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Introduction and Aim: Thyroid disorder, the most abundant endocrine disorder in the globe ranks second after diabetes mellitus. Because of immune resistance to thyroid gland, it leads to the development of hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism. Autoantibodies against thyroid peroxidase (TPO) - a critical enzyme in the thyroid hormone biogenesis is responsible for thyroid autoimmunity and is increasingly found among type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). So, the present study was designed to assess the serum anti-TPO antibodies among type 2 diabetes mellitus in hospital setting. Materials and Methods: 100 clinically diagnosed type 2 diabetes mellitus was included with 50 age and sex matched apparently healthy controls in the age range 35-70 years. Mean age (in Years) of male and female T2DM cases had 57.40±5.93 and 55.96±7.39 respectively. Also, the male and female controls had mean age as 56.24±8.74 and 54.20±8.90 respectively. Results: The mean glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) value among T2DM male and female cases was found to be 8.53±2.02% and 8.66±1.90% respectively. The mean value of serum TSH was found to be highly significant statistically among T2DM as compared to healthy controls, whereas mean value of serum anti-TPO antibodies was significant statistically among T2DM as compared to healthy controls. The occurrence of anti-TPO antibodies among T2DM was found to be 13 out of 100 (13%) in the present study. Conclusion: The association between serum TSH and anti-TPO antibodies among T2DM patients was found to be highly significant statistically. Thus, the existence of higher anti-TPO antibodies among T2DM points out the future development of functional thyroid problem in such patients.

Metabolic syndrome (MetS), is a collection of lipid and non-lipid cardiac related disease risk factors, is an important public health issue because of its higher prevalence with development of diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular diseases. Henry Kahn anticipated lipid accumulation product (LAP), as a novel marker of central lipid accumulation, to predict the risk of MetS. This study was conducted in Department of Biochemistry of MMIMSR, Ambala, Haryana. In the current study, we are researching over a new diagnostic tool for diagnosing MetS by LAP use. MetS is diagnosed by National Cholesterol Education Program Adults treatment panel III (NCEPATP III) and then compared with LAP to find its efficacy over other variables. 200 volunteers were enrolled in this study, their biochemical parameters were estimated and anthropometric measurements were taken. MetS was diagnosed in apparently healthy subjects. LAP was calculated by Henry Kahn formula and required statistical tools were applied to analyse results. The parameters of MetS positive cases were compared with LAP and its validity was tested statistically. 56 (28%) out of 200 subjects were positive for MetS. More females (30) than males (26) were diagnosed positive for MetS. LAP values were found to be higher in MetS cases, its efficacy was confirmed by ROC curves. MetS was diagnosed in volunteers who were considering themselves as healthy. Raised LAP and LAP2 were found, in MetS positive subjects than MetS negative. Relation of LAP and MetS came to be strong. Further, researches in this area are definitely recommended.

Chronic Kidney disease (CKD) is a serious life threatening disease associated with morbidity and mortality in India. Hypothetical relationship between serum uric acid and C-Reactive protein (CRP) levels has been demonstrated in the pathophysiology of CKD. Fifty chronic kidney disease patients before dialysis and fifty controls were executed for measurement of serum uric acid and C-Reactive protein as well as other biochemical parameters analysis. Serum C-Reactive protein was measured by quantitative turbidimetric immunoassay. In this study, serum uric acid, creatinine, urea and C-Reactive protein levels were significant raised in CKD group to that of controls. Notably serum C-Reactive protein levels were significantly higher in the CKD patients associated with non-diabetic factors in comparison to diabetic associated CKD patients. A receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) exhibited a strong association between uric acid and C-Reactive protein levels. A strong direct relationship between serum uric acid and C-Reactive protein in CKD patients are plausibly culprits in the progression of diseases.

