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The co-occurrence of cadmium (Cd) pollution and selenium (Se) deficiency commonly exists in global soils, especially in China. As a result, there is great interest in developing practical agronomic strategies to simultaneously achieve Cd remediation and Se mobilization in paddy soils, thereby enhancing food quality/safety. To this end, we conducted a field-plot trial on soils having high geological background levels of Cd (0.67 mg kg-1) and Se (0.50 mg kg-1). We explored 12 contrasting fertilizers (urea, potassium sulfate (K2SO4), calcium-magnesium-phosphate (CMP)), amendments (manure and biochar) and their combinations on Cd/Se bioavailability. Soil pH, total organic carbon (TOC), soil available Cd/Se, Cd/Se fractions and Cd/Se accumulation in different rice components were determined. No significant differences existed in mean grain yield among treatments. Results showed that application of urea and K2SO4 decreased soil pH, whereas the CMP fertilizer and biochar treatments increased soil pH. There were no significant changes in TOC concentrations. Three treatments (CMP, manure, biochar) significantly decreased soil available Cd, whereas no treatment affected soil available Se at the maturity stage. Four treatments (CMP, manure, biochar and manure＋urea＋CMP＋K2SO4) achieved our dual goal of Cd reduction and Se enrichment in rice grain. Structural equation modeling (SEM) demonstrated that soil available Cd and root Cd were negatively affected by pH and organic matter (OM), whereas soil available Se was positively affected by pH. Moreover, redundancy analysis (RDA) showed strong positive correlations between soil available Cd, exchangeable Cd and reducible Cd with grain Cd concentration, as well as between pH and soil available Se with grain Se concentration. Further, there was a strong negative correlation between residual Cd/Se (non-available fraction) and grain Cd/Se concentrations. Overall, this study identified the primary factors affecting Cd/Se bioavailability, thereby providing new guidance for achieving safe production of Se-enriched rice through fertilizer/amendment management of Cd-enriched soils.

Introduction: Integrated crop-livestock systems (ICLS) use animals to graze crop residues or cover crops before planting fresh produce and provide ecosystem services to support organic vegetable production. However, there is a risk of foodborne pathogen transfer to fresh produce because grazing may introduce enteric foodborne pathogens into the soil via animal feces, which may subsequently be transferred to the produce. Methods: To examine the effect of cover crop use and the risk of cover crop grazing on the contamination of soil and produce by foodborne pathogens in ICLS, a three-year (2019–2021) experimental study was conducted in organically managed plots, which were assigned three different treatments (fallow without cover crop or grazing, cover crop without grazing, or cover crop with grazing by sheep) in a maize/tomato rotation. During the three years of the experiment, a total of 184 pre- and post-graze fecal samples and 96 samples of tomatoes were collected to test for foodborne pathogens (Escherichia coli O157, non-O157 Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC), and Listeria (L.) monocytogenes). Soil samples were collected monthly until 126–171 days after grazing (824 in total) to examine the presence of foodborne pathogens, and generic E. coli (MPN/g) was quantified to compare its persistence among the three treatments. Results and Discussion: We did not detect any foodborne pathogens from harvested tomatoes in 2020 and 2021. One non-O157 STEC positive soil sample (0.1%, 1/824) was detected in the fallow treatment, and one L. monocytogenes-positive (1.1%, 1/92) was detected from the post-graze fecal samples. When assessing proportions of generic E. coli positive and counts of generic E. coli in the soil samples using mixed effect zero-inflated negative binomial models, soil samples collected in the graze cover crop treatment plot showed significant increases in the counts of generic E. coli until 61–82 days post grazing, but no difference was observed after 96–123 days, compared to the baseline of the fallow treatment. Findings from generic E. coli counts support the use of the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) National Organic Program (NOP) 90- or 120-day interval rule between applying raw manure and harvesting in organic farming into ICLS. Additionally, we confirmed that commercial organic compost application before cover crop seeding in the winter had no significant effect on the proportions and counts of generic E. coli in the soil of the following growing seasons. This longitudinal field trial confirmed that the effect of sheep grazing on foodborne pathogen contamination in ICLS is minimal but further studies comparing the genetic associations between fecal and soil samples would be necessary to distinguish the source of foodborne pathogen contamination.

A large amount of agricultural waste is produced annually in China, and these agricultural wastes include crop residues and the manure generated from poultry and livestock farming. But there is still a considerable portion of agricultural waste that is not recycled and disposed of or directly burned. Therefore, if these agricultural wastes can be reasonably utilized, it will generate significant socio-economic and environmental benefits. Soil salinization has become one of the main threats to soil health, and agricultural waste is considered an effective tool for improving saline alkali land due to its unique properties. Utilizing agricultural waste to improve saline alkali land has advantages such as wide material sources, low cost, and low environmental risks. This article reviews the effectiveness and potential physical, chemical, and biological mechanisms of agricultural waste in improving soil health in saline alkali soils. Agricultural waste is mainly used to improve saline alkali land through a direct return to the field, burial of salt barriers, pyrolysis and carbonization into biochar, and composting, which can play a positive role in physical, chemical, and biological aspects. Finally, the problems existing in the improvement of saline alkali land with agricultural waste were discussed, and future research directions and hotspots in this field were proposed. It is believed that the improvement of ecological service functions is the key to its sustainability. This article can provide a theoretical basis for the study of agricultural waste in the improvement of saline alkali land, and help to further explore the resource utilization pathways of agricultural waste in sustainable agriculture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Increased agricultural weed diversity is associated with reduced dominance of competitive weeds that reduce crop yields. In addition, diverse weed communities can promote biodiversity at other trophic levels and enhance ecosystem services. For both reasons, there is increasing interest in the relationship between agricultural management and weed diversity. Existing information in this area is limited, relative to the large number of influential factors, but knowledge is increasing rapidly. We conducted a scoping review to determine when, where, and how weed diversity has been evaluated in relation to management. From an initial set of 10 236 items retrieved from Web of Science and Scopus, 7198 were screened and 331 were included. The median publication year was 2015. Nearly half of all studies were conducted in Europe (n = 161, 49%). Organic cropping systems were included in 48 studies (15%). Tillage was the most common management factor (n = 111, 34%), followed by crop rotation (n = 73, 22%). There were 135 studies in which management factors were implemented for six or more years (41%). Most studies included measurements of species