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1. Updated climatological mean ΔfCO2 and net sea–air CO2 flux over the global open ocean regions.

Author

Fay, Amanda R., Munro, David R., McKinley, Galen A., Pierrot, Denis, Sutherland, Stewart C., Sweeney, Colm, and Wanninkhof, Rik

Subjects
PARTIAL pressure, WATER pressure, CARBON dioxide, REGIONAL differences, ATMOSPHERIC carbon dioxide, OCEAN temperature, OBSERVATORIES, OCEAN
Abstract

The late Taro Takahashi (Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory (LDEO), Columbia University) and colleagues provided the first near-global monthly air–sea CO 2 flux climatology in Takahashi et al. (1997), based on available surface water partial pressure of CO 2 measurements. This product has been a benchmark for uptake of CO 2 in the ocean. Several versions have been provided since, with improvements in procedures and large increases in observations, culminating in the authoritative assessment in Takahashi et al. (2009a, b). Here we provide and document the last iteration using a greatly increased dataset (SOCATv2022) and determining fluxes using air–sea partial pressure differences as a climatological reference for the period 1980–2021 (Fay et al., 2023, 10.25921/295g-sn13). The resulting net flux for the open ocean region is estimated as -1.79±0.7 Pg C yr -1 , which compares well with other global mean flux estimates. While global flux results are consistent, differences in regional means and seasonal amplitudes are discussed. Consistent with other studies, we find the largest differences in the data-sparse southeast Pacific and Southern Ocean. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2024
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6. Updated climatological mean delta fCO2 and net sea-air CO2 flux over the global open ocean regions.

Author

Fay, Amanda R., Munro, David R., McKinley, Galen A., Pierrot, Denis, Sutherland, Stewart C., Sweeney, Colm, and Wanninkhof, Rik

Subjects
PARTIAL pressure, WATER pressure, REGIONAL differences, PRESSURE measurement, OCEAN waves, CLIMATOLOGY, OCEAN
Abstract

The late Taro Takahashi (LDEO/Columbia University) provided the first near-global monthly air-sea CO2 flux climatology in Takahashi et al. (1997), based on available surface water partial pressure of CO2 measurements. This product has been a benchmark for uptake of CO2 in the ocean. Several versions have been provided since, with improvements in procedures and large increases in observations, culminating in the authoritative assessment in Takahashi et al. (2009). Here we provide and document the last iteration using a greatly increased dataset (SOCATv2022) and determining fluxes using air-sea partial pressure differences as a climatological reference for the period 1980-2021 (Fay et al. 2023). The resulting net flux for the open ocean region is estimated as -1.79 PgC yr-1 which compares well with other global mean flux estimates. While global flux results are consistent, differences in regional means and seasonal amplitudes are discussed. Consistent with other studies, we find the largest differences in the data-sparse southeast Pacific and Southern Ocean. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2023
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9. Decadal variation of the surface water PC[O.sub.2] in the western and central equatorial Pacific

Author

Takahashi, Taro, Sutherland, Stewart C., Feely, Richard A., and Cosca, Catherine E.

Subjects
Science and technology
Abstract

The equatorial Pacific Ocean is one of the most important yet highly variable oceanic source areas for atmospheric carbon dioxide (C[O.ub.2]). Here, we used the partial pressure of C[O.sub.2] (PC[O.sub.2]), measured in surface waters from 1979 through early 2001, to examine the effect on the equatorial Pacific C[O.sub.2] chemistry of the Pacific Decadal Oscillation phase shift, which occurred around 1988 to 1992. During the decade before the shift, the surface water PC[O.sub.2] (corrected for temperature changes and atmospheric C[O.sub.2] uptake) in the central and western equatorial Pacific decreased at a mean rate of about -20 µatm per decade, whereas after the shift, it increased at about +15 µatm per decade. These changes altered the C[O.sub.2] sink and source flux of the equatorial Pacific significantly., The equatorial Pacific Ocean is known to undergo significant changes on interannual time scales (e.g., El Nino and La Nina) and on decadal time scales. This area is a major [...]

Published
2003

10. Global air-sea flux of CO2: an estimate based on measurements of sea-air pCO2 difference

Author

Takahashi, Taro, Feely, Richard A., Weiss, Ray F., Wanninkhof, Rik H., Chipman, David W., Sutherland, Stewart C., and Takahashi, Timothy T.

Subjects
Ocean-atmosphere interaction -- Research, Atmospheric carbon dioxide -- Environmental aspects, Science and technology
Abstract

Approximately 250,000 measurements made for the pC[O.sub.2] difference between surface water and the marine atmosphere, [Delta]pC[O.sub.2], have been assembled for the global oceans. Observations made in the equatorial Pacific during El Nino events have been excluded from the data set. These observations are mapped on the global 4 [degrees] x 5 [degrees] grid for a single virtual calendar year (chosen arbitrarily to be 1990) representing a non-El Nino year. Monthly global distributions of [Delta]pC[O.sub.2] have been constructed using an interpolation method based on a lateral advection-diffusion transport equation. The net flux of C[O.sub.2] across the sea surface has been computed using [Delta]pC[O.sub.2] distributions and C[O.sub.2] gas transfer coefficients across sea surface. The annual net uptake flux of C[O.sub.2] by the global oceans thus estimated ranges from 0.60 to 1.34 Gt-C[center dot][yr.sup.-1] depending on different formulations used for wind speed dependence on the gas transfer coefficient. These estimates are subject to an error of up to 75% resulting from the numerical interpolation method used to estimate the distribution of [Delta]pC[O.sub.2] over the global oceans. Temperate and polar oceans of the both hemispheres are the major sinks for atmospheric C[O.sub.2], whereas the equatorial oceans are the major sources for C[O.sub.2]. The Atlantic Ocean is the most important C[O.sub.2] sink, providing about 60% of the global ocean uptake, while the Pacific Ocean is neutral because of its equatorial source flux being balanced by the sink flux of the temperate oceans. The Indian and Southern Oceans take up about 20% each.

