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There is currently a heated debate surrounding the proliferation of non-financial reporting regulations, which is why there is great concern about the less likely scenario of harmonization of the various reporting frameworks. Increasing efforts to define global or at least regional non-financial reporting regulations and their implementation through reliable corporate reporting systems is limited by the barriers and challenges raised by specific country, industry and company characteristics. The question is how companies adapt to this confusing corporate reporting landscape. The purpose of this paper is to perform a reference analysis regarding the completeness of the reports drawn up from the perspective of the degree of coverage of the GRI checklist. Thus, the Global Reporting Initiative, respectively GRI, developed a template in the form of a checklist for sustainability reporting called the GRI Content Index template, considered a reference element in our analysis regarding sustainability and sustainable development and the mapping of the various SDGs (respectively Sustainable Development Goals known in Romania as Sustainable Development Goals), on a sample of companies listed on the Bucharest Stock Exchange. The purpose of the research is to provide an image of the level of transparency of companies listed on the stock exchange, regarding the sustainability of business models. The methodology used is based on the quantitative analysis of the GRI index and the practical implications of the study mainly reveal the best practices in the field of sustainability reporting, viewed from the perspective of neo-institutional theory, which highlights the coercive, normative and mimetic forces related to sustainability disclosures.

Objective: The changes caused by the intellectual paradigms in the financial fields from the 80s caused the reliance on quantities in the field of reporting and the focus on objectivity in information disclosure to change, and the movement towards intangible capital began, and the method of reporting from purely quantitative fields to to develop qualitative and valuable domains. The development of this competitive strategy caused industries and companies to pay special attention to the effective way of managing intellectual capital (IC) as an urgent need for commercial success and consider it as a requirement for success in organizational functions so that based on those processes; Products and services become part of the innovative ecosystem. With the emergence of the basis of intellectual capital, competitive advantage was considered the focus of competitive strategies, and the knowledge resulting from this approach became the basis for the development and strategic directions of companies in various fields of the company such as finance and accounting. This research aims to create a Sustainable intellectual capital reporting framework and evaluate key examples in the context of capital market companies. Method: The methodology of this study was exploratory from the point of view of the developmental result and based on the type of objective and qualitative and quantitative basis used to collect the data. The statistical population in the qualitative part was university experts and financial managers of capital market companies in the quantitative part. Data collection tools were interviews in the qualitative part and fuzzy scales and language comparison checklists in the quantitative part. Therefore, first, through three stages of coding, the model's dimensions were identified, and based on the fuzzy Delphi analysis, the reliability level was determined by calculating the average between the first and second rounds of Delphi. Finally, the appropriate fuzzy model was first defined through the default tests. Then, a hierarchical fuzzy analysis based on TODIM's approach was used to determine the most favorable axis of sustainable intellectual capital reporting. Results: In this research, due to the lack of a coherent framework to evaluate the dimensions of sustainable intellectual capital reporting, an effort was made to identify the dimensions of the phenomenon under investigation by relying on the foundation's data analysis through Glazer's emerging approach based on interviews with experts. Therefore, during the three stages of coding, the six-dimensional theoretical framework of sustainable intellectual capital reporting was presented. Then, based on the fuzzy Delphi analysis process, an attempt was made to explore the reliability level of the identified dimensions. During two stages of fuzzy Delphi analysis and according to the difference between the average of the first and second rounds, it was determined that all the pillars of sustainable intellectual capital reporting could be generalized to capital market companies. In the second part of the analysis, through the hierarchical process and comparing the fuzzy and real values and during cross-validation (CV), an attempt was made to determine which fuzzy analysis process is appropriate to the research data through fuzzy default tests. The result in this part indicated the confirmation of the hierarchical fuzzy analysis that to innovate the analysis, the Todim type was used in this field to answer the fourth question of the