Objective: Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFPEF) is fast becoming animportant public health issue. Nearly fifty percent of all heart failure cases are due to HFPEF.There are many associated comorbidities has been associated with this condition which maybe pathophysiologically related. There is no specific treatment yet. The focus remains onsymptomatic treatment of heart failure along with carefully managing the associated conditions.The present study was aimed at analyzing the comorbidities in HFPEF in a tertiary care centre. Method: Patient diagnosed with heart failure wereechocardiographically analyzed. Thoseshowing diastolic dysfunction on tissue Doppler imaging were diagnosed as HFPEF. Patientswith chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, valvular heart disease, constrictive pericarditis,restrictive/ hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and sepsis related diastolic dysfunction were excluded.One hundred such patients fulfilling the inclusion and exclusion criteria were enrolled. Plasma Btype natriuretic peptide(BNP) level was assayed in all participants. Institutional Ethics Committeeapproval was taken beforehand. Written informed consent was taken from each patient. Result: The mean age of the patients in the study group was 63.06yrs. HFPEF was more commonin females(62%). The common comorbidities observed were hypertension(82%), high bodymass index (80%),anaemia (76%), hyperlipidemia (30%) diabetes mellitus(28%). The plasmaBNP was elevated in all except 2 patients. The BNP level was higher in those with higherleft atrial size and those showing more severe diastolic dysfunction on tissue doppler imaging.Conclusion- HFPEF can be diagnosed clinically with the help of echocardiography. Plasma BNPlevel assay may be done when diagnosis is in doubt. The patients with HfpEf are heterogeneousand treatment need to be individualized depending on the associated comorbidities. Furtherstudies with larger sample size are required to define the profile of this disease. Bangladesh Journal of Medical Science Vol.20(1) 2021 p.39-44

Introduction: Active learning model using cooperative techniques such as Case Based Learning (CBL) has increased. In CBL, the instructor acts as a facilitator in the construction of knowledge. Clinical Biochemistry is concerned with methodology and interpretation of biochemical tests performed on the body uids and tissues, 1 to support diagnosis, treatment and monitoring of disease. Some change in the teaching learning method can enhance the interest of the students in the subject and they can apply the knowledge of the subject in diagnosis, treatment and follow up of a disease in their professional career. Aims and Objectives:To introduce CBL as teaching learning method and then:-1. Compare score of students by two methods of teaching- Traditional didactic lectures and case based approach.2. Evaluate student's and Faculty's feedback regarding their perception of case based learning. Method: The study was conducted in the Department of Biochemistry, MMIMSR, Mullana (Ambala) during six months period. 150 First professional MBBS students (Batch 2018-19) of MMIMSR, Mullana were included in the study.Pre and Post Test and prevalidated questionnaire (Based on Likert's scale) were used as tools for data collection. The students were divided into two groups: - Group A (n=75) (Study group): case based learning (CBL) was used as teaching learning method. Group B (n=75) (Control group): Traditional didactic lecture method was used as teaching learning method. Result: The Post- test scores of both the learning methods were statistically signicantly higher when compared to their respective Pre- test scores. (p

Introduction: Tubercular meningitis (TBM) is the most prevalent and most grave form of extrapulmonary tuberculosis. It is associated with high mortality rate. The confounding factor for this is the delay in diagnosing the disease and initiation of treatment. The present study aims to look for the diagnostic utility of ADA estimations in Tubercular meningitis patients. Materials and Methods: For this study the patients with the signs and symptoms of meningitis and attending our hospital within a st ipulated period of one year approximately, were taken as subjects. As per the accepted criteria, the patients were segregated into two broad groups: tubercular meningitis cases and nontubercular meningitis cases. CSF specimens were collected and ADA levels were estimated on semiautoanalyser in the laboratory. Results: Out of 31 patients of tubercular meningitis, 27 showed ADA levels above 10 U/L while 2 showed lower values. On the other hand 32 cases of non- tubercular meningitis showed ADA levels below 10 U/L and 4 showed higher values, thereby supporting the fact that ADA evaluation in CSF is of substantial value in diagnosing TBM. It also illustrious that if CSF ADA value of 10 U/L is taken as bench mark then the sensitivity for diagnosing TBM is 93.10% and specificity is 88.87% which is fairly good. Conclusion: Therefore, just by evaluating CSF ADA levels we can diagnose the TBM cases with respectably good sensitivity and high specificity and consuming least time and resources. Therefore, ADA estimation is a valuable adjunct to routine investigations in diagnosis of TBM. Keywords: Tubercular Meningitis (TBM), Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), Adenosine Deaminase (ADA).

