K from Sadovskii’s equation were determined in three ways—models in the given work environment. It was noted that, in practice, all three models can be successfully used to calculate the oscillation velocity of the rock masses.

Large scale mining as a method of extraction of mineral raw materials have a growing application with the aim to increase the quantity of blasted mass, and to reduce costs of production as well. Increasing the quantity of blasted mass requires the use of large amounts of explosives, leading to an increase in the negative effects of mining. Under negative effects of mining the seismic effect of blasting, effect of air waves, sound effect, scattering the blasted rock mass, and similar are assumed. In order both to evaluate and control the seismic effect of blasting, as well as to plan it, the determination of soil oscillation law is required, with the strike: mine field - facilities to be protected. One of the most commonly used equations is that of M.A. Sadovski defining the law of alteration in the oscillation velocity of the soil depending on distance, explosive amount, and conditions of blasting and geologic characteristics of the soil, being determined on the basis of test blasting for the specific work environment. The Sadovsky equation is determined based on trial minings for a specific work environment. In this paper, a special attention was paid to the seismic effect of blasting. In accordance with this, an analysis of the method for determining the soil oscillation law parameters, proposed by the Russian professor M.A. Sadovsky, was performed. For determination of parameters in the Sadovsky equation, in addition to the usual model - the least squares method, one more model is shown with the use of Lagrange's theorem. Thereby, it has been stated that both models can be used to calculate the oscillation velocity of the rock mass.

During blasting operations, the potential energy of explosive materials is transformed into a mechanical work. That energy, in the vicinity of blasting location, destructs and crushes rock mass, a bit further creates cracks and permanent deformations in the rock mass, and even further it is being transformed into elastic deformations. The effect of elastic seismic wave is movement of particles of the rock mass from its equilibrium position. Such oscillation of the rock mass particles is manifested as a shock and represents one of the negative effects of blasting. In order both to evaluate and control the seismic effect of blasting, as well as to plan it, the determination of soil oscillation law is required, with the strike: mine field - facilities to be protected. One of the most commonly used equations is that of M. A. Sadovski defining the law of alteration in the oscillation velocity of the soil depending on the distance, the explosive amount, and conditions of blasting and geologic characteristics of the soil, being determined on the basis of test blasting for the specific work environment. In this paper, an analysis of the method for the determination of soil oscillation law parameters has been conducted, suggested by Professor M. A. Sadovski. The applicability of this law was analyzed on examples of mass blasting in the 'Nepričava' Open Pit Mine being carried out in order to exploit the deposit. To determine parameters in the equation of Sadovski, in addition to the common method of least squares, another model was applied. Thereby, it has been stated that both models can be used to calculate the oscillation velocity of the rock mass.

This paper gives an analysis the method for determining the parameters of soil oscillation law, suggested by Professor M. A. Sadovski as well as the level of its applicability for blasting with commercial explosives for the needs of mining and other economic activities. The applicability of this law was analyzed on examples of mass blasting at the Open Pit 'Drenovac' that are carried out for deposit mining. As the relation between the soil oscillation velocity and basic parameters affecting its magnitude, are the following: the amount of explosive, distance from the blasting site, characteristics of the rock material and type of blasting, the equation of M. A. Sadovski, where the oscillation velocity v is given in the form of of the function, is most frequently used: v = K . R-n , where R is reduced distance, and K and n parameters conditioned by soil characteristics and blasting conditions, thereby v is decreasing and convex function of variable R. To determine parameters in the equation of Sadovski, in addition to the common method of least squares, another model was applied. There by, it has been stated that both models can be used to calculate the oscillation velocity of the rock mass.

In this study we focus our attention on the procedures of obtaining necessary permits for the opening of a mine. Our goal is during those conditionally speaking first steps in the process of activating a mine to point to the attention of the reader to the complexity of that process, as well as excessive administrative work when permits for small-scale mines are in question.

Coal presents the basic energy potential of the Republic of Serbia. More than half of electric energy production in our country comes from this resource. This causes a need for activation the new seams of raw material which are potentially exploitable. This work presents an extract from the research results, published within the Project TR 33029 'Study of Possibilities for Valorization the Remaining Coal Reserves with a View to Provide the Stability of Energy Sector of the Republic of Serbia', financed by the Ministry of Education and Science. This work treated the problems of future coal exploitation from the West Morava Basin, with special review to the activation of the closed mine 'Bajovac'.

M20 M24

In order to evaluate and control the seismic effect of blasting, as well as its planning, it is required to determine the soil oscillation law, with the strike/mining facilities to be protected. One of the most commonly used equations is that of M.A. Sadovskii, defining the law of alteration in the oscillation velocity of the soil depending on distance, the explosive amount, and conditions of blasting and geologic characteristics of the soil; all of this being determined on the basis of test blasting for the specific work environment. In the Sadovskii equation two parameters, K and n appear and they are conditioned both by rock mass characteristics and blasting conditions. The practical part of this study includes experimental investigations performed in the Veliki Krivelj Open Pit in the Bor District located in Eastern Serbia and investigations carried out during mass mining in the Kovilovača Open Pit near Despotovac, Eastern Serbia. Thus this paper offers several modes for determination of parameters K and n in the Sadovskii equation. To determine the parameters in the Sadovskii formula, in addition to the usual least square method, two more new models were applied. In the models the parameters K and n were determined by applying the quotient of the relative growth of oscillation velocities and reduced distances for Model 2. The link between the parameters K and n is determined by applying the trapezoidal formula for finding the value of definite integral for Model 3. In doing so, it was noted that all three models can be used to calculate the oscillation velocity of the rock mass.