Published
1997

11. Global Autocorrelation Scales of the Partial Pressure of Oceanic CO2

Author

Li, Zhen, Adamec, David, Takahashi, Taro, and Sutherland, Stewart C

Subjects
Oceanography
Abstract

A global database of approximately 1.7 million observations of the partial pressure of carbon dioxide in surface ocean waters (pCO2) collected between 1970 and 2003 is used to estimate its spatial autocorrelation structure. The patterns of the lag distance where the autocorrelation exceeds 0.8 is similar to patterns in the spatial distribution of the first baroclinic Rossby radius of deformation indicating that ocean circulation processes play a significant role in determining the spatial variability of pCO2. For example, the global maximum of the distance at which autocorrelations exceed 0.8 averages about 140 km in the equatorial Pacific. Also, the lag distance at which the autocorrelation exceed 0.8 is greater in the vicinity of the Gulf Stream than it is near the Kuroshio, approximately 50 km near the Gulf Stream as opposed to 20 km near the Kuroshio. Separate calculations for times when the sun is north and south of the equator revealed no obvious seasonal dependence of the spatial autocorrelation scales. The pCO2 measurements at Ocean Weather Station (OWS) 'P', in the eastern subarctic Pacific (50 N, 145 W) is the only fixed location where an uninterrupted time series of sufficient length exists to calculate a meaningful temporal autocorrelation function for lags greater than a few days. The estimated temporal autocorrelation function at OWS 'P', is highly variable. A spectral analysis of the longest four pCO2 time series indicates a high level of variability occurring over periods from the atmospheric synoptic to the maximum length of the time series, in this case 42 days. It is likely that a relative peak in variability with a period of 3-6 days is related to atmospheric synoptic period variability and ocean mixing events due to wind stirring. However, the short length of available time series makes identifying temporal relationships between pCO2 and atmospheric or ocean processes problematic.

Published
2004

12. A multi-decade record of high-quality fCO2 data in version 3 of the Surface Ocean CO2 Atlas (SOCAT)

Author

Bakker, Dorothee C. E., Pfeil, Benjamin, Landa, Camilla S., Metzl, Nicolas, O'Brien, Kevin M., Olsen, Are, Smith, Karl M., Cosca, Catherine E., Harasawa, Sumiko, Jones, Stephen D., Nakaoka, Shin-Ichiro, Nojiri, Yukihiro, Schuster, Ute, Steinhoff, Tobias, Sweeney, Colm, Takahashi, Taro, Tilbrook, Bronte, Wada, Chisato, Wanninkhof, Rik H., Alin, Simone R., Balestrini, Carlos F., Barbero, Leticia, Bates, Nicholas R., Bianchi, Alejandro A., Bonou, Frédéric, Boutin, Jacqueline, Bozec, Yann, Burger, Eugene F., Cai, Wei-Jun, Castle, Robert D., Chen, Liqi, Chierici, Melissa, Currie, Kim, Evans, Wiley, Featherstone, Charles, Feely, Richard A., Fransson, Agneta, Goyet, Catherine, Greenwood, Naomi, Gregor, Luke, Hankin, Steven, Hardman-Mountford, Nick J., Harlay, Jérôme, Hauck, Judith, Hoppema, Mario, Humphreys, Matthew P., Hunt, Christopher W., Huss, Betty, Ibánhez, J. Severino P., Johannessen, Truls, Keeling, Ralph F., Kitidis, Vassilis, Körtzinger, Arne, Kozyr, Alex, Krasakopoulou, Evangelia, Kuwata, Akira, Landschützer, Peter, Lauvset, Siv K., Lefèvre, Nathalie, Lo Monaco, Claire, Manke, Ansley B., Mathis, Jeremy T., Merlivat, Liliane, Millero, Frank J., Monteiro, Pedro M. S., Munro, David R., Murata, Akihiko, Newberger, Timothy, Omar, Abdirahman M., Ono, Tsuneo, Paterson, Kristina, Pearce, David, Pierrot, Denis, Robbins, Lisa L., Saito, Shu, Salisbury, Joseph E., Schlitzer, Reiner, Schneider, Bernd, Schweitzer, Roland, Sieger, Rainer, Skjelvan, Ingunn, Sullivan, Kevin F., Sutherland, Stewart C., Sutton, Adrienne J., Tadokoro, Kazuaki, Telszewski, Maciej, Tuma, Matthias, van Heuven, Steven M. A. C., Vandemark, Doug, Ward, Brian, Watson, Andrew J., Xu, Suqing, Centre for Ocean and Atmospheric, school of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia [Norwich] (UEA), University of Bergen (UiB), Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research (BCCR), Department of Biological Sciences [Bergen] (BIO / UiB), University of Bergen (UiB)-University of Bergen (UiB), Équipe CO2 (E-CO2), Laboratoire d'Océanographie et du Climat : Expérimentations et Approches Numériques (LOCEAN), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), NOAA Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory [Seattle] (PMEL), National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), Joint Institute for the Study of the Atmosphere and Ocean (JISAO), University of Washington [Seattle], National Institute for Environmental Studies (NIES), University of Exeter, Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research [Kiel] (GEOMAR), NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory (ESRL), Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory (LDEO), Columbia University [New York], CSIRO Marine and Atmospheric Research (CSIRO-MAR), Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation [Canberra] (CSIRO), NOAA Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory (AOML), Departamento de Oceanografia, Servicio de Hidrografía Naval, Cooperative Institute for Marine and Atmospheric Studies, Rosenstiel School for Marine and Atmospheric Science (CIMAS), Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science (RSMAS), University of Miami [Coral Gables]-University of Miami [Coral Gables], Ocean and Earth Science [Southampton], University of Southampton-National Oceanography Centre (NOC), Departmento de Engenharia de Produção, Centro de Estudos e Ensaios em Risco e Modelagem Ambiental, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco [Recife] (UFPE), Interactions et Processus au sein de la couche de Surface Océanique (IPSO), Adaptation et diversité en milieu marin (AD2M), Station biologique de Roscoff [Roscoff] (SBR), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), School of Marine Science and Policy, University of Delaware [Newark], The Third Institute of Oceanography SOA, Department of Marine Sciences, University of Gothenburg (GU), National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research [Wellington] (NIWA), Norwegian Polar Institute, Institut de Modélisation et d'Analyses en géo-environnement et santé - Espace Développement (IMAGES-Espace DEV), UMR 228 Espace-Dev, Espace pour le développement, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université de Perpignan Via Domitia (UPVD)-Avignon Université (AU)-Université de La Réunion (UR)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Université de Guyane (UG)-Université des Antilles (UA)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université de Perpignan Via Domitia (UPVD)-Avignon Université (AU)-Université de La Réunion (UR)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Université de Guyane (UG)-Université des Antilles (UA), Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science [Lowestoft] (CEFAS), Ocean Systems and Climate Group, CSIR, CSIRO Oceans and Atmosphere, CISRO Oceans and Atmosphere, University of Hawai‘i [Mānoa] (UHM), Alfred-Wegener-Institut, Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung (AWI), Ocean Process Analysis Laboratory, University of New Hampshire (UNH), IRD Lago Sul, Brazil, University of California [San Diego] (UC San Diego), University of California (UC), Plymouth Marine Laboratory (PML), Oak Ridge National Laboratory [Oak Ridge] (ORNL), UT-Battelle, LLC, University of the Aegean, Tohoku National Fisheries Research Institute, National Fisheries Research Institute, Max-Planck-Institut für Meteorologie (MPI-M), Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Geophysical Institute [Bergen] (GFI / BiU), Austral, Boréal et Carbone (ABC), Department of Ocean Sciences, University of Miami [Coral Gables], Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences [Boulder] (ATOC), University of Colorado [Boulder], Institute of Arctic Alpine Research [University of Colorado Boulder] (INSTAAR), Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC), Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences (CIRES), University of Colorado [Boulder]-National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), National Research Institute for Fisheries Science,Japan Fisheries Research and Education Agency, Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7), United States Geological Survey [Reston] (USGS), Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA), Ocean Process Analysis Laboratory (OPAL), Leibniz Institute for Baltic Sea Research Warnemünde, Weathertop consulting LLC, International Ocean Carbon Coordination Project, WCRP Joint planning staff, World Meteorological Organization (WCRP), Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research (NIOZ), AirSea Laboratory, School of Physics and Ryan Institute, National University of Ireland [Galway] (NUI Galway), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), University of Leeds, College of Life and Environmental Sciences [Exeter], Met Eireann, CSIRO Wealth from Oceans National Research Flagship and Antarctic Climate and Ecosystems CRC, Helmholtz Zentrum für Umweltforschung = Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research (UFZ), Bermuda Institute of Ocean Sciences (BIOS), Centre de résonance magnétique des systèmes biologiques (CRMSB), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Bordeaux (UB), CHImie Marine (CHIM), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Station biologique de Roscoff [Roscoff] (SBR), Department of Chemistry, Computer Science Department (UBC-Computer Science), University of British Columbia (UBC), Laboratoire de Biophysique et Dynamique des Systèmes Intégrés (BDSI), Université de Perpignan Via Domitia (UPVD), Oceans and Atmosphere Flagship (CSIRO), CSIRO Oceans and Atmosphere Flagship, Department of Oceanography (DOCEAN), Federal University of Pernambuco [Recife], University of California, Plymouth Marine Laboratory, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel (CAU), Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering [Berkeley] (CEE), University of California [Berkeley], University of California-University of California, University of Wisconsin Whitewater, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Department of Computer Science [Royal Holloway], Royal Holloway [University of London] (RHUL), Cooperative Institute for Marine and Atmospheric Studies (CIMAS), Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, School of Physics [NUI Galway], School of Environmental Sciences [Norwich], College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Université de Guyane (UG)-Université des Antilles (UA)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université de Perpignan Via Domitia (UPVD)-Avignon Université (AU)-Université de La Réunion (UR)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Université de Guyane (UG)-Université des Antilles (UA)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université de Perpignan Via Domitia (UPVD)-Avignon Université (AU)-Université de La Réunion (UR)-Université de Montpellier (UM), Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research (INSTAAR), Université de Bordeaux (UB)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), University of California [Berkeley] (UC Berkeley), and University of California (UC)-University of California (UC)