richness (n = 265, 80%) and/or Shannon–Wiener diversity (n = 145, 44%). Overall, this review identified a small and heterogenous—but quickly growing—body of literature on weed diversity. Priority areas for future research should include weed diversity beyond field crops in temperate environments, weed seedbanks, functional diversity, and best practices for measuring weed diversity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis (Cmm) and C. michiganensis subsp. capsici (Cmc) are phytopathogenic bacteria that cause bacterial canker disease in tomatoes and peppers, respectively. Bacterial canker disease poses serious challenges to solanaceous crops, causing significant yield losses and economic costs. Effective management necessitates the development of sustainable control strategies employing nanobiotechnology. In this study, the antibacterial effects of four Aspergillus sojae -mediated nanoformulations, including cobalt oxide nanoparticles (Co 3 O 4 NPs), zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs), cobalt ferrite nanoparticles (CoFe 2 O 4 NPs), and CoFe 2 O 4 /functionalized multi-walled carbon nanotube (fMWCNT) bionanocomposite, were evaluated against Cmm and Cmc. The diameters of the zone of inhibition of A. sojae -mediated Co 3 O 4 NPs, ZnO NPs, CoFe 2 O 4 NPs, and CoFe 2 O 4 /fMWCNT bionanocomposite against Cmm and Cmc were 23.60 mm, 22.09 mm, 27.65 mm, 22.51 mm, and 19.33 mm, 17.66 mm, 21.64 mm, 18.77 mm, respectively. The broth microdilution assay was conducted to determine the minimal inhibitory and bactericidal concentrations. The MICs of Co 3 O 4 NPs, ZnO NPs, CoFe 2 O 4 NPs, and CoFe 2 O 4 /fMWCNT bionanocomposite against Cmm were 2.50 mg/mL, 1.25 mg/mL, 2.50 mg/mL, and 2.50 mg/mL, respectively. While, their respective MBCs against Cmm were 5.00 mg/mL, 2.50 mg/mL, 5.00 mg/mL, and 5.00 mg/mL. The respective MICs of Co 3 O 4 NPs, ZnO NPs, CoFe 2 O 4 NPs, and CoFe 2 O 4 /fMWCNT bionanocomposite against Cmc were 2.50 mg/mL, 1.25 mg/mL, 5.00 mg/mL, and 5.00 mg/mL. While, their respective MBCs against Cmc were 5.00 mg/mL, 2.50 mg/mL, 10.00 mg/mL, and 10.00 mg/mL. The morphological and ultrastructural changes of Cmm and Cmc cells were observed using field-emission scanning and transmission electron microscopy before and after treatment with sub-minimal inhibitory concentrations of the nanoformulations. Nanoformulation-treated bacterial cells became deformed and disrupted, displaying pits, deep cavities, and groove-like structures. The cell membrane detached from the bacterial cell wall, electron-dense particles accumulated in the cytoplasm, cellular components disintegrated, and the cells were lysed. Direct physical interactions between the prepared nanoformulations with Cmm and Cmc cells might be the major mechanism for their antibacterial potency. Further research is required for the in vivo application of the mycosynthesized nanoformulations as countermeasures to combat bacterial phytopathogens. [Display omitted] • A. sojae -mediated nanoformulations exhibited significant antibacterial potential against phytopathogens. • Assessment of morphological and ultrastructural changes using FESEM and TEM. • Elucidation of plausible antibacterial mechanism of A. sojae -mediated nanoformulations. • Mycosynthesis of nanoformulations is a green approach for plant disease management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Green nanotechnology has significant potential for use in agriculture particularly due to their antifungal properties, ability to control fungal diseases and reduce the reliance on chemical fungicides. Biotic stresses in agriculture have caused widespread damage worldwide, and green NPs provided eco-friendly alternatives to traditional chemical treatments, which are frequently toxic and harmful to the ecosystem. Green NPs could become an important tool in modern agricultural practices and environmental remediation if appropriate research is conducted to identify cost-effective production methods as well as safe and sustainable applications. In order to understand the potential of green NPs for sustainable agriculture and identify potential risks, research is ongoing into the effectiveness in agriculture sectors. Research update on green NPs is presented in this paper using data published on science direct over the last 15 to 20 years to clarify and understand the antifungal mechanisms of green metallic NPs, carbon and graphene nanotubes, nanocomposites as well as other type of nanomaterials. These green NPs are found to be more effective against pathogens on crops and humans than conventional fungicide approaches. They are very effective against fungi that affect cereal crops, including Fusarium oxysporum, Botrytis cinerea, and Candida species, etc. The green NPs developed using green synthesis methods are both cost-effective and environmentally friendly. Moreover, research is also required to identify the best methods for applying green NPs for crop production and sustainable agriculture. Furthermore, research should be undertaken to establish the most cost-effective methods of making and deploying green nanoparticles at a large field size study where there is fungal attack that diminishes agricultural output and affects global crop production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Conservation Agriculture (CA) is an innovative approach that promotes sustainable farming while enhancing soil health. However, residue management challenges often hinder its adoption, causing farmers to burn crop leftovers in fields. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of various furrow openers under simulated soil bin conditions. Three types of furrow openers were examined: single disk (SD), Inverted T-type furrow opener with a plain rolling coulter (ITRC), and double disc (DD) furrow opener. Tests were conducted at different forward speeds (1.5, 2, and 2.5 km h−1) and with three straw densities (1, 2, and 3 t ha−1) at a consistent working depth of 5 cm. Draft measurements were obtained using load cells connected to an Arduino-based data-logging system. Results indicated that draft requirements increased with forward speed and straw density, while straw-cutting efficiency decreased with these factors. Average draft values for SD, ITRC, and DD were 290.3 N, 420 N, and 368.5 N, respectively, and straw-cutting efficiencies were 53.62%, 59.47%, and 74.89%, respectively. The DD furrow opener showed the highest straw-cutting efficiency (81.36%) at a working speed of 1.5 km h−1 and a straw density of 1 t ha−1, demonstrating optimal performance compared to other furrow openers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The rhizosphere, the soil region influenced by plant roots, represents a dynamic microenvironment where intricate interactions between plants and microorganisms shape soil health, nutrient cycling, and plant growth. Soil microorganisms are integral players in the transformation of materials, the dynamics of energy flows, and the intricate cycles of biogeochemistry. Considerable research has been dedicated to investigating the abundance, diversity, and intricacies of interactions among different microbes, as well as the relationships between plants and microbes present in the rhizosphere. Metagenomics, a powerful suite of techniques, has emerged as a transformative tool for dissecting the genetic repertoire of complex microbial communities inhabiting the rhizosphere. The review systematically navigates through various metagenomic approaches, ranging from shotgun metagenomics, enabling unbiased analysis of entire microbial genomes, to targeted sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene for taxonomic profiling. Each approach's strengths and limitations are critically evaluated, providing researchers with a nuanced understanding of their applicability in different research contexts. A central focus of the review lies in the practical applications of