Parkinson’s disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disorder of the elderly, presenting primarily with symptoms of motor impairment. The disease is diagnosed most commonly by clinical examination with a great degree of accuracy in specialized centers. However, in some cases, non-classical presentations occur when it may be difficult to distinguish the disease from other types of degenerative or non-degenerative movement disorders with overlapping symptoms. The diagnostic difficulty may also arise in patients at the early stage of PD. Thus, a biomarker could help clinicians circumvent such problems and help them monitor the improvement in disease pathology during anti-parkinsonian drug trials. This review first provides a brief overview of PD, emphasizing, in the process, the important role of α-synuclein in the pathogenesis of the disease. Various attempts made by the researchers to develop imaging, genetic, and various biochemical biomarkers for PD are then briefly reviewed to point out the absence of a definitive biomarker for this disorder. In view of the overwhelming importance of α-synuclein in the pathogenesis, a detailed analysis is then made of various studies to establish the biomarker potential of this protein in PD; these studies measured total α-synuclein, oligomeric, and post-translationally modified forms of α-synuclein in cerebrospinal fluid, blood (plasma, serum, erythrocytes, and circulating neuron-specific extracellular vesicles) and saliva in combination with certain other proteins. Multiple studies also examined the accumulation of α-synuclein in various forms in PD in the neural elements in the gut, submandibular glands, skin, and the retina. The measurements of the levels of certain forms of α-synuclein in some of these body fluids or their components or peripheral tissues hold a significant promise in establishing α-synuclein as a definitive biomarker for PD. However, many methodological issues related to detection and quantification of α-synuclein have to be resolved, and larger cross-sectional and follow-up studies with controls and patients of PD, parkinsonian disorders, and non-parkinsonian movement disorders are to be undertaken.

Coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a pandemic disease which has affected more than 6.2 million people globally, with numbers mounting considerably daily. However, till date, no specific treatment modalities are available for Covid-19 and also not much information is known about this disease. Recent studies have revealed that SARS-CoV-2 infection is associated with the generation of thrombosis and coagulopathy. Fundamentally, it has been believed that a diverse array of signalling pathways might be responsible for the activation of coagulation cascade during SARS-CoV-2 infection. Henceforth, a detailed understanding of these probable underlying molecular mechanistic pathways causing thrombosis in Covid-19 disease deserves an urgent exploration. Therefore, in this review, the hypothetical crosstalk between distinct signalling pathways including apoptosis, inflammation, hypoxia and angiogenesis attributable for the commencement of thrombotic events during SARS-CoV-2 infection has been addressed which might further unravel promising therapeutic targets in Covid-19 disease.

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is characterized by progressive death of neuronal cells in the regions of the brain concerned with memory and cognition, and is the major cause of dementia in the elderly population. Various molecular mechanisms, metabolic risk factors and environmental triggers contributing to the genesis and progression of AD are under intense investigations. The present review has dealt with the impact of a highly discussed topic of gut microbiota affecting the neurodegeneration in the AD brain. A detailed description of the composition of gut bacterial flora and its interaction with the host has been presented, followed by an analysis of key concepts of bidirectional communication between gut microbiota and the brain. The substantial experimental evidence of gut microbiota affecting the neurodegenerative process in experimental AD models has been described next in this review, and finally, the limitations of such experimental studies vis-avis the actual disease and the paucity of clinical data on this topic have also been mentioned.