Subjects
lcsh:GE1-350, lcsh:Geology, [SDU]Sciences of the Universe [physics], lcsh:QE1-996.5, [SDU.STU]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-GEO-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Geophysics [physics.geo-ph], lcsh:Environmental sciences, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, [SDU.STU.OC]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Oceanography
Abstract

The Surface Ocean CO2 Atlas (SOCAT) is a synthesis of quality-controlled fCO2 (fugacity of carbon dioxide) values for the global surface oceans and coastal seas with regular updates. Version 3 of SOCAT has 14.7 million fCO2 values from 3646 data sets covering the years 1957 to 2014. This latest version has an additional 4.6 million fCO2 values relative to version 2 and extends the record from 2011 to 2014. Version 3 also significantly increases the data availability for 2005 to 2013. SOCAT has an average of approximately 1.2 million surface water fCO2 values per year for the years 2006 to 2012. Quality and documentation of the data has improved. A new feature is the data set quality control (QC) flag of E for data from alternative sensors and platforms. The accuracy of surface water fCO2 has been defined for all data set QC flags. Automated range checking has been carried out for all data sets during their upload into SOCAT. The upgrade of the interactive Data Set Viewer (previously known as the Cruise Data Viewer) allows better interrogation of the SOCAT data collection and rapid creation of high-quality figures for scientific presentations. Automated data upload has been launched for version 4 and will enable more frequent SOCAT releases in the future. High-profile scientific applications of SOCAT include quantification of the ocean sink for atmospheric carbon dioxide and its long-term variation, detection of ocean acidification, as well as evaluation of coupled-climate and ocean-only biogeochemical models. Users of SOCAT data products are urged to acknowledge the contribution of data providers, as stated in the SOCAT Fair Data Use Statement. This ESSD (Earth System Science Data) "living data" publication documents the methods and data sets used for the assembly of this new version of the SOCAT data collection and compares these with those used for earlier versions of the data collection (Pfeil et al., 2013; Sabine et al., 2013; Bakker et al., 2014). Individual data set files, included in the synthesis product, can be downloaded here: doi:10.1594/PANGAEA.849770. The gridded products are available here: doi:10.3334/CDIAC/OTG.SOCAT_V3_GRID.

Published
2016

13. A multi-decade record of high-quality <i>f</i>CO<sub>2</sub> data in version 3 of the Surface Ocean CO<sub>2</sub> Atlas (SOCAT)