rhizosphere metagenomics in various fields including agriculture. By decoding the genomic content of rhizospheric microbes, researchers gain insights into their functional roles in nutrient acquisition, disease suppression, and overall plant health. The review also addresses the broader implications of metagenomic studies in advancing our understanding of microbial diversity and community dynamics in the rhizosphere. It serves as a comprehensive guide for researchers, agronomists, and policymakers, offering a roadmap for harnessing metagenomic approaches to unlock the full potential of the rhizosphere microbiome in promoting sustainable agriculture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Enhancing the reliability of literature reviews and evidence synthesis is crucial for advancing the transformation of agriculture and food (agri-food) systems as well as for informed decisions and policy making. In this perspective, we argue that evidence syntheses in the field of agri-food systems research often suffer from a suite of methodological limitations that substantially increase the risk of bias, i.e., publication and selection bias, resulting in unreliable and potentially flawed conclusions and, consequently, poor decisions (e.g., policy direction, investment, research foci). We assessed 926 articles from the Collaboration for Environmental Evidence Database of Evidence Reviews (CEEDER) and recent examples from agri-food systems research to support our reasoning. The analysis of articles from CEEDER (n = 926) specifically indicates poor quality (Red) in measures to minimize subjectivity during critical appraisal (98% of all reviews), application of the eligibility criteria (97%), cross-checking of extracted data by more than one reviewer (97%), critical appraisal of studies (88%), establishment of an a priori method/protocol (86%), and transparent reporting of eligibility decisions (65%). Additionally, deficiencies (Amber) were found in most articles (>50%) regarding the investigation and discussion of variability in study findings (89%), comprehensiveness of the search (78%), definition of eligibility criteria (72%), search approach (64%), reporting of extracted data for each study (59%), consideration and discussion of the limitations of the synthesis (56%), documentation of data extraction (54%) and regarding the statistical approach (52%). To enhance the quality of evidence synthesis in agri-food science, review authors should use tried-and-tested methodologies and publish peer-reviewed a priori protocols. Training in evidence synthesis methods should be scaled, with universities playing a crucial role. It is the shared duty of research authors, training providers, supervisors, reviewers, and editors to ensure that rigorous and robust evidence syntheses are made available to decision-makers. We argue that all these actors should be cognizant of these common mistakes to avoid publishing unreliable syntheses. Only by thinking as a community can we ensure that reliable evidence is provided to support appropriate decisionmaking in agri-food systems science. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Anaerobic soil disinfestation (ASD) is a novel, eco-friendly method to improve soil health. This method creates oxygen-free conditions by adding organic amendments as a carbon source, saturating the soil to field capacity, and then covering it with plastic. These anaerobic conditions reduce soilborne pathogens, enhance microbial diversity, and increase crop productivity. This review provides an overview of the different organic amendments used in ASD, their impact on managing soilborne pathogens, the role of beneficial microbiomes, and the challenges associated with adopting ASD. It also emphasizes the potential benefits of ASD and the innovative approach to advancing it for sustainable agriculture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) de Bary is the causative agent of stem white mold disease which severely reduces major crop productivity including soybean and rapeseed worldwide. The current study aimed to explore plant growth-promoting traits and biocontrol of new isolated Bacillus subtilis BS-2301 to suppress S. sclerotiorum through various mechanisms. The results indicated that the BS-2301 exhibited strong biocontrol potential against S. sclerotiorum up to 74% both in dual culture and partition plate experiments. The BS-2301 and its crude extract significantly suppressed S. sclerotiorum growth involving excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in mycelia for rapid death. Furthermore, the treated hyphae produced low oxalic acid (OA), a crucial pathogenicity factor of S. sclerotiorum. The SEM and TEM microscopy of S. sclerotiorum showed severe damage in terms of cell wall, cell membrane breakage, cytoplasm displacement, and organelles disintegration compared to control. The pathogenicity of S. sclerotiorum exposed to BS-2301 had less disease progression potential on soybean leaves in the detached leaf assay experiment. Remarkably, the strain also demonstrated broad-range antagonistic activity with 70%, and 68% inhibition rates against Phytophthora sojae and Fusarium oxysporum, respectively. Furthermore, the strain exhibits multiple plant growth-promoting and disease-prevention traits, including the production of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), siderophores, amylases, cellulases and proteases as well as harboring calcium phosphate decomposition activity. In comparison to the control, the BS-2301 also showed great potential for enhancing soybean seedlings growth for different parameters, including shoot length 31.23%, root length 29.87%, total fresh weight 33.45%, and total dry weight 27.56%. The antioxidant enzymes like CAT, POD, SOD and APX under BS-2301 treatment were up-regulated in S. sclerotiorum infected plants along with the positive regulation of defense-related genes (PR1-2, PR10, PAL1, AOS, CHS, and PDF1.2). These findings demonstrate that the BS-2301 strain possesses a notable broad-spectrum biocontrol potential against different phytopathogens and provides new insight in suppressing S. sclerotiorum through various mechanisms. Therefore, BS-2301 will be helpful in the development of biofertilizers for sustainable agricultural practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The cultivation of unconventional or underutilized crops, such as Opuntia ficusindica (OFI), under a climate change scenario is an important subject and has been increasingly studied in agricultural research. Therefore, a scientometric study was conducted to identify research focal points, assess the milestones that have been attained (1990-2023), determine the extent of progress made, and outline possible directions in this field. Using the Web of Science database, the study identified 2,372 OFI documents that were refined into 518 research articles in English related to agriculture. The increase in publications showed a more pronounced acceleration after 2000. On average, each OFI research document had five co-authors, with 17.6% involving international collaboration among 1,835 authors. The analysis revealed that the OFI has gained prominence as an agronomic resource in regions characterized by a severe drought, which has prompted a surge in physiological investigations focused on cladodes aimed at comprehending its crassulacean acid metabolism capability, which contributes to reduced transpiration and higher water use efficiency than other conventional crops. Furthermore, there has been an increase in research on animal health and nutrition, pest and disease control, and climate-smart OFI characteristics. We would emphasize the importance of research on standardization of agronomic practices based on local climate, the role of OFI in climate change, biofuel, taxonomy, stress tolerance, cultivar selection, wildlife interference, animal health/nutrition, economic studies, soil