research regarding the selection of the most favorable axis of sustainable intellectual capital reporting. The results in the qualitative part indicate the existence of 3 categories 6 components and 39 conceptual themes in the form of a six-dimensional model. In the quantitative part, the results showed that by confirming the dimensions identified through fuzzy Delphi analysis, the most desirable axis of intellectual capital reporting is the component of technological capital reporting, which can play a more effective role in sustainable reporting. Conclusion: Technological capital is a technological capability in the systemic structure of companies that has the values of knowledge creation and information flow feedback from inside to outside the company, and vice versa. It can help the company's sustainability by developing technological dimensions in intellectual capital. Always the past models in intellectual capital relying on the three dimensions of human capital, structural and communication, the effectiveness of this competitive strategy in companies is limited to the disclosure of innovation, disclosure of educational and communication initiatives and policies with stakeholders while focusing on expanding the disclosure of the comprehensive dimensions of intellectual capital can play an effective role in improving the level of information transparency of companies and at the same time can help the sustainable development of companies in the economic system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines the influence of board characteristics on company’s sustainability reporting in the GCC region. In contrast to prior research, we investigate the relationship between variables across a span of eleven years, encompassing all nonfinancial firms listed on the GCC stock exchanges. Our study addresses the scarcity of research undertaken in the GCC region on this particular topic. This study empirically investigates the relationship between board characteristics (specifically, board size, board gender diversity, board meetings, and board independence) on the adoption of sustainable reporting while taking into account firm characteristics (including leverage, profitability, liquidity, and firm size) and controlling for macroeconomic variables (such as GDP and inflation). This research utilized Probit regression to examine the influence of the likelihood of various variables on the adoption of sustainable reporting. The findings indicated that larger board sizes, a higher proportion of female board members, the inclusion of more independent directors, and more frequent board meetings all contribute to the improvement of sustainable reporting. Furthermore, the greater the size, the greater is the impact of profitability and liquidity on the sustainability of reporting. The current research offers some insights into the connection between board characteristics and corporate sustainability reporting for corporate boards, regulators, and practitioners who are interested in promoting sustainable reporting. Further investigation should examine the comparison of sustainability reporting methodologies across different regions, as well as between privately held and publicly listed corporations. Finally, as evident by the results reported in the Maximum Likelihood Estimator our results are robust.

The purpose of the paper is to study the impact of corporate sustainability practices on the financial performance of companies included in the BIST Sustainability 25 Index. To assess the efficiency and quality of corporate sustainability, general (ESG Disclosure Index) and partial (Environmental Disclosure Index, Social Disclosure Index, and Corporate Governance Disclosure Index) indices were used, calculated based on content analysis of sustainability reports. Based on the two given types of indices and four types of financial performance indicators (return on assets, return on equity, assets turnover ratio, and Tobin’s Q), two types of regression models (GEN models and PART models) were built, and eight analytical models were examined. Company size and leverage were included as control variables in each model. The regression analysis results were contradictory, partially confirming the conclusions of some scientists and refuting the findings of others. A study of GEN models revealed that companies implementing more effective general corporate sustainability practices have a significant positive impact only on return on equity; as for other measures (return on assets, assets turnover ratio, and Tobin’s Q), an insignificant relationship between them and ESG Disclosure Index was found. Results of the PART models analysis revealed a significant positive effect of the Social Disclosure Index on return on equity and assets turnover ratio and a negative relationship between the Corporate Governance Disclosure Index and assets turnover ratio. Using control variables for the two types of models showed a significant negative effect of company size on Tobin’s Q. AcknowledgmentThis study was supported by the Ministry of Education and Culture of Ukraine within the project “Development of a mechanism for the sustainable development of economic systems in the conditions of military operations and post-war recovery of the economy” (Registration number of the project: 0124U000463).