Author

Bakker, Dorothee C. E., primary, Pfeil, Benjamin, additional, Landa, Camilla S., additional, Metzl, Nicolas, additional, O'Brien, Kevin M., additional, Olsen, Are, additional, Smith, Karl, additional, Cosca, Cathy, additional, Harasawa, Sumiko, additional, Jones, Stephen D., additional, Nakaoka, Shin-ichiro, additional, Nojiri, Yukihiro, additional, Schuster, Ute, additional, Steinhoff, Tobias, additional, Sweeney, Colm, additional, Takahashi, Taro, additional, Tilbrook, Bronte, additional, Wada, Chisato, additional, Wanninkhof, Rik, additional, Alin, Simone R., additional, Balestrini, Carlos F., additional, Barbero, Leticia, additional, Bates, Nicholas R., additional, Bianchi, Alejandro A., additional, Bonou, Frédéric, additional, Boutin, Jacqueline, additional, Bozec, Yann, additional, Burger, Eugene F., additional, Cai, Wei-Jun, additional, Castle, Robert D., additional, Chen, Liqi, additional, Chierici, Melissa, additional, Currie, Kim, additional, Evans, Wiley, additional, Featherstone, Charles, additional, Feely, Richard A., additional, Fransson, Agneta, additional, Goyet, Catherine, additional, Greenwood, Naomi, additional, Gregor, Luke, additional, Hankin, Steven, additional, Hardman-Mountford, Nick J., additional, Harlay, Jérôme, additional, Hauck, Judith, additional, Hoppema, Mario, additional, Humphreys, Matthew P., additional, Hunt, Christopher W., additional, Huss, Betty, additional, Ibánhez, J. Severino P., additional, Johannessen, Truls, additional, Keeling, Ralph, additional, Kitidis, Vassilis, additional, Körtzinger, Arne, additional, Kozyr, Alex, additional, Krasakopoulou, Evangelia, additional, Kuwata, Akira, additional, Landschützer, Peter, additional, Lauvset, Siv K., additional, Lefèvre, Nathalie, additional, Lo Monaco, Claire, additional, Manke, Ansley, additional, Mathis, Jeremy T., additional, Merlivat, Liliane, additional, Millero, Frank J., additional, Monteiro, Pedro M. S., additional, Munro, David R., additional, Murata, Akihiko, additional, Newberger, Timothy, additional, Omar, Abdirahman M., additional, Ono, Tsuneo, additional, Paterson, Kristina, additional, Pearce, David, additional, Pierrot, Denis, additional, Robbins, Lisa L., additional, Saito, Shu, additional, Salisbury, Joe, additional, Schlitzer, Reiner, additional, Schneider, Bernd, additional, Schweitzer, Roland, additional, Sieger, Rainer, additional, Skjelvan, Ingunn, additional, Sullivan, Kevin F., additional, Sutherland, Stewart C., additional, Sutton, Adrienne J., additional, Tadokoro, Kazuaki, additional, Telszewski, Maciej, additional, Tuma, Matthias, additional, van Heuven, Steven M. A. C., additional, Vandemark, Doug, additional, Ward, Brian, additional, Watson, Andrew J., additional, and Xu, Suqing, additional

Published
2016
Full Text
View/download PDF

14. A multi-decade record of high-quality fCO<sub>2</sub> data in version 3 of the Surface Ocean CO<sub>2</sub> Atlas (SOCAT)

Author

Bakker, Dorothee C. E., primary, Pfeil, Benjamin, additional, Landa, Camilla S., additional, Metzl, Nicolas, additional, O'Brien, Kevin M., additional, Olsen, Are, additional, Smith, Karl, additional, Cosca, Cathy, additional, Harasawa, Sumiko, additional, Jones, Stephen D., additional, Nakaoka, Shin-ichiro, additional, Nojiri, Yukihiro, additional, Schuster, Ute, additional, Steinhoff, Tobias, additional, Sweeney, Colm, additional, Takahashi, Taro, additional, Tilbrook, Bronte, additional, Wada, Chisato, additional, Wanninkhof, Rik, additional, Alin, Simone R., additional, Balestrini, Carlos F., additional, Barbero, Leticia, additional, Bates, Nicholas R., additional, Bianchi, Alejandro A., additional, Bonou, Frédéric, additional, Boutin, Jacqueline, additional, Bozec, Yann, additional, Burger, Eugene F., additional, Cai, Wei-Jun, additional, Castle, Robert D., additional, Chen, Liqi, additional, Chierici, Melissa, additional, Currie, Kim, additional, Evans, Wiley, additional, Featherstone, Charles, additional, Feely, Richard A., additional, Fransson, Agneta, additional, Goyet, Catherine, additional, Greenwood, Naomi, additional, Gregor, Luke, additional, Hankin, Steven, additional, Hardman-Mountford, Nick J., additional, Harlay, Jérôme, additional, Hauck, Judith, additional, Hoppema, Mario, additional, Humphreys, Matthew P., additional, Hunt, Christopher W., additional, Huss, Betty, additional, Ibánhez, J. Severino P., additional, Johannessen, Truls, additional, Keeling, Ralph, additional, Kitidis, Vassilis, additional, Körtzinger, Arne, additional, Kozyr, Alex, additional, Krasakopoulou, Evangelia, additional, Kuwata, Akira, additional, Landschützer, Peter, additional, Lauvset, Siv K., additional, Lefèvre, Nathalie, additional, Lo Monaco, Claire, additional, Manke, Ansley, additional, Mathis, Jeremy T., additional, Merlivat, Liliane, additional, Millero, Frank J., additional, Monteiro, Pedro M. S., additional, Munro, David R., additional, Murata, Akihiko, additional, Newberger, Timothy, additional, Omar, Abdirahman M., additional, Ono, Tsuneo, additional, Paterson, Kristina, additional, Pearce, David, additional, Pierrot, Denis, additional, Robbins, Lisa L., additional, Saito, Shu, additional, Salisbury, Joe, additional, Schlitzer, Reiner, additional, Schneider, Bernd, additional, Schweitzer, Roland, additional, Sieger, Rainer, additional, Skjelvan, Ingunn, additional, Sullivan, Kevin F., additional, Sutherland, Stewart C., additional, Sutton, Adrienne J., additional, Tadokoro, Kazuaki, additional, Telszewski, Maciej, additional, Tuma, Matthias, additional, Van Heuven, Steven M. A. C., additional, Vandemark, Doug, additional, Ward, Brian, additional, Watson, Andrew J., additional, and Xu, Suqing, additional

Published
2016
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15. Importance of water mass formation regions for the air-sea CO2 flux estimate in the Southern Ocean

Author

Barbero, Leticia, Boutin, Jacqueline, Merlivat, Liliane, Martin, Nicolas, Takahashi, Taro, Sutherland, Stewart C., Wanninkhof, Rik H., Laboratoire d'Océanographie et du Climat : Expérimentations et Approches Numériques (LOCEAN), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), and Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL)

Subjects
[SDU.STU.GP]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Geophysics [physics.geo-ph], [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-GEO-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Geophysics [physics.geo-ph]
Abstract

International audience; CARIOCA drifters and ship data from several cruises in the Subantarctic Zone (SAZ) of the Pacific Ocean, approximately 40°S-55°S, have been used in order to investigate surface CO2 partial pressure (pCO2) and dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) patterns. The highest DIC values were determined in regions of deep water formation, characterized by deep mixed layer depths (MLD) as estimated from Argo float profiles. As a result, these areas act as sources of CO2 to the atmosphere. Using an empirical linear relationship between DIC, sea surface temperature (SST), and MLD, we then combine DIC with AT based on salinity and compute pCO2. Finally, we derive monthly fields of air-sea CO2 flux in the SAZ. Our fit predicts the existence of a realistic seasonal cycle, close to equilibrium with the atmosphere in winter and a sink when biological activity takes place. It also reproduces the impact that deep water formation regions close to the Subantarctic Front (SAF) and in the eastern part of the SAZ have on the uptake capacity of the area. These areas, undersampled in previous studies, have high pCO2, and as a result, our estimates (0.05 ± 0.03 PgC yr-1) indicate that the Pacific SAZ acts as a weaker sink of CO2 than suggested by previous studies which neglect these source regions.