quality, and pest control. By addressing the identified research gaps and pursuing the suggested paths, the rope can be strengthened in sustainable agriculture, food security, and environmental management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractEmploying nanoscale materials as fertilizers through foliar applications in agriculture has been on the rise and is one of the effective methods for sustainable agriculture. Herein, we investigated the effects of foliar sprays of varied concentrations (@ 100, 200,400, 600, 800, and 1000 ppm) of nanoscale silica on the productivity of rice (field scale) during two rabi seasons (2021–22 and 2022–23). The modified Stober method was used to prepare SiNPs and characterized using particle size analyzer and transmission electron microscopy. The recorded average size of SiNPs was 28.8 nm, with a positive zeta potential (24.6 mV). Pooled results revealed that RDF + foliar spray of SiNPs at 200 ppm increased the culm diameter of rice by 13.6 and 14.3 per cent over silicic acid (@ 4000 ppm) and RDF, respectively. Grain yield (5905 kg ha−1) and straw yield (7517 kg ha−1) were increased by 45.53 and 45.73 per cent over silicic acid (4058 kg ha−1 of grain yield; 5158 kg ha−1 of straw yield) treatments, respectively. Foliar application of SiNPs @ 200 ppm along with RDF significantly increased the protein content of grain (8.82%) and recorded higher net returns of 88506.15 ha−1 with benefit-cost ratio of 2.68 over other treatments tested. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to low adaptive capacities and high reliance on weather-sensitive natural ecosystems for their livelihoods and food production, smallholder farmers are highly vulnerable to risks associated with climate change and variability. Such risks are location-specific; thus, to cope with them, smallholder farmers require tailored adaptation strategies. To support these farmers, this study aimed to identify climatic risks threatening sustainable smallholder farming in the Limpopo Province regions of Gavaza, Ga-Makanye and Giyani. Weather station records spanning up to 1980–2021 were used to identify climatic risks, for the October–April dryland maize growing season. Risks were identified based on temporal trends and/or interannual variability patterns for reference evapotranspiration and a suite of agriculturally relevant rainfall and temperature indices. Based on the identified risks, tailor-made adaptation strategies were devised for application by farmers within the study region. The results revealed the specific risks of growing seasons becoming shorter and increasingly hotter with highly irregular rainfall patterns. To adapt and improve agricultural productivity despite these prevailing climatic risks, farmers within the study region will benefit if they plant drought tolerant, early maturing and higher yielding crop varieties, apply soil water conservation techniques and make use of seasonal and daily weather forecasts to guide their decision-making. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is increasing concern regarding the influence corporations have over the global food system. The extent of this power is so great that it is described as a defining feature of the current global food regime. In this paper, I explore the case study of regenerative agriculture, a growing transnational sustainable agriculture movement which has received increasing interest from corporate actors. Existing literature has highlighted the risks of corporate co-optation in regenerative agriculture but has failed to explore these patterns in any great depth. To address this gap, I analyse 21 multi-national corporations with regenerative agriculture programs and policies. Combining food regime theory with a three faces of power framework, I document the nature of corporate involvement in regenerative agriculture and how it reflects a broader attempt by agri-food corporations to legitimize their power in the global food system via the corporate environmental food regime. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Post-harvest loss significantly impacts food security, economy, and the overall health of the entire population. About 30% of fresh produce is lost after harvest every year. Physical, macro-biological, microbiological, and enzymatic factors play key roles in losing quality and quantity of harvested crops. Management practices are strategized and executed to address these factors, bringing about new and improved technologies, along with conventional techniques that are easily available for farmers and handlers and effectively minimize loss. In this review, we have consolidated the various existing processing and value-added methods to reduce the loss of crops after harvest including physical and chemical methods and advanced packaging solutions employed in the food and agricultural sectors. The different physical techniques help to prevent or minimize microbial contamination, moderate enzymatic reactions, and maintain the intended organoleptic properties of the crops. These physical interventions are noteworthy for their environment-friendliness, which aligns with the global trend of agriculture adopting more sustainable and ecologically sensitive methods. Chemical techniques involving the use of preservatives and antimicrobial agents are essential to extend the shelf-life of the produce. Nonetheless, a cautious approach is necessary, considering the possible adverse effects of chemical residues on human health and the environment. Striking an appropriate balance between preservation techniques and sustainable agriculture is crucial for the long-term sustainability of post-harvest management measures. Packaging is another key component in the post-harvest management process. Coatings, intelligent and active packaging, and modified (MAP) monitor and control the interior atmospheric conditions of packed products while serving as strong barriers against external contaminants. These packaging innovations, driven by advancements in materials science and nanotechnology, serve as formidable barriers against spoilage, contributing significantly to reducing food waste and ensuring the availability of fresh produce for extended periods. An integrated and holistic approach to these strategies is essential to ensure food security, decrease losses, extend shelf-life and thus, increase the market availability period and quality of the produce to meet the import and export standards. This will in turn alleviate the burden on the farmers and agricultural sector, thereby improving their economic condition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Assemblies of magnesium and bismuth oxides (Mg−Bi−O) were synthesized with (MBO : Fe) and without iron (MBO) by using a hydrothermal method. Such assemblies were utilized to promote the germination and growth of pinto bean seedlings. The MBO : Fe assemblies had rambutan‐like morphology, which is composed by nanohairs/flagella. The MBO : Fe assemblies were loaded with fomesafen herbicide and the release kinetics of such herbicide was explained by using the Korsmeyer‐Peppas model and the non‐Fickian transport mechanism. The cumulative fomesafen release at pH 7.5 reached percentages of 4.38 %, 71.02 %, 75.04 %, and 100 % for the MBO, MBO‐1 % Fe, MBO‐3 % Fe, and MBO‐5 % Fe, respectively. Also, the MBO and MBO : Fe assemblies were utilized to promote the growth of pinto bean plants. The germination percentages for the MBO, MBO‐1 % Fe, MBO‐3 % Fe, and MBO‐5 % Fe samples were 83.33, 100, 91.67 and 100 %, respectively. Such percentages are higher than that for the control plants grown without MBO : Fe (66.67 %). The longest root/shoot lengths (20.62/48 cm) were obtained for the plant grown with the MBO‐3 % Fe assembly. In contrast, lower root/shoot lengths (14.7/30.66 cm) were obtained for the control plants. Thus, MBO : Fe assemblies loaded with fomesafen improved the physical