Introduction: Metabolic syndrome is a cluster of metabolic abnormalities characterized by abdominal obesity, hyperglycemia, decreased high density lipoprotein (HDL), increased Triglycerides and high blood pressure, which predispose the individual at higher risk for both cardiovascular disease (CVD) and type 2 diabetes. Postmenopausal state is considered as a vulnerable period for developing MS. Aims and Objectives: To study the Prevalence of metabolic syndrome and its components in postmenopausal women. Material and Method: This study was conducted in the Department of biochemistry, MMIMSR, MMDU, Mullana, Ambala. A total of 100 postmenopausal women in the age group of above 45 years were recruited for this study after assessing their eligibility according to the selection criteria. Biochemical Investigations: Estimation of Fasting Serum glucose was done on Erba chem 7 analyzer and Total cholesterol, HDL and Serum Triglycerides was done on Dimension® clinical chemistry system manufactured by Siemens Healthcare Diagnostics (US). Results: The mean triglycerides and fasting serum glucose levels were significantly high (

The ongoing Corona virus (COVID-19) pandemic has witnessed global political responses of unimaginable proportions. Many nations have implemented lockdowns that involve mandating citizens not to leave their residences for non-essential work. The Indian government has taken appropriate and commendable steps to curtail the community spread of COVID-19. While this may be extremely beneficial, this perspective discusses the other reasons why COVID-19 may have a lesser impact on India. We analyze the current pattern of SARS-CoV-2 transmission, testing, and mortality in India with an emphasis on the importance of mortality as a marker of the clinical relevance of COVID-19 disease. We also analyze the environmental and biological factors which may lessen the impact of COVID-19 in India. The importance of cross-immunity, innate immune responses, ACE polymorphism, and viral genetic mutations are discussed.

In today’s world rival combat is a crucial aspect in any nation’s security. The countrywide security mainly depends on soldiery, naval, air force and a vibrant role is played by soldiers. Number of apprehensions have been elevated about the wellbeing of these warriors. The Defense subdivision of homeland would be potent for their safekeeping. This system will be beneficial for soldiers, who encompass in undertakings or in special actions. In rival terrain, our territorial army not only have to deal with the physical risk, but also with load and exhaustion caused by prolonged processes or even due to lack of doze. So, for their security persistence we need a tool to remote soldier performance and health monitoring. And, in this project a device is instigated by means of biosensors for health nursing purpose. Also, a GPS is been utilized in demand to track the location of the soldier. Moreover, a GSM modem is also used to brand the system wirelessly compatible. This system permits GPS tracking of these soldiers. It is probable by M- Health. It can be well-defined as mobile computing, communication technologies, medical sensors for health maintenance. In this system, smart sensors are attached to the body of soldiers for detection and prevention. This is applied with a particular server system for broad agility. This server will furnish the affinity to the server at the base station with the use of wireless assembly. Individual soldier also has a GSM module that permits to interconnect with the base station if any wounds noticed. As quick as any other soldier cross the rival borders it is tremendously tough for the soldiery base station to distinguish the particular or predicted location as well as the health condition of all the soldiers. In our project we have come up with an idea of tracking soldier and this tool is implemented by means of biosensors for health monitoring purpose as well as to stretch the condition status of the soldier all through the war for their safety.

In this work, the biocompatibility and antibacterial activities of novel SnO2 nanowire coatings prepared by electron-beam (E-Beam) evaporation process at low temperatures were studied. The nanowire coatings were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX), and X-ray diffraction (XRD) methods. The results of in vitro cytotoxicity and cell proliferation assays suggested that the SnO2 nanowire coatings were nontoxic and promoted the proliferation of C2C12 and L929 cells (> 90% viability). Cellular activities, cell adhesion, and lactate dehydrogenase activities were consistent with the superior biocompatibility of the nanowire materials. Notably, the nanowire coating showed potent antibacterial activity against six different bacterial strains. The antibacterial activity of the SnO2 material was attributed to the photocatalytic nature of SnO2. The antibacterial activity and biocompatibility of the newly developed SnO2 nanowire coatings may enable their use as coating materials for biomedical implants.