In today's corporate environment, sustainability reporting is becoming increasingly important for companies, as it allows them to disclose their environmental, social and governance (ESG) activities to stakeholders. Due to the growing emphasis on existing business practices and corporate governance, the demand for transparent and reliable sustainability reporting has increased significantly. In light of these changes, the role of internal audit in supporting sustainability reporting is important. The internal audit function plays a special role in providing companies with independent assurances and consulting services, ensuring the effectiveness of risk management, internal control and management processes. Since companies incorporate ESG goals into their strategies and activities, internal auditing is explicitly one of the guarantors of preparing reliable and complete sustainability reporting. By developing and/or using risk assessment, control assessment, and appropriate methodologies, internal audits can help companies improve the quality and accuracy of sustainability reporting. The present article outlines the role, importance and support of internal audit in preparing sustainability reporting. It examines the challenges and opportunities associated with the integration of ESG factors into internal audit practice, the evolution of the regulatory environment governing sustainability reporting, and strategies to improve the effectiveness of internal audit in this context. The purpose of this article is, based on a comprehensive review of the literature and analysis of best practices, to provide a vision of how internal audit can improve sustainability reporting and contribute to the continuous and stable development of the company. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of companies in a sustainable manner is a desire of both company’s management and regulators who make sustained efforts to develop and standardize non-financial reporting. In the context in which the new European Directive regarding sustainability requires companies to report in accordance with the mandatory standards of sustainable reporting of the EU, including an external assurance of sustainability reporting that is necessary, the present research aims to analyze the perception of professional practitioners, members of the Chamber of Financial Auditors of Romania (C.F.A.R.) regarding the challenges and opportunities of implementing the European Directive on Corporate Sustainability Reporting. The main objective is to identify the main areas of concern regarding the efforts to train auditors in carrying out assurance missions related to non-financial situations, considering the new European Directive on non-financial reporting and, respectively, the adjacent developments carried out by the IASB and EFRAG in the sphere of the standardization of non-financial reporting. The present research proposes an analysis of the associations between the main defining elements of the auditor's capabilities (technological factor, human factor, audit processes) and, respectively, the defining elements of the auditor's profile outlined under the legislative framework, governmental monitoring and control mechanisms or the characteristics the economic environment, which influences the audit opinion. The main results obtained underline the fact that auditors are not yet prepared to provide assurance services in relation to sustainability reports, both from the perspective of defining and implementing robust audit processes, and from the perspective of the low degree of adequacy of the audit systems used or from the perspective of human factor knowledge and skills gaps. So, this reality confirms a state of fact that must concern professional bodies and, at the same time, governmental bodies in terms of the degree of involvement in auditor training activities and, respectively, the promotion of professional guidelines.

Objective: This study explores several aspects of climate change risk on financial reporting and the provision of non-financial information in relation to climate change risk and other important information in social and governance aspects (collectively referred to as environment, social and governance (ESG). This study also extends the analysis of assurance standard use in guaranteeing ESG reporting. Methodology: This study utilizes professional and industry reports and research papers on issues related to the subject matter. The industry reports provide data from 2019 to 2020, and the current state of ESG reporting has been analyzed. Findings: Climate change risk has a significant effect on financial reporting. Auditors should consider climate change risk when performing a financial statement audit. Non-financial information, such as ESG or sustainability reporting, has been included as part of corporate reporting, given that nonfinancial information has been used when stakeholders make their investment or other decisions. Originality/Value: This study adds new knowledge by exploring the influence of climate change risk on financial reporting. Specifically, ESG frameworks, guidelines or standards are referred by companies when preparing the sustainability reporting to their stakeholders. Implication: This study shows that practicing sustainable reporting helps companies increase trustworthiness to stakeholders. It also highlights that more research should be conducted on issues related to current ESG practices, accounting standards and acceptance of stakeholders towards better sustainability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Corporate Sustainability refers to the adaptation of environmental and social factors to activities and decision-making processes together with corporate governance principles, and the management of risks that may arise in these matters, in order to create long-term value for businesses. Sustainable Development, in its most widespread use, is defined as meeting the needs of present generations without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs (Definition made in the 1987 UN Commission). Sustainable development contributes to the development of corporate sustainability by showing which areas businesses should focus on to achieve sustainable development and by enabling businesses, government and civil society to establish a common goal of achieving environmental, social and economic sustainability. For the Sustainable Development Goals, it is necessary to voluntarily report at the country level, to increase cooperation and partnerships at the regional level, and to monitor the progress at the global level. While gender equality and empowerment of women and girls is a goal in itself (Goal 5) in the SDGs, it is directly addressed in the sub-goals of 10 of the other 16 goals. In this study, the "Gender Equality" statements of 65 businesses in the BIST Sustainability Index for 2020 