characteristics of the bean plants, which is of interest for the sustainable agriculture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Rusted root rot is one of the most common root diseases in Panax ginseng, and Cylindrocarpon destructans is one of the main pathogenic fungus. The objective of this study was to screen and explore the extracts of biocontrol bacteria isolated from ginseng rhizosphere soil against Cylindrocarpon destructans. Results: Bacterial strains Bacillus amyloliquefaciens YY8 and Enterobacteriacea YY115 were isolated and found to exhibit in vitro antifungal activity against C. destructans. A combination of crude protein extract from B. amyloliquefaciens YY8 and ethyl acetate extract from Enterobacteriacea YY115 in a 6:4 ratio exhibited the strongest antifungal activity against C. destructans. Measurements of electrical conductivity, protein content, and nucleic acid content in suspension cultures of C. destructans treated with a mixture extracts indicated that the extracts disrupted the cell membranes of rusted root rot mycelia, resulting in the leakage of electrolytes, proteins, and nucleic acids from the cells, and ultimately inhibiting the growth of C. destructans. The combined extracts suppressed the infection of ginseng roots discs by C. destructans effectively. Conclusion: The extracts obtained from the two bacterial strains effectively inhibited C. destructans in P. ginseng. It can provide scientific basis for the development of new biological control pesticides, reduce the use of chemical pesticides, and promote the sustainable development of agriculture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The increasing demand for sustainable agricultural practices necessitates innovative solutions for soil fertilization. This study aimed to assess the viability of using limestone mining co-products from the Irati and Corumbataí Formations as multi-nutrient sources for Glycine max cultivation. The experiment utilized a double factorial design (7 × 2) with five replications, randomly arranged and placed in pots within a greenhouse. The factors examined were the type of co-product (sedimentary rocks from the Irati Formation: rhythmite and bituminous shale; and the Corumbataí Formation: clayey siltstone) and the soil type (Haplic Arenosol and Rhodic Ferralsol). Soil ion content was assessed at 21 and 140 days after treatment application. Each pot housed four G. max plants, with leaf harvest occurring after 42 days of growth. Macronutrient content, leaf production, and soil ion availability were determined thereafter. Overall, co-product application led to increased soil pH and availability of essential ions, including K+, Mg2+, Ca2+, P, S-SO42−, and Si. At 140 days, rhythmite was notably effective in increasing pH, Ca2+, and Mg2+ in Haplic Arenosol, with respective increases of 22%, 224%, and 696%. Bituminous shale, on the other hand, significantly increased S-SO42− content by 67% and 426% in Rhodic Ferralsol and Haplic Arenosol, respectively. Moreover, the application of co-products resulted in enhanced accumulation of K, Ca, Mg, and S in G. max plants, alongside increased leaf production. In conclusion, the utilization of mining co-products positively influenced soil and plant chemical attributes, particularly enhancing leaf production in G. max. These findings highlight the potential of co-products as environmentally friendly solutions for soil fertilization, supporting sustainable agricultural practices. This research highlights a significant step towards sustainable agriculture by recycling mining waste into valuable soil amendments, which can improve crop yields and reduce the environmental impact of both mining and agricultural activities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary Knowledge of differential life‐history strategies in arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi is relevant for understanding the ecology of this group and its potential role in sustainable agriculture and carbon sequestration. At present, AM fungal life‐history theories often focus on differential investment into intra‐ vs extraradical structures among AM fungal taxa, and its implications for plant benefits. With this Viewpoint we aim to expand these theories by integrating a mycocentric economics‐ and resource‐based life‐history framework. As in plants, AM fungal carbon and nutrient demands are stoichiometrically coupled, though uptake of these elements is spatially decoupled. Consequently, investment in morphological structures for carbon vs nutrient uptake is not in competition. We argue that understanding the ecology and evolution of AM fungal life‐history trade‐offs requires increased focus on variation among structures foraging for the same element, that is within intra‐ or extraradical structures (in our view a ‘horizontal’ axis), not just between them (‘vertical’ axis). Here, we elaborate on this argument and propose a range of plausible life‐history trade‐offs that could lead to the evolution of strategies in AM fungi, providing testable hypotheses and creating opportunities to explain AM fungal co‐existence, and the context‐dependent effects of AM fungi on plant growth and soil carbon dynamics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Commercial livestock producers need to prioritize genetic progress for health and efficiency traits to address productivity, welfare, and environmental concerns but face challenges due to limited pedigree information in extensive multi‐sire breeding scenarios. Utilizing pooled DNA for genotyping and integrating seminal microbiome information into genomic models could enhance predictions of male fertility traits, thus addressing complexities in reproductive performance and inbreeding effects. Using the Angus Australia database comprising genotypes and pedigree data for 78,555 animals, we simulated percentage of normal sperm (PNS) and prolificacy of sires, resulting in 713 sires and 27,557 progeny in the final dataset. Publicly available microbiome data from 45 bulls was used to simulate data for the 713 sires. By incorporating both genomic and microbiome information our models were able to explain a larger proportion of phenotypic variation in both PNS (0.94) and prolificacy (0.56) compared to models using a single data source (e.g., 0.36 and 0.41, respectively, using only genomic information). Additionally, models containing both genomic and microbiome data revealed larger phenotypic differences between animals in the top and bottom quartile of predictions, indicating potential for improved productivity and sustainability in livestock farming systems. Inbreeding depression was observed to affect fertility traits, which makes the incorporation of microbiome information on the prediction of fertility traits even more actionable. Crucially, our inferences demonstrate the potential of the semen microbiome to contribute to the improvement of fertility traits in cattle and pave the way for the development of targeted microbiome interventions to improve reproductive performance in livestock. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT Drought poses significant challenges to agricultural production, ecological stability and global food security. While wild pear trees exhibit strong drought resistance, cultivated varieties show weaker drought tolerance. This study aims to elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying pear trees' response to drought stress. We identified a drought resistance‐related transcription factor, PbbZIP88, which binds to and activates the expression of the drought‐responsive gene PbATL18. Overexpression of PbbZIP88 in Arabidopsis and pear seedlings resulted in enhanced drought resistance and significantly improved physiological parameters under drought stress. We discovered that PbbZIP88 interacts with the key protein PbSRK2E in the ABA signalling pathway. This interaction enhances PbbZIP88's ability to activate PbATL18 expression, leading to higher levels of PbATL18. Furthermore, the PbbZIP88 and PbSRK2E interaction accelerates the regulation of stomatal closure under ABA treatment conditions, reducing water loss more effectively. Experimental evidence showed that silencing PbbZIP88 and PbSRK2E genes significantly decreased drought resistance in pear seedlings. In conclusion, this study reveals the synergistic role of PbbZIP88 and PbSRK2E in enhancing drought resistance in pear trees, particularly in the upregulation of PbATL18 expression, and the accelerated promotion of stomatal closure. These findings provide new candidate genes for breeding drought‐resistant varieties and offer a theoretical foundation and technical support for achieving sustainable agriculture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Information on the effects of changing agricultural management on crop and livestock performance is critical for developing evidence-based policies, investments, and programs. Evidence for Resilient Agriculture (ERA) v1.0.1 presents a dataset that harmonizes and aggregates 112,859 observations from 2,011 agricultural studies taken place in Africa between 1934 and 2018. The dataset includes information on the effect of 364 combinations of management practices and technologies on 87 environmental, social, and economic indicators of outcomes. Observations are geolocated and temporally tagged and thus can be linked to other datasets such as historical weather, soil properties, and road networks. ERA offers a new resource for understanding the impacts of changing farming practices under diverse environmental contexts, providing data to support strategic interventions aimed to enhance productivity, resilience, and sustainability of African agriculture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Agricultural spatial division and suggestions for the optimization of the partition space were obtained by constructing a recognition system of the dominant agricultural space. The prerequisite was to master natural economic development in agriculture. It was vital to maintain national food security and promote healthy and sustainable agriculture. The suitability evaluation of agricultural production and the dominance evaluation of agricultural development were incorporated to recognize the dominant agricultural space in Cangzhou, Hebei, China in 2020. Besides, priority scenarios were set, e.g., economic development, lowcarbon protection, and coordinated development of a low-carbon economy. The NSGA-II genetic algorithm model was used to optimize the quantitative structure of cultivated lands in the agricultural space of Cangzhou in three scenarios in 2030. The research results are as follows: (1) Cangzhou had the largest number of general suitable areas for agricultural production in 2020, accounting for 27.04%; suitable areas were the least, accounting for 10.99%. The proportion of current cultivated lands in unsuitable agricultural production areas still stood at 11.26%; (2) The dominance of agricultural development in 2020 in Cangzhou was mainly at Tier III, accounting for 33.60% with the general dominance of agricultural development; (3) The total area of the dominant agricultural space in Cangzhou was 238208.75 hm2, accounting for 16.72% of the national territorial area of Cangzhou. It included 35 villages and towns beyond ecological red lines, mainly distributed in the western part of Cangzhou; (4) The agricultural space of Cangzhou in 2030, optimized by the multi-objective NSGA-II genetic algorithm model, exhibited decreased cultivated lands across three scenarios. The total amount of cultivated lands was the largest under the priority scenario of economic development, and that was the smallest under the priority scenario of coordinated development of a low-carbon economy. Meanwhile, agricultural economic benefits and carbon emission density were reduced under three scenarios. The benefits and density were moderate under the coordinated development of low carbon and economy. The work provides a reference for further formulating and improving the policies of the agricultural space in various regions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The global demand for protein in the form of red meat is growing, especially in Southeast Asia, with income and population growth driving an increase in global beef consumption projected to continue from 2023 to 2032. This provides incentive for smallholder large-ruminant producers to build on production improvements obtained over the past decade to ensure long-term profitability and sustainability. This review aims to provide an update on advances in smallholder large-ruminant production and profitability in Southeast Asia over the past decade, as well as highlight ongoing challenges that require further investment from governments and the private sector to meet the growing regional and global demand for protein that is safe for human consumption. Improvements are discussed in detail across the areas of health, production and welfare, using outputs from research for development projects across Southeast Asia, specifically Cambodia and Laos which have high proportions of population living below the national poverty line. Areas covered include nutrition, disease control, diversification and farmer engagement. Ongoing challenges and opportunities are also considered. Key improvements in smallholder large-ruminant production, health and welfare in Southeast Asia over the past decade include the introduction of strategies to improve nutrition through forage utilisation and disease control through vaccination and biosecurity as well as farmer engagement and diversification. However, major challenges continue in the areas of disease control and eradication, training, climate variability, gender empowerment and policy. Increasing global demand for red meat places smallholder large-ruminant producers throughout Cambodia and Laos in an ideal position to capitalise. To do this and gain improved regional food security requires ongoing investment in stakeholder training and adoption of appropriate strategies to ensure greater productivity from existing numbers and resisting increasing numbers in an environment with limited resources. Although the challenges for large-ruminant smallholders are substantial, the rewards for continual investment to improve health and production include increased household incomes and profitability as well as greater regional food security. Global demand for protein in the form of red meat is growing, especially in Southeast Asia, with income and population growth driving an increase in beef consumption. To meet this demand advances in smallholder large-ruminant production and profitability have been achieved. However, to achieve regional food security ongoing challenges and opportunities need to be addressed. This article belongs to the Collection Sustainable Animal Agriculture for Developing Countries 2023. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Agave plants, found primarily in arid and semi‐arid regions, have been utilized by indigenous communities for various purposes for thousands of years. They currently serve as crops to produce alcoholic beverages and fibers. Despite their importance, there is limited understanding of the relationship between agave and soil. This article addresses some of the knowledge gaps regarding the interactions and benefits of the agave‐soil approach. Among all the documents reviewed, 153 discussed individual soil parameters (45 physical, 68 chemical, and 40 biological), 59 explored interactions between them, and 130 did not address soil aspects (i.e., soil was merely presented as a substrate for the growth and development of plants and was not examined in the study's findings). Moreover, the historical evolution of the research highlights two distinct periods (from 1985 to 2000 and between 2010 to 2023) of notable publication activity, with recent years witnessing a surge in studies involving soil management techniques, genetic improvement of agave species, bioremediation, and the use of residues for bioenergy, biofuel, and soil amendments. There is a notable increasing trend in diverse research areas interested in these interactions, reflecting a broader recognition of the importance of understanding soil functioning in agave cultivation. Indeed, from 2010 to 2023, the use of the keyword 'soil' increased by 96% in studies of agave cultivation. This shift in research trends suggests that scientific advances in agave cultivation and soil science can be expected, contributing to sustainable agriculture and the long‐term viability of agave‐based industries. This article underscores an opportunity for further research to optimize agave cultivation and processing (e.g., soil management and productivity), for different purposes while conserving soil health and promoting sustainable land‐use practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Important agricultural technologies do not always reach smallholder farmers at the pace required to improve production. The Syngenta Foundation for Sustainable Agriculture's farmers' hubs is designed to improve access to new technologies. We describe how these businesses fit into the innovation system of Bangladesh and document what products and services are being provided to the community. We surveyed 300 farmers who were participants or non-participants living near six study hubs. The most used service (97 per cent or participants) was seedlings grown in specialised soil less media, which is a product supported through their research mechanism and where there are few alternatives in the market. However, other services like farm machinery, and purchasing of produce were less well used by participants. The location of the farmers' hubs in smaller communities can enhance these farmers' access to certain information and technology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many yeast strains secrete proteins that are lethal to other yeast and filamentous fungi. These toxins constitute a highly diverse system of targeted cell toxicity with different modes of action. Technological developments in synthetic biology offer an opportunity to unlock the potential of these systems and overcome their inherent limitations. These include engineering protein toxins towards user-defined physicochemical properties, systematically refactoring producer yeasts to achieve user-defined targeted killer functions, and bioprospecting for completely novel variants with either narrow or broad target ranges. Potential applications of protein toxins are diverse, but they likely represent a crucial new tool to address the looming challenges of food security, agricultural sustainability, and human health. The double-stranded (ds) RNA genomes of these systems may also represent a novel means of producing designer RNA. Killer yeasts secrete protein toxins that are selectively lethal to other yeast and filamentous fungi. These exhibit exceptional genetic and functional diversity, and have several biotechnological applications. However, despite decades of research, several limitations hinder their widespread adoption. In this perspective we contend that technical advances in synthetic biology present an unprecedented opportunity to unlock the full potential of yeast killer systems across a spectrum of applications. By leveraging these new technologies, engineered killer toxins may emerge as a pivotal new tool to address antifungal resistance and food security. Finally, we speculate on the biotechnological potential of re-engineering host double-stranded (ds) RNA mycoviruses, from which many toxins derive, as a safe and noninfectious system to produce designer RNA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As the world's population increases, the growing demand for food intensifies the generation of agricultural waste, leading to several environmental issues. Intensive research indicates black soldier fly (BSF) larvae Hermetia illucens (Linnaeus, 1758) as efficient converters of organic waste into nutrient-rich biomass suitable for animal feed. Using a structured questionnaire and volunteer farmers (N = 595), we investigated the potential for adoption of BSF larvae composting technology for sustainable agricultural waste management in Greater Ahafo-Ano. Almost all surveyed farmers declared they generated a significant amount of biowaste on their farms and were willing to learn how to use the BSF-based technology to transform it into value-added products. The waste generated was mainly disposed of in pits at Ahafo-Ano South-East (56.2%), by composting at AhafoAno South-West (34.9%) and by sale at Ahafo-Ano North (34.4%). Across the three districts, awareness of the BSF was very low - 14.5% in Ahafo-Ano South-East, 14.1% in Ahafo-Ano South-West and 0.5% in Ahafo-Ano North. However, high acceptance of the technology was recorded. It was found that about 8% of farmers surveyed in Ahafo-Ano South-East had already tried BSF farming on a small scale. Indicating this district as a good entry point to introduce the technology into Greater Ahafo-Ano. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The combination of nitric oxide (NO) donors with nanomaterials has emerged as a promising approach to reduce postharvest losses. The encapsulation of NO donors provides protection from rapid degradation and controlled release, enhancing the NO effectiveness in postharvest treatments. Moreover, the application method can also influence postharvest responses. In this study, two application methods were evaluated, spraying and immersion, using S -nitrosoglutathione (GSNO, a NO donor) in free and encapsulated forms on papaya fruit. Our hypothesis was that GSNO encapsulated in chitosan nanoparticles would outperform the free form in delaying fruit senescence. In addition, this study marks the pioneering characterization of chitosan nanoparticles containing GSNO within the framework of a postharvest investigation. Overall, our findings indicate that applying encapsulated GSNO (GSNO-NP-S) through spraying preserves the quality of papaya fruit during storage. This method not only minimizes weight loss, ethylene production, and softening, but also stimulates antioxidant responses, thereby mitigating oxidative damage. Consequently, it stands out as the promising technique for delaying papaya fruit senescence. This innovative approach holds the potential to enhance postharvest practices and advance sustainable agriculture. • Encapsulation enables controlled NO release, optimizing postharvest efficacy. • Encapsulated GSNO supply through spraying emerges as a promising technique. • Spray of encapsulated GSNO reduces weight loss, ethylene production and softening. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: The development of a decarbonised food industry will depend on a sustainable agricultural system where embodied food product greenhouse gas emissions (GHG) can be associated with agricultural production. The method presented demonstrates how mapping agri‐production can be used to calculate regional carbon footprints so GHG emission reduction is geographically strategic. Different agronomic and husbandry outcomes are mapped using Geographic Information Systems (GIS's) and carbon footprints are calculated using Life Cycle Inventory (LCI) libraries. The hybridised GIS‐LCI approach reports unique insights for decarbonisation, demonstrating how farming practices can be further integrated to best deliver food security. We use the GIS‐LCI method to show; (1), geography limits crop and livestock production types; (2), agri‐product density data can be used to calculate a food system carbon footprint; and (3), GIS's can be used to focus food policy for sustainability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The goal of this study was to undertake a detailed investigation of the agroecological state of the wheat and sugar beet ecosystems on a local scale. From 2001 to 2016, a set of the most critical agroecological indicators of wheat and sugar beet farming systems in the Torbat-e Heydarieh region, northeast of Iran, were studied. Potential yield calculations using both FAO and modified FAO methodologies revealed that potential yield was nearly consistent for both ecosystems over the research period in the region. The extent of the yield gap for both habitats decreased. The study of the regional yield factor revealed that improving the management system resulted in higher actual yield and thus a smaller yield gap in both ecosystems. In both ecosystems, there was a reduction in yield stability. The rate of ​nitrogen uptake efficiency, nitrogen utilization efficiency, and nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) all decreased during the studied years in the region. According to the findings, the primary cause of the increase in nitrogen consumption, growing intensification, and decreasing stability in the analyzed systems appears to be a deficiency of NUE and its downward trend. As a result, planning and altering management methods focusing on enhancing NUE may be proposed as the first step toward boosting sustainability in the Torbat-e Heydarieh wheat and sugar beet agroecosystems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The challenges posed by climate change and increasing world population are stimulating renewed efforts for improving the sustainability of animal production. To meet such challenges, the contribution of genomic selection approaches, in combination with assisted reproductive technologies (ARTs), to spreading and preserving animal genetics is essential. The largest increase in genetic gain can be achieved by shortening the generation interval. This review provides an overview of the current status and progress of advanced ARTs that could be applied to reduce the generation time in both female and male of domestic ruminants. In females, the use of juvenile in vitro embryo transfer (JIVET) enables to generate offspring after the transfer of in vitro produced embryos derived from oocytes of prepubertal genetically superior donors reducing the generational interval and acceleration genetic gain. The current challenge is increasing in vitro embryo production (IVEP) from prepubertal derived oocytes which is still low and variable. The two main factors limiting IVEP success are the intrinsic quality of prepubertal oocytes and the culture systems for in vitro maturation (IVM). In males, advancements in ARTs are providing new strategies to in vitro propagate spermatogonia and differentiate them into mature sperm or even to recapitulate the whole process of spermatogenesis from embryonic stem cells. Moreover, the successful use of immature cells, such as round spermatids, for intracytoplasmic injection (ROSI) and IVEP could allow to complete the entire process in few months. However, these approaches have been successfully applied to human and mouse whereas only a few studies have been published in ruminants and results are still controversial. This is also dependent on the efficiency of ROSI that is limited by the current isolation and selection protocols of round spermatids. In conclusion, the current efforts for improving these reproductive methodologies could lead toward a significant reduction of the generational interval in livestock animals that could have a considerable impact on agriculture sustainability. • ARTs are providing new strategies that could be used to reduce generation time in domestic ruminants. • Large number of oocytes can be collected from prepubertal donors. But their developmental potential is still low. • Advancements in 3D platforms are allowing to recreate spermatogenesis in vitro in livestock animals. • ROSI is still an unsuccessful technique mostly because of round spermatids inadequate isolation and selection procedures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Soil contamination with chromium (Cr) is becoming a primary ecological and health concern, specifically in the Kasur and Sialkot regions of Pakistan. The main objective of the current study was to evaluate the impact of foliar application of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) (0, 25, 50, 100 mg L−1) and Fe NPs (0, 5, 10, 20 mg L−1) in red sails lettuce plants grown in Cr-contaminated soil. Our results showed that both ZnO and Fe NPs improved plant growth, and photosynthetic attributes by minimizing oxidative stress in lettuce plants through the stimulation of antioxidant enzyme activities. At ZnO NPs (100 mgL−1), dry weights of shoots and roots and fresh weights of shoots and roots were improved by 53%, 58%, 34%, and 45%, respectively, as compared to the respective control plants. The Fe NPs treatment (20 mgL−1) increased the dry weight of shoots and the roots and fresh weights of shoots and roots by 53%, 76%, 42%, and 70%, respectively. Application of both NPs reduced the oxidative stress caused by Cr, as evident by the findings of the current study, i.e., at the ZnO NPs (100 mgL−1) and Fe NPs (20 mgL−1), the EL declined by 32% and 44%, respectively, in comparison with respective control plants. Moreover, Fe and ZnO NPs enhanced the Fe and Zn contents in red sails lettuce plants. Application of ZnO NPs at 100 mg L−1 and Fe NPs at 20 mg L−1, improved the Zn and Fe contents in plant leaves by 86%, and 68%, respectively, as compared to the control plants. This showed that the exogenous application of these NPs helped in Zn and Fe fortification in plants. At similar of concenteration ZnO NPs, CAT and APX activities were improved by 52% and 53%, respectively. Similarly, the POD contents were improved by 17% and 45% at 5 and 10 mg/L of Fe NPs. Furthermore, ZnO and Fe NPs limited the Cr uptake by plants, and the concentration of Cr in the leaves of lettuce was under the threshold limit. The exogenous application of ZnO NPs (100 mg L−1) and Fe NPs (20 mg L−1) reduced the Cr uptake in the leaves of red sails lettuce by 57% and 51%, respectively. In conclusion, ZnO and Fe NPs could be used for the improvement of plant growth and biomass as well as nutrient fortification in stressed environments. These findings not only underscore the efficacy of nanoparticle-assisted phytoremediation but also highlight its broader implications for sustainable agriculture and environmental health. However, future studies on other crops with molecular-level investigations are recommended for the validation of the results. HIGHLIGHTS: ZnO and Fe NPs improved the growth and photosynthesis of red sails lettuce plants Both NPs enhanced antioxidants enzymes activities in stressed plants NPs mediated response reduced the oxidative stress and Cr uptake in red sails lettuce ZnO and Fe NPs resulted in Zn and Fe fortification, respectively, in red sails lettuce [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Agroecological farming emerges among approaches for managing crop pests including the "True" fruit fly (Diptera, Tephritidae). We conducted baseline interviews and field experiments in Eastern Central Tanzania to determine farmers' perception on the approach and verify its socio-economic performance in cucurbit crop production. The performance of small-scale cucurbit farming in agroecological and conventional agriculture was broadly comparable. Farmers perceived the approach as effective and beneficial over conventional farming and pesticide-based agriculture but constrained by its more elaborate/laborious implementation. Still, agroecological farming significantly lowered the production costs. Therefore small-scale agroecological cucurbit farming in Tanzania represents a viable alternative and promising tool to reduce use of synthetic pesticides that negatively impact human health and the environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