Published
2011

16. Impact of climate change and variability on the global oceanic sink of CO2

Author

Le Quere, Corinne, Takahashi, Taro, Buitenhuis, Erik T., Roedenbeck, Christian, Sutherland, Stewart C., Le Quere, Corinne, Takahashi, Taro, Buitenhuis, Erik T., Roedenbeck, Christian, and Sutherland, Stewart C.

Abstract

About one quarter of the CO2 emitted to the atmosphere by human activities is absorbed annually by the ocean. All the processes that influence the oceanic uptake of CO2 are controlled by climate. Hence changes in climate (both natural and human-induced) are expected to alter the uptake of CO2 by the ocean. However, available information that constrains the direction, magnitude, or rapidity of the response of ocean CO2 to changes in climate is limited. We present an analysis of oceanic CO2 trends for 1981 to 2007 from data and a model. Our analysis suggests that the global ocean responded to recent changes in climate by outgassing some preindustrial carbon, in part compensating the oceanic uptake of anthropogenic CO2. Using a model, we estimate that climate change and variability reduced the CO2 uptake by 12% compared to a simulation where constant climate is imposed, and offset 63% of the trend in response to increasing atmospheric CO2 alone. The response is caused by changes in wind patterns and ocean warming, with important nonlinear effects that amplify the response of oceanic CO2 to changes in climate by > 30%.

Published
2010
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17. A multi-decade record of high-quality fCO2 data in version 3 of the Surface Ocean CO2 Atlas (SOCAT).

Author

Bakker, Dorothee C. E., Sweeney, Colm, Omar, Abdirahman M., Sutton, Adrienne J., Takahashi, Taro, Pearce, David, Tilbrook, Bronte, Huss, Betty, Featherstone, Charles, Castle, Robert D., Wanninkhof, Rik, Robbins, Lisa L., Barbero, Leticia, Sutherland, Stewart C., Bianchi, Alejandro A., Balestrini, Carlos F., Bates, Nicholas R., Humphreys, Matthew P., Landa, Camilla S., and Pfeil, Benjamin

Subjects
CARBON dioxide in seawater, FUGACITY, SCIENCE databases
Abstract

The Surface Ocean CO2 Atlas (SOCAT) is a synthesis of quality-controlled fCO2 (fugacity of carbon dioxide) values for the global surface oceans and coastal seas with regular updates. Version 3 of SOCAT has 14.7 million fCO2 values from 3646 data sets covering the years 1957 to 2014. This latest version has an additional 4.6 million fCO2 values relative to version 2 and extends the record from 2011 to 2014. Version 3 also significantly increases the data availability for 2005 to 2013. SOCAT has an average of approximately 1.2 million surface water fCO2 values per year for the years 2006 to 2012. Quality and documentation of the data has improved. A new feature is the data set quality control (QC) flag of E for data from alternative sensors and platforms. The accuracy of surface water fCO2 has been defined for all data set QC flags. Automated range checking has been carried out for all data sets during their upload into SOCAT. The upgrade of the interactive Data Set Viewer (previously known as the Cruise Data Viewer) allows better interrogation of the SOCAT data collection and rapid creation of high-quality figures for scientific presentations. Automated data upload has been launched for version 4 and will enable more frequent SOCAT releases in the future. Highprofile scientific applications of SOCAT include quantification of the ocean sink for atmospheric carbon dioxide and its long-term variation, detection of ocean acidification, as well as evaluation of coupled-climate and ocean-only biogeochemical models. Users of SOCAT data products are urged to acknowledge the contribution of data providers, as stated in the SOCAT Fair Data Use Statement. This ESSD (Earth System Science Data) "living data" publication documents the methods and data sets used for the assembly of this new version of the SOCAT data collection and compares these with those used for earlier versions of the data collection (Pfeil et al., 2013; Bakker et al., 2014). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2016
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21. Corrigendum to “Climatological mean and decadal change in surface ocean pCO2, and net sea–air CO2 flux over the global oceans” [Deep Sea Res. II 56 (2009) 554–577]

Author

Takahashi, Taro, primary, Sutherland, Stewart C., additional, Wanninkhof, Rik, additional, Sweeney, Colm, additional, Feely, Richard A., additional, Chipman, David W., additional, Hales, Burke, additional, Friederich, Gernot, additional, Chavez, Francisco, additional, Sabine, Christopher, additional, Watson, Andrew, additional, Bakker, Dorothee C.E., additional, Schuster, Ute, additional, Metzl, Nicolas, additional, Yoshikawa-Inoue, Hisayuki, additional, Ishii, Masao, additional, Midorikawa, Takashi, additional, Nojiri, Yukihiro, additional, Körtzinger, Arne, additional, Steinhoff, Tobias, additional, Hoppema, Mario, additional, Olafsson, Jon, additional, Arnarson, Thorarinn S., additional, Tilbrook, Bronte, additional, Johannessen, Truls, additional, Olsen, Are, additional, Bellerby, Richard, additional, Wong, C.S., additional, Delille, Bruno, additional, Bates, N.R., additional, and de Baar, Hein J.W., additional

Published
2009
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22. Climatological mean and decadal change in surface ocean pCO2, and net sea–air CO2 flux over the global oceans

Author

Takahashi, Taro, primary, Sutherland, Stewart C., additional, Wanninkhof, Rik, additional, Sweeney, Colm, additional, Feely, Richard A., additional, Chipman, David W., additional, Hales, Burke, additional, Friederich, Gernot, additional, Chavez, Francisco, additional, Sabine, Christopher, additional, Watson, Andrew, additional, Bakker, Dorothee C.E., additional, Schuster, Ute, additional, Metzl, Nicolas, additional, Yoshikawa-Inoue, Hisayuki, additional, Ishii, Masao, additional, Midorikawa, Takashi, additional, Nojiri, Yukihiro, additional, Körtzinger, Arne, additional, Steinhoff, Tobias, additional, Hoppema, Mario, additional, Olafsson, Jon, additional, Arnarson, Thorarinn S., additional, Tilbrook, Bronte, additional, Johannessen, Truls, additional, Olsen, Are, additional, Bellerby, Richard, additional, Wong, C.S., additional, Delille, Bruno, additional, Bates, N.R., additional, and de Baar, Hein J.W., additional

Published
2009
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25. Carbon Dioxide, Hydrographic, and Chemical Data Obtained During the R/V Akademik Ioffe Cruise in the South Pacific Ocean (WOCE Section S4P, February-April 1992)

Author

Chipman, David W., Koshlyakov, Mikhail H., Rubin, Stephany., Sutherland, Stewart C., Takahashi, Taro., Chipman, David W., Koshlyakov, Mikhail H., Rubin, Stephany., Sutherland, Stewart C., and Takahashi, Taro.