and 2021 were taken into account in order to evaluate the practices of businesses in the sustainability index towards gender equality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The financial performance of a company whose operating activity has a significant social impact on the environment is influenced by the sustainable reporting of these two indicators, for investors that manifest interest, whose orientation involves sustainable development, being a new economic concept. This research aims to highlight how sustainable reporting has a direct impact on an entity's performance, by quantifying the environmental variable and the social variable in a scoring matrix, by assigning values based on the completeness of reporting the data found in the reports of 8 entities in the field of energy and the exploitation and transportation of natural gas and oil listed in category I on the Bucharest Stock Exchange, regarding the programs undertaken, the approvals obtained or the quality standards to which they aligned. The research results are based on correlation and regression econometric calculations to identify the correlations between the score variable and financial performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sustainable reporting has become a global trend in recent years. The information contained in sustainability reports is becoming an important tool for assessing the organization's activities by various stakeholder groups, such as shareholders, lenders, climate activists and government institutions. The globally accepted standard for sustainable reporting is the Global Reporting Initiative (GRI) standard, used by both the world's largest organizations and smaller ones. As part of this article, a broad analysis of the sustainable reporting process in Polish organizations has been undertaken. The study used a survey addressed to representatives of Polish enterprises carried out in 2022-2023, as well as an analysis of available sustainability reports for 2017-2021. The study shows that the coronavirus pandemic did not adversely affect the implementation of sustainable development policies -- organizations were able to adapt to the new economic realities without abandoning the implementation of previously adopted policies in the era of economic slowdown. At the same time, it was noted that the dissemination of the GRI standard may contribute to the standardization of the adopted responsible initiatives -- organizations model their policies/initiatives on the activities of their competitors, and at the same time decide to report according to the GRI due to the presence of this standard among competitors. The study also allows us to conclude that despite the delays in the implementation of certain adopted sustainable policies, organizations did not abandon their implementation -- they made delays in schedules and/or budget changes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Economics & Environment / Ekonomia i Środowisko is the property of Fundacja Ekonomistow Srodowiska i Zasobow Naturalnych and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper elaborates the role of the Indonesian Financial Services Authority in providing a legal framework, for public and financial services companies in particular, for achieving sustainability. It also provides a comparative analysis of sustainability regulations and functions undertaken by financial services authorities in other jurisdictions. This research takes a normative approach, combining an assessment of Indonesian laws and regulations related to business sustainability and a comparative approach; the latter provides insight into the comparable legal framework in the European Union and the United Kingdom. The Indonesian Financial Services Authority issued regulations on sustainable financing in 2017, and its sustainability roadmap was updated in 2021. Comparable provisions are found in the United Kingdom’s Financial Conduct Authority’s guiding principles on design, delivery, and disclosure of environmental, social and governance and sustainable investment funds, which acts as a supplement to the EU’s Sustainable Finance Disclosure Regulation. This paper hopes to contribute to the literature on business and human rights by providing an overview of the current role of the Indonesian Financial Services Authority in ensuring the sustainability of businesses under its auspices in comparison with similar agencies in the United Kingdom and European Union. Research on business and sustainability in Indonesia from a legal perspective is still rare, despite the rising urgency of the matter in developing business and human rights as well as climate change mitigation strategies.

Stakeholders' engagement in forest management decision-making is a critical tool for enhancing the business acceptability of the forest sector, and the Forest Stewardship Certification (FSC) scheme proactively involves stakeholders in its implementation. Based on the stakeholder theory, this study examined stakeholder's engagement in the FSC forest management certification in Romania over the past two decades to identify the extent and inputs of their involvement in the process. Using in-depth content analysis and text mining techniques, we explored publicly available information from 209 public reports covering 45 forest management certificates. According to data available in 178 reports, the average number of stakeholders notified per audit was 50.7. However, response evidence was found in 128 reports, with an average of 1.2 responses per audit, suggesting a limited engagement in the process. Additional stakeholders' feedback was received as part of the on-site audits, with an average of 10.2 responses per audit. Given the inconsistencies in the reporting format between certification bodies, we set a structured framework to analyse the findings on stakeholders' engagement from different report sections. The employed analytical framework sheds light on stakeholder and legitimacy theories in forest certification. Our findings highlighted stakeholders' predominantly positive feedback tone, evenly distributed across all stakeholder types and the four analysis domains. Negative feedback accounted for only 9.4% of the findings, highlighting areas for improvement for certificate holders, companies in the timber supply chain and public authorities. This study's findings may assist FSC in refining its stakeholder engagement practices, contributing to enhanced participation and better risk mitigation of non-compliance with standard requirements. [Display omitted] • Forest certification audits fuelled a significant boost in stakeholder engagement. • Effective engagement is limited compared to the number of notified stakeholders. • Stakeholders' feedback on certified forest management in Romania is mostly positive. • Addressing negative feedback from forest certification mitigates non-compliance risks. • Stakeholder analysis would benefit from a standardized audit reporting template. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper elaborates the role of the Indonesian Financial Services Authority in providing a legal framework, for public and financial services companies in particular, for achieving sustainability. It also provides a comparative analysis of sustainability regulations and functions undertaken by financial services authorities in other jurisdictions. This research takes a normative approach, combining an assessment of Indonesian laws and regulations related to business sustainability and a comparative approach; the latter provides insight into the comparable legal framework in the European Union and the United Kingdom. The Indonesian Financial Services Authority issued regulations on sustainable financing in 2017, and its sustainability roadmap was updated in 2021. Comparable provisions are found in the United Kingdom's Financial Conduct Authority's guiding principles on design, delivery, and disclosure of environmental, social and governance and sustainable investment funds, which acts as a supplement to the EU's Sustainable Finance Disclosure Regulation. This paper hopes to contribute to the literature on business and human rights by providing an overview of the current role of the Indonesian Financial Services Authority in ensuring the sustainability of businesses under its auspices in comparison with similar agencies in the United Kingdom and European Union. Research on business and sustainability in Indonesia from a legal perspective is still rare, despite the rising urgency of the matter in developing business and human rights as well as climate change mitigation strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the late 1990s, the sustainable reporting concept is born with respect to the so-called triple bottom line. In the context of sustainable development, this notion’s significance consists of the enterprises undertaking actions in order to balance its own needs- economic, social and environmental and the future society necessities. Apart from market aspects, there are a number of factors that affect enterprises’ functional sustainability. These represent social and environmental problems which are engendered by human demeanour leading to environmental deterioration, lack of resources, etc. It is a fact that enterprises do not function independently in an isolated setting as they constantly interact with other economic entities and as a result of them carrying out their activity, they utilise distinct types of capital: financial, manufactured, human, intellectual, natural and social. On the other hand, stakeholders (investors, creditors, suppliers, customers) need access to more detailed information with regard to this impact. The inability of shareholders to manage their own companies due to the activity scales and the existence of a relatively large number of owners (shareholders) leads to the company’s management by managers who manage against certain remuneration as their actions are aimed at maximizing shareholders’ profits. Problems appear when managers focus their efforts not only on increasing benefits for owners, but focus on their own benefit. In other words said, shareholders do not dispose of the entire reporting information that managers situate which leads to difficulties in the proprietaries’ control over the managers’ activity. In order to avoid abuses, the scope of periodic disclosure by the managers of information concerning the company’s activity is ought to be expanded. With a view to accepting their macro level conduct’s social, environmental and economic impact, enterprises must integrate non-financial information in the financial report with reference to the enterprise’s environmental and social policies reflecting their conduction’s effect. By establishing standards for sustainable development reporting, the Global Reporting Initiative provides secure and reliable reporting structure which can be used by small-, middleand large-scale enterprises, regardless of the industrial sector they operate in. Consequently, all stakeholders obtain the necessary information for exercising control and decision making. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The analysis of the effects of applying the concept of sustainable development in retail has been attracting interest recently. In that context we have considered greenhouse gases emission in retail. This is achieved by using modern ecological technology in business - through the whole food value chain. The goal is to achieve the planned reductions of carbon dioxide in retail food, which positively reflects the overall performance of food retailers. This empirical research is mainly based on the analysis of the original sustainable reports officially disclosed by selected food retailers. These reports are now an integral part of the integrated reporting on performance of global food retailers. Having been universally important, harmonized regulations on sustainable retail food reporting are being increasingly applied as a data source for more efficient environmental management. In the future, this will enable the comparative analysis of the carbon dioxide emission of global and other food retailers.

Reporting is a method for businesses to communicate with their various stakeholders. While the factors contributing to sustainability reporting and disclosure have been thoroughly investigated, the findings are inconclusive. Similarly, the non-financial reporting literature is disclosed of operational and non-operational activities related to ecological as well as social disclosure of firm. However, in recent years, stakeholders have increased their demand for green innovation practices (GIPs) to be included as a new component of ecological reporting. Thus, companies' proactivity in adopting green innovation reporting is reflected (GIR). This research propounds enhancing transparency in sustainability reporting by including corporations' GIPs, which will increase the transparency level of firm operations and instil greater stakeholder confidence. To accomplish this study, the legitimacy and signalling theories were used as an environmental solution. Additionally, an exhaustive assessment of the literature was conducted in order to develop a GIR framework for enterprises to use when integrating GIPs into sustainability reporting. The outcome of this study indicates that current sustainability reporting takes a minimalist approach, with GIR being presented superficially. This non-financial reporting approach does not accurately reflect a company's genuine GIPs or the environmental effect of existing business operations. As such, this study calls for the integration of GIR into firms' sustainability reporting to accurately reflect their actual firm sustainable practices.