Introduction: Hypothyroidism affects all organ systems of the human body including the respiratory system. Subclinical hypothyroidism is the earliest stage of hypothyroidism and has a high prevalence rate worldwide. Aim: To assess the pulmonary function tests in female patients of subclinical hypothyroidism to find out lung function impairment if any. Materials and Methods: The study comprised of 60 female participants (30 patients with subclinical hypothyroidism and 30 healthy controls) in the age-group of 20-40 years. Pulmonary function tests were performed by using computerised spirometer Helios 401 (RMS, Chandigarh). The parameters of the two groups were compared by student’s t-test and p0.05). Conclusion: Pulmonary functions are affected in the patients with subclinical hypothyroidism. Therefore, pulmonary functions should be evaluated in subclinical hypothyroid patients to detect early respiratory dysfunction.

A single input and multiple output (SIMO) antenna configuration is presented for real time data acquisition. The proposed approach can provide both range and angle information in a plane. A method of localization of multiple point objects (targets) in azimuthal plane is realized by employing one stationary transmitting antenna and dynamic receiving antennas positions. FMCW chirp signals are used as transmitting signals. A parametric analysis is carried out by varying the bandwidth of transmitted signal, number of samples and number of antennas on a linear array with equal inter-element spacing. Radial resolution of 0.4 feet and 0.23 feet is achieved for 2GHz and 6 GHz bandwidths respectively. The method is extended to identify multiple targets.

Background: Diabetes mellitus (DM) has emerged as a major healthcare problem in India. There were an estimated 40 million persons with DM in India in 2007 and this number is predicted to rise to almost 70 million by 2025. It is estimated that every fifth person with diabetes will be an Indian. The objective of the present investigation was to establish the reference range for glycated hemoglobin (HbA 1C ) in healthy non-diabetic subjects in our hospital laboratory and compare it with the values reported by standard laboratories. Methods: The study was conducted in the Department of Biochemistry, MMIMSR, Mullana (Ambala, Haryana). Total number of subjects was 50 (25 males, 25 females), aged 30 to 70 years. 2 ml of blood was collected from antecubital vein under aseptic conditions from each subject and put in EDTA vials. Hemolysed blood was estimated by semiautoanalyzer for HbA 1 C. Results: In females, the levels were 6.50 ± 0.74 % while in males the levels were 6.27 ± 0.94 %. The overall range in females was 4.8 - 7.56 % while in males it was 4.2 to 7.56 %. The values were comparable (p>0.05) with those reported by standard laboratories, e.g. Dr. Lal PathLabs (

BackgroundFree radical activity is an important cause of vascular complications in type 1 diabetes mellitus. But data regarding vascular complications in type 2 diabetes mellitus are scant.ObjectivesThe aim of this study was to examine free radical activity in type 2 diabetic patients with hypertension compared to those without hypertension.Materials and MethodsThe serum levels of lipid peroxidation product, MDA malondialdehyde), the free radical scavenger, SOD (superoxide dismutase) and NO (nitric oxide) were studied in 50 type 2 diabetic outpatients. Controls were regarded as those diabetic outpatients who did not have hypertension.ResultAmong 50 patients thus studied 19 were hypertensive. The concentration (median (range)) of both SOD (21.31(5.33–26.64) vs. 16.65(6.66–22.64)U/dl; p

We propose a fast algorithm to down-size video frames, by arbitrary factor, directly in DCT domain. The existing methods treat each 8 × 8 block as a fundamental unit, therefore, involve high cost of reconstructing down-sized frames. We demonstrate that a basic operation in reconstructing 16 × 16 macroblock, as a whole, can be represented as multiplication by fixed matrices and the computations can be greatly simplified through decomposition of DCT/IDCT matrix operations. Experimental results using cascaded DCT domain transcoder (CDDT) show substantial reduction in cost of reconstructing down-sized frames at quality similar to the existing methods.