Abstract

This site was prepared by the Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center at the Oak Ridge National Labratory and makes available carbon dioxide, hydrographic, and chemical data obtained during the R/V Akademik Ioffe cruise in the South Pacific Ocean in 1992. An overview of the data provides background information, description of the variables and methods, and references. A description of the expedition to obtain the data is also provided.

Published
1997

26. Global sea–air CO2 flux based on climatological surface ocean pCO2, and seasonal biological and temperature effects

Author

Takahashi, Taro, primary, Sutherland, Stewart C., additional, Sweeney, Colm, additional, Poisson, Alain, additional, Metzl, Nicolas, additional, Tilbrook, Bronte, additional, Bates, Nicolas, additional, Wanninkhof, Rik, additional, Feely, Richard A., additional, Sabine, Christopher, additional, Olafsson, Jon, additional, and Nojiri, Yukihiro, additional

Published
2002
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29. The observed evolution of oceanic pCO2 and its drivers over the last two decades.

Author

Lenton, Andrew, Metzl, Nicolas, Takahashi, Taro, Kuchinke, Mareva, Matear, Richard J., Roy, Tilla, Sutherland, Stewart C., Sweeney, Colm, and Tilbrook, Bronte

Subjects
OCEAN, OCEAN temperature, SALINITY, CARBON dioxide sinks, BIOGEOCHEMICAL cycles
Abstract

We use a database of more than 4.4 million observations of ocean pCO2 to investigate oceanic pCO2 growth rates. We use pCO2 measurements, with corresponding sea surface temperature and salinity measurements, to reconstruct alkalinity and dissolved inorganic carbon to understand what is driving these growth rates in different ocean regions. If the oceanic pCO2 growth rate is faster (slower) than the atmospheric CO2 growth rate, the region can be interpreted as having a decreasing (increasing) atmospheric CO2 uptake. Only the Western subpolar and subtropical North Pacific, and the Southern Ocean are found to have sufficient spatial and temporal observations to calculate the growth rates of oceanic pCO2 in different seasons. Based on these regions, we find the strength of the ocean carbon sink has declined over the last two decades due to a combination of regional drivers (physical and biological). In the subpolar North Pacific reduced atmospheric CO2 uptake in the summer is associated with changes in the biological production, while in the subtropical North Pacific enhanced uptake in winter is associated with enhanced biological production. In the Indian and Pacific sectors of the Southern Ocean a reduced winter atmospheric CO2 uptake is associated with a positive SAM response. Conversely in the more stratified Atlantic Ocean sector enhanced summer uptake is associated with increased biological production and reduced vertical supply. We are not able to separate climate variability and change as the calculated growth rates are at the limit of detection and are associated with large uncertainties. Ongoing sustained observations of global oceanic pCO2 and its drivers, including dissolved inorganic carbon and alkalinity, are key to detecting and understanding how the ocean carbon sink will evolve in future and what processes are driving this change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2012
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30. Importance of water mass formation regions for the air-sea CO2 flux estimate in the Southern Ocean.

Author

Barbero, Leticia, Boutin, Jacqueline, Merlivat, Liliane, Martin, Nicolas, Takahashi, Taro, Sutherland, Stewart C., and Wanninkhof, Rik

Subjects
ATMOSPHERIC carbon dioxide, TEMPERATURE, OCEANOGRAPHIC research, SEA surface microlayer
Abstract

[1] CARIOCA drifters and ship data from several cruises in the Subantarctic Zone (SAZ) of the Pacific Ocean, approximately 40°S-55°S, have been used in order to investigate surface CO2 partial pressure (pCO2) and dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) patterns. The highest DIC values were determined in regions of deep water formation, characterized by deep mixed layer depths (MLD) as estimated from Argo float profiles. As a result, these areas act as sources of CO2 to the atmosphere. Using an empirical linear relationship between DIC, sea surface temperature (SST), and MLD, we then combine DIC with AT based on salinity and compute pCO2. Finally, we derive monthly fields of air-sea CO2 flux in the SAZ. Our fit predicts the existence of a realistic seasonal cycle, close to equilibrium with the atmosphere in winter and a sink when biological activity takes place. It also reproduces the impact that deep water formation regions close to the Subantarctic Front (SAF) and in the eastern part of the SAZ have on the uptake capacity of the area. These areas, undersampled in previous studies, have high pCO2, and as a result, our estimates (0.05 ± 0.03 PgC yr-1) indicate that the Pacific SAZ acts as a weaker sink of CO2 than suggested by previous studies which neglect these source regions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2011
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31. Impact of climate change and variability on the global oceanic sink of CO2.

Author

Le Quéré, Corinne, Takahashi, Taro, Buitenhuis, Erik T., Rödenbeck, Christian, and Sutherland, Stewart C.

Subjects
CLIMATE change, CARBON dioxide, OCEAN bottom, PRECIPITATION variability, WIND measurement, STRATOSPHERIC winds
Abstract

About one quarter of the CO2 emitted to the atmosphere by human activities is absorbed annually by the ocean. All the processes that influence the oceanic uptake of CO2 are controlled by climate. Hence changes in climate (both natural and human-induced) are expected to alter the uptake of CO2 by the ocean. However, available information that constrains the direction, magnitude, or rapidity of the response of ocean CO2 to changes in climate is limited. We present an analysis of oceanic CO2 trends for 1981 to 2007 from data and a model. Our analysis suggests that the global ocean responded to recent changes in climate by outgassing some preindustrial carbon, in part compensating the oceanic uptake of anthropogenic CO2. Using a model, we estimate that climate change and variability reduced the CO2 uptake by 12% compared to a simulation where constant climate is imposed, and offset 63% of the trend in response to increasing atmospheric CO2 alone. The response is caused by changes in wind patterns and ocean warming, with important nonlinear effects that amplify the response of oceanic CO2 to changes in climate by> 30%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2010
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32. Climatological mean and decadal change in surface ocean pCO2, and net sea–air CO2 flux over the global oceans

