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This present study deals with the facile synthesis of Zinc (Zn), Strontium (Sr) Co‐substituted hydroxyapatite (M‐HAP)/lignin composite for biomedical applications. For composite formation, HAP was isolated from egg shell through wet precipitation method, biopolymer of lignin was extracted from neem wood through organosolve technique then HAP composites (HAP, HAP/lignin, Zn‐HAP/lignin, Sr‐HAP/lignin, Zn, Sr‐HAP/lignin) were obtained using freeze drying performance. The synthesized HAP composites were characterized using X‐ray powder diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Energy‐dispersive X‐ray analysis (EDAX). The antibacterial behavior of the HAP composites was investigated against E. Coli, B. Subtilies, P. Aeruginosa and S. Aureus pathogens. Then the mechanical property of the HAP composites was carried out using Vicker's microhardness test which reveals a better improvement in mechanical hardness. The antibacterial activity confirms that the HAP composite exhibits enhanced antibacterial activity. Further, the cell viability analysis shows that the co‐substitution of Zn and Sr in HAP lattice improved cell viability analysis, which indicates that the obtained Zn, Sr co‐substituted HAP/lignin biocomposite acts as a potential biomaterial for better biomedical application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recently, electric vehicles (EVs) are increasingly used due to its cost-efficiency, reduced maintenance, no fuel consumption, and eco-friendly nature. But, designing the proper converter and controlling units for controlling the speed of the motor used in the EVs is considered as a challenging task. Most of the conventional works developed different types of DC–DC converters and optimization-based controlling topologies for increasing the output of voltage fed to the EVs. Since, it faces problems related to the factors of high power loss, increased harmonic contents, time measures, and inefficient computational operations. Hence, this article objects to developing an advanced and intelligent converter and controlling topologies for improving the overall performance and efficiency of EVs. The main contribution of this work is to develop the Self-Super Lift Luo (SSLLuo) DC–DC converter for regulating and highly boosting the output voltage with reduced harmonics. Also, an optimization-based Phasor Algebraic (PA-PID) Controlling mechanism is developed for generating the controlling signals in order to operate the switching components of the converter circuit. In addition to that, the Regressive Distributed Pattern (RDP) controller is designed for efficiently controlling the current limit of motor the driving circuit. During validation, both the simulation and comparative analysis have been conducted for proving the efficiency and optimal performance of the proposed system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An effective approach on zero-voltage switching scheme for a single-stage grid-connected flyback inverter along with the introduction of Modified Grey Wolf Optimizer technique based on the proportional integral controller is proposed. A focus on soft-switching is attained by means of permitting the grid-side negative current along the bidirectional switches held in the transformer's secondary side. Consequently, there is a discharge of metal–oxide–semiconductor field-effect transistor's output capacitor. This function led the primary switch to turn ON at the condition of zero voltage. Therefore, it is essential to optimize the reactive current level for attaining zero-voltage switching. Generally, the basic Grey Wolf Optimization has some more disadvantages of accuracy-solving and less capability of finding the fitness solutions. Hence, to overcome this, optimizer can be modified for further enhancement in the optimization process. Modified Grey Wolf Optimizer based on the proportional integral controller with pulse width modulation technique is used for controlling the switches; thereby zero-voltage switching triggering takes place which results in decreased total harmonic distortion. Finally, the simulations can be carried out based on the total harmonic distortion which helps to illustrate the effectiveness of the suggested algorithm. A 24-V, 325-W prototype has been carried out to verify the proposed system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]