The analysis of the effects of applying the concept of sustainable development in retail has been attracting interest recently. In that context we have considered greenhouse gases emission in retail. This is achieved by using modern ecological technology in business – through the whole food value chain. The goal is to achieve the planned reductions of carbon dioxide in retail food, which positively reflects the overall performance of food retailers. This empirical research is mainly based on the analysis of the original sustainable reports offcially disclosed by selected food retailers. These reports are now an integral part of the integrated reporting on performance of global food retailers. Having been universally important, harmonized regulations on sustainable retail food reporting are being increasingly applied as a data source for more efficient environmental management. In the future, this will enable the comparative analysis of the carbon dioxide emission of global and other food retailers.

Copyright of Research Papers of the Wroclaw University of Economics / Prace Naukowe Uniwersytetu Ekonomicznego we Wroclawiu is the property of Uniwersytet Ekonomiczny we Wroclawiu and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

While the Triple Bottom Line (TBL) approach has triggered a sense of shift in ways companies think about sustainable reporting, there are still many limitations within TBL. The fundamental roots of TBL are ingrained in a quantitative framework and have no sense of integration or a systemic approach to viewing problems. The main purpose of this paper is to provide a critical review of the TBL approach and its weaknesses. The paper provides a detailed literature review of the evolution of TBL, and then shifts towards the limitations of TBL especially in terms of measurement and the lack of systemic thinking. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The growth and interest in corporate accountability issues has in part emerged from recurring examples of corporate irresponsibility and scandals. Voluntary efforts and statutory obligations are required to ensure that companies assume appropriate responsibility and transparency for various human rights and environmental obligations. Triple bottom line reporting as per global reporting initiative can act as an instrument to define the indicators of social, economic and environment activities. Transparency and accountability for economic, environmental and social corporate performance are the core notions embedded in the triple bottom line. While relatively few companies formally issue triple bottom line reports, the interest is now evident across the business community. An analysis of sustainability reporting by Jubilant Organosys Ltd. concludes that inspite of having a separate report on sustainable reporting they only account for on an average 60% of the performance indicators as per the global sustainability reporting indicators. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research investigates the process of change in moving from a domestic accounting standard, AASB 1037, relating to self-generating and regenerating assets (SGARAs) to an international standard, AASB 141. It focuses on the achievement (or nonachievement as it may be) of sustainable reporting practices for these agricultural assets. This paper finds that the transition to AASB 141 has allowed firms the discretion to change how they value their agricultural assets in comparison to the domestic standard. Consistency may have been achieved to a limited extent with the introduction of this financial accounting standard but comparability appears not to have been. Further, there is very limited understanding of the reporting of these assets from a user's perspective. It is concluded that this lack of consistency, comparability and understandability will not help achieve sustainability in the reporting practices of agricultural assets. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

(1) Background: The article provides a methodologically coherent analysis of technological development in the context of the fourth industrial revolution or Industry 4.0 and its impact on changes in sustainable development policy. (2) Methods: Using a Comparative Automated Content Analysis (ACA) approach, the article compares recent scientific work on sustainable development and the fourth industrial revolution with the discourse in the news media on sustainable development and industry 4.0. (3) Results: The scientific literature focuses more on changes in business models, production processes, and technologies that enable sustainable development. Newspaper and magazine articles write more about sustainable or green investments, sustainable standards, and sustainable reporting. The focus is on topics that are directly relevant to current sustainable business development and the promotion of research and development of clean and smart technologies and processes. (4) Conclusions: The ACA allows a more systematic comparison of different data sources. The article provides a starting point for sustainable development professionals to gain useful insights into a specific context with the help of the ACA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study we concentrate on the segment of small companies in the financial sector in Europe. Services in this sector are developing rapidly and are not necessarily provided only by traditional banks and financial companies. Many nonfinancial companies provide financial services, and this may open the sector to additional risk. In this context, the aspects of both financial and nonfinancial reporting are important and need to be taken into consideration as a whole to provide a complex picture of a particular institution. The goal of this paper is to analyze sustainability reporting according to the Global Reporting Initiative (GRI) by European financial services small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). First, we conducted a descriptive analysis of the features of nonfinancial information and its assurance, studying a sample of all European SMEs reporting according to the GRI from 2016 to 2018. Then, we chose only financial services SMEs to apply lexical analysis to their narrative reporting based on a corpus of 102,056 words. We conclude that nonfinancial information does not have the same importance as traditional financial information, and this sustainability reporting only complies with the minimum requirements. Thus, there is still a long way to go in this field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]