Author

Takahashi, Taro, Sutherland, Stewart C., Wanninkhof, Rik, Sweeney, Colm, Feely, Richard A., Chipman, David W., Hales, Burke, Friederich, Gernot, Chavez, Francisco, Sabine, Christopher, Watson, Andrew, Bakker, Dorothee C.E., Schuster, Ute, Metzl, Nicolas, Yoshikawa-Inoue, Hisayuki, Ishii, Masao, Midorikawa, Takashi, Nojiri, Yukihiro, Körtzinger, Arne, and Steinhoff, Tobias

Subjects
*CLIMATOLOGY, *CARBON dioxide in seawater, *ATMOSPHERIC carbon dioxide, *OCEAN, *DATABASES, *SEASONS, *MEASUREMENT, *OCEANOGRAPHIC observations, EL Nino
Abstract

Abstract: A climatological mean distribution for the surface water pCO2 over the global oceans in non-El Niño conditions has been constructed with spatial resolution of 4° (latitude) ×5° (longitude) for a reference year 2000 based upon about 3 million measurements of surface water pCO2 obtained from 1970 to 2007. The database used for this study is about 3 times larger than the 0.94 million used for our earlier paper [Takahashi et al., 2002. Global sea–air CO2 flux based on climatological surface ocean pCO2, and seasonal biological and temperature effects. Deep-Sea Res. II, 49, 1601–1622]. A time-trend analysis using deseasonalized surface water pCO2 data in portions of the North Atlantic, North and South Pacific and Southern Oceans (which cover about 27% of the global ocean areas) indicates that the surface water pCO2 over these oceanic areas has increased on average at a mean rate of 1.5μatmy−1 with basin-specific rates varying between 1.2±0.5 and 2.1±0.4μatmy−1. A global ocean database for a single reference year 2000 is assembled using this mean rate for correcting observations made in different years to the reference year. The observations made during El Niño periods in the equatorial Pacific and those made in coastal zones are excluded from the database. Seasonal changes in the surface water pCO2 and the sea-air pCO2 difference over four climatic zones in the Atlantic, Pacific, Indian and Southern Oceans are presented. Over the Southern Ocean seasonal ice zone, the seasonality is complex. Although it cannot be thoroughly documented due to the limited extent of observations, seasonal changes in pCO2 are approximated by using the data for under-ice waters during austral winter and those for the marginal ice and ice-free zones. The net air–sea CO2 flux is estimated using the sea–air pCO2 difference and the air–sea gas transfer rate that is parameterized as a function of (wind speed)2 with a scaling factor of 0.26. This is estimated by inverting the bomb 14C data using Ocean General Circulation models and the 1979–2005 NCEP-DOE AMIP-II Reanalysis (R-2) wind speed data. The equatorial Pacific (14°N–14°S) is the major source for atmospheric CO2, emitting about +0.48Pg-Cy−1, and the temperate oceans between 14° and 50° in the both hemispheres are the major sink zones with an uptake flux of −0.70Pg-Cy−1 for the northern and −1.05Pg-Cy−1 for the southern zone. The high-latitude North Atlantic, including the Nordic Seas and portion of the Arctic Sea, is the most intense CO2 sink area on the basis of per unit area, with a mean of −2.5tons-Cmonth−1 km−2. This is due to the combination of the low pCO2 in seawater and high gas exchange rates. In the ice-free zone of the Southern Ocean (50°–62°S), the mean annual flux is small (−0.06Pg-Cy−1) because of a cancellation of the summer uptake CO2 flux with the winter release of CO2 caused by deepwater upwelling. The annual mean for the contemporary net CO2 uptake flux over the global oceans is estimated to be −1.6±0.9Pg-Cy−1, which includes an undersampling correction to the direct estimate of −1.4±0.7Pg-Cy−1. Taking the pre-industrial steady-state ocean source of 0.4±0.2Pg-Cy−1 into account, the total ocean uptake flux including the anthropogenic CO2 is estimated to be −2.0±1.0Pg-Cy−1 in 2000. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Published
2009
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36. Decadal Variation of the Surface Water PCO[sub2] in theWestern and Central Equatorial Pacific.

Author

Takahashi, Taro, Sutherland, Stewart C., Feely, Richard A., and Cocea, Catherine E.

Subjects
*ATMOSPHERIC carbon dioxide, *ATMOSPHERIC chemistry, *WATER
Abstract

The equatorial Pacific Ocean is one of the most imporant yet highly variable oceanic source areas for atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO[sub2]). Here, we used the partial pressure of CO[sub2] (PCO[sub2]), measured in surface waters from 1979 through early 2001, to examine the effect on the equatorial Pacific CO[sub2] chemistry of the Pacific Decadal Oscillation phase shift, which occurred around 1988 to 1992. During the decade before the shift, the surface water PCO[sub2] (corrected for temperature changes and atmospheric CO[sub2] uptake) in the central and western equatorial Pacific decreased at a mean rate of about -20 µatm per decade, whereas after the shift, it increased at about +15 µatm per decade. These changes altered the CO[sub2] sink and source flux of the equatorial Pacific significantly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2003
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37. Global sea-air CO[sub2] flux based on climatological surface ocean ρ CO[sub2], and seasonal biological and temperature effects.

Author

Takahashi, Taro, Sutherland, Stewart C., Sweeney, Colm, Poisson, Alain, Metzl, Nicolas, Tilbrook, Bronte, Bates, Nicolas, Wanninkhof, Rik, Feely, Richard A., Sabine, Christopher, Olafsson, Jon, and Nojiri, Yukihiro

Subjects
*WATER temperature, *OCEANOGRAPHY
Abstract

Presents a method for distinguishing the seasonal biological effect on surface-water ρ CO[sub2] from the effect of seasonal temperature changes, and discuss the relative significance of these effects in different regions of the global oceans. Explanation on the climatological distribution of surface-water ρ CO[sub2]; Description on the seasonal variation of ρ CO[sub2] in surface waters; Conclusions.

Published
2002
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40. Corrigendum to “Climatological mean and decadal change in surface ocean pCO 2, and net sea–air CO 2 flux over the global oceans” [Deep Sea Res. II 56 (2009) 554–577]

Author

Takahashi, Taro, Sutherland, Stewart C., Wanninkhof, Rik, Sweeney, Colm, Feely, Richard A., Chipman, David W., Hales, Burke, Friederich, Gernot, Chavez, Francisco, Sabine, Christopher, Watson, Andrew, Bakker, Dorothee C.E., Schuster, Ute, Metzl, Nicolas, Yoshikawa-Inoue, Hisayuki, Ishii, Masao, Midorikawa, Takashi, Nojiri, Yukihiro, Körtzinger, Arne, Steinhoff, Tobias, Hoppema, Mario, Olafsson, Jon, Arnarson, Thorarinn S., Tilbrook, Bronte, Johannessen, Truls, Olsen, Are, Bellerby, Richard, Wong, C.S., Delille, Bruno, Bates, N.R., and de Baar, Hein J.W.