This paper deals with problems related to the determination of safe distance with special reference to adverse effects accompanying blast work. One of them is related to the seismic effect caused by blast work. Therefore measurements have been carried out at the open pit mine Zabrdica-Valjevo which served to determine the law of soil oscillation. On the basis of carried out seismic measurements and the analysis of oscillation velocity, the law of soil oscillation was determined according to the formula of M.A. Sadovski.

Underground mine projects are often associated with diverse sources of uncertainties. Having the ability to plan for these uncertainties plays a key role in the process of project evaluation and is increasingly recognized as critical to mining project success. To make the best decision, based on the information available, it is necessary to develop an adequate model incorporating the uncertainty of the input parameters. The model is developed on the basis of full discounted cash flow analysis of an underground zinc mine project. The relationships between input variables and economic outcomes are complex and often nonlinear. Fuzzy-interval grey system theory is used to forecast zinc metal prices while geometric Brownian motion is used to forecast operating costs over the time frame of the project. To quantify the uncertainty in the parameters within a project, such as capital investment, ore grade, mill recovery, metal content of concentrate, and discount rate, we have applied the concept of interval numbers. The final decision related to project acceptance is based on the net present value of the cash flows generated by the simulation over the time project horizon.

Horizontal mining facilities, such as pits, crosscutting drifts, longitudinal drifts etc., can be constructed in surrounding rocks, underburden or usually overburden, also in the ore deposit. The route of horizontal mining facilities primarily depends on: physical and mechanical properties of surrounding rocks and ore deposits, as on the thickness and way of providing the ore body, the construction costs and the projected mining method. It should be noted that within same types of rock exist zones with different structural characteristics, regardless where mining facilities will be constructed either in surrounding rocks or ore body. Different properties create a difference in stability of the rock material. Therefore, is essential for any rock type to determine its structural properties such as: discontinuity plane orientation, the degree of jointed on rock material, joint and joint family, as and stability of each block, located adjacent to underground facilities.

30 cm 78 str. priloga.

Podzemne prostorije velikog profila, danas se uglavnom izrađuju mehannizovanim načinom. Izrada ovih prostorija je skup aktivnosti iz više oblasti koje se međusobno prepliću, a dominantne su oblast građevinarstva i rudarstva. Složena geološka sredina uslovljava izbor tehnologije iskopa, koja posredno utiče na nivo pritisaka stenske mase i na izbor podgradne konstrukcije, odvodnjavanja, provetravanja, … Završni izgled podzemnih objekata velikog profila zavisi od namene i veka trajanja. U ovom radu, u potrebnom obimu, prikazana je mehanizovana izrada podzemnih prostorija velikog profila. Za izradu tunela u nestabilnom stenskom materijalu korsite se najčešće Earth pressure balance tunnel boring machine (EPB TBM) mašine i po potrebi Crossover (Hibridne) mašine, dok za izradu tunela u stabilnom stenskom materijalu koriste se TBM mašine otvorene konstrukcije i TBM mašine sa jednostrukim i dvostrukim štitom.Mehanizovana izrada tunela prikazana je na primeru izrade tunela „Višnjica“.

Rudarskim radovima, u smislu Zakona o rudarstvu i geološkim istraživanjima, smatraju se radovi na: izradi bušotina; na izradi horizontalnih, kosih i vertikalnih jamskih prostorija; rekonstrukciji rudarskih objekata, postrojenja i uređaja; pripremi, otvaranju i eksploataciji ležišta; odlaganju jalovog materijala i deponovanju korisnih mineralnih sirovina; odlaganju flotacijske jalovine i svi radovi na eksploatacionom polju koji su u funkciji eksploatacije i pripreme mineralnih sirovina. Svi ovi radovi se izvode na osnovu rudarskih i drugih neohodnih projekata. U ovom radu, primenjujući ovaj stav, dati su svi neophodni elementi za izradu jamskih prostrorija, na primeru izrade uskopa U-802 u jami rudnika „Crnac“. Takođe izvršena je i analiza efekata izrade jamske prostorije.

Oil and gas reservoirs can contain water as a reservoir fluid. The water precentage ranges from a few (%) to almost total water saturation. The waters found in the oil and gas reservoirs are genetically related to oil origin and represent mixture of organic and inorganic materials. These waters are of marine origin and contain mineral salts such as Na+, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+, Cl-, HCO3, SO4. Produced water must be subjected to a particular treatment before the deposal so as not to contaminate the environment, primarly watercourses. The mineral composition of these waters can cause the occurence of limescale, which in turn result in damage of the equipment such as injection pumps, corrosion of metal parts etc. The paper presents an overview of the hydrochemical characteristics of the groundwaters of oil and gas reservoirs and produced water into the bargain. Produced or wastewater can be used among other things to inject into the aquifers of the oilfield to increase the production of crude oil as well as their treatment.