Published
2009
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41. The Changing Carbon Cycle in the Southern Ocean

Author

Takahashi, Taro, Sweeney, Colm, Hales, Burke, Chipman, David W., Newberger, Timothy, Goddard, John G., Iannuzzi, Richard A., and Sutherland, Stewart C.

Subjects
13. Climate action, Atmosphere, Chemical oceanography, 14. Life underwater, Climatic changes
Abstract

Various human activities, including fossil fuel combustion and forest clearing, emit about eight petagrams (or billion tons) of carbon in the form of CO2 into the atmosphere annually. The global ocean absorbs about two petagrams of CO2, and about a half of that amount is absorbed by the Southern Ocean south of 30°S, thus slowing the rapid accumulation of CO2 in the atmosphere. Partial pressure of CO2 (pCO2) is a measure of the chemical driving force for the CO2 exchange between the ocean and the atmosphere. This paper discusses its space and time distribution over the Southern Ocean. The major sink zone for atmospheric CO2 is located in a latitude belt between 30°S and 50°S, where the biological utilization of CO2 and cooling of warm subtropical waters flowing southward produce low seawater pCO2. Strong winds in this zone also enhance the ocean's uptake. Although the source-sink conditions vary over a wide range through the seasons in the areas south of 50°S, this zone is a small sink on an annual average. Winter observations show that surface water pCO2 values in the source region for Antarctic Intermediate Water have increased at a rate faster than the atmospheric increase rate, suggesting that the ocean CO2 sink intensity has been weakening for several decades and has changed from a net sink to a net source since 2005. The results of ocean general circulation-biogeochemistry model studies are found to be consistent with the observations.

42. The observed evolution of oceanic pCO2 and its drivers over the last two decades

Author

Lenton, Andrew, Metzl, Nicolas, Takahashi, Taro, Kuchinke, Mareva, Matear, Richard J., Roy, Tilla, Sutherland, Stewart C., Sweeney, Colm, and Tilbrook, Bronte

Subjects
13. Climate action, fungi, 14. Life underwater, Oceanography
Abstract

We use a database of more than 4.4 million observations of ocean pCO2 to investigate oceanic pCO2 growth rates. We use pCO2 measurements, with corresponding sea surface temperature and salinity measurements, to reconstruct alkalinity and dissolved inorganic carbon to understand what is driving these growth rates in different ocean regions. If the oceanic pCO2 growth rate is faster (slower) than the atmospheric CO2 growth rate, the region can be interpreted as having a decreasing (increasing) atmospheric CO2 uptake. Only the Western subpolar and subtropical North Pacific, and the Southern Ocean are found to have sufficient spatial and temporal observations to calculate the growth rates of oceanic pCO2 in different seasons. Based on these regions, we find the strength of the ocean carbon sink has declined over the last two decades due to a combination of regional drivers (physical and biological). In the subpolar North Pacific reduced atmospheric CO2 uptake in the summer is associated with changes in the biological production, while in the subtropical North Pacific enhanced uptake in winter is associated with enhanced biological production. In the Indian and Pacific sectors of the Southern Ocean a reduced winter atmospheric CO2 uptake is associated with a positive SAM response. Conversely in the more stratified Atlantic Ocean sector enhanced summer uptake is associated with increased biological production and reduced vertical supply. We are not able to separate climate variability and change as the calculated growth rates are at the limit of detection and are associated with large uncertainties. Ongoing sustained observations of global oceanic pCO2 and its drivers, including dissolved inorganic carbon and alkalinity, are key to detecting and understanding how the ocean carbon sink will evolve in future and what processes are driving this change.

43. Climatological distributions of pH, pCO2, total CO2, alkalinity, and CaCO3 saturation in the global surface ocean, and temporal changes at selected locations

Author

Takahashi, Taro, Sutherland, Stewart C., Chipman, David, Goddard, John, Ho, Cheng, Newberger, Timothy, Sweeney, Colm, and Munro, D. R.

Subjects
Marine biology, Chemistry, 13. Climate action, Hydrogen-ion concentration, Chemical oceanography, 14. Life underwater, Carbon dioxide--Environmental aspects, Calcium carbonate, Marine ecology
Abstract

Climatological mean monthly distributions of pH in the total H+ scale, total CO2 concentration (TCO2), and the degree of CaCO3 saturation for the global surface ocean waters (excluding coastal areas) are calculated using a data set for pCO2, alkalinity and nutrient concentrations in surface waters (depths < 50 m), which is built upon the GLODAP, CARINA and LDEO databases. The mutual consistency among these measured parameters is demonstrated using the inorganic carbon chemistry model with the dissociation constants for carbonic acid by Lueker et al. (2000) and for boric acid by Dickson (1990). Linear potential alkalinity-salinity relationships are established for 24 regions of the global ocean. The mean monthly distributions of pH and carbon chemistry parameters for the reference year 2005 are computed using the climatological mean monthly pCO2 data adjusted to a reference year 2005 and the alkalinity estimated from the potential alkalinity-salinity relationships. The equatorial zone (4°N-4°S) of the Pacific is excluded from the analysis because of the large interannual changes associated with ENSO events. The pH thus calculated ranges from 7.9 to 8.2. Lower values are located in the upwelling regions in the tropical Pacific and in the Arabian and Bering Seas; higher values are found in the subpolar and polar waters during the spring-summer months of intense photosynthetic production. The vast areas of subtropical oceans have seasonally varying pH values ranging from 8.05 during warmer months to 8.15 during colder months. The warm tropical and subtropical waters are supersaturated by a factor of as much as 4.2 with respect to aragonite and 6.3 for calcite, whereas the cold subpolar and polar waters are supersaturated by 1.2 for aragonite and 2.0 for calcite because of the lower pH values resulting from greater TCO2 concentrations. In the western Arctic Ocean, aragonite undersaturation is observed. The time-series data from the Bermuda (BATS), Hawaii (HOT), Canary (ESTOC) and the Drake Passage show that pH has been declining at a mean rate of about -0.02 pH per decade, and that pCO2 has been increasing at about 19 μatm per decade tracking the atmospheric pCO2 increase rate. This suggests that the ocean acidification is caused primarily by the uptake of atmospheric CO2. The relative importance of the four environmental drivers (temperature, salinity, alkalinity and total CO2 concentration) controlling the seasonal variability of carbonate chemistry at these sites is quantitatively assessed. The ocean carbon chemistry is governed sensitively by the TA/TCO2 ratio, and the rate of change in TA is equally important for the future ocean environment as is the TCO2 in ocean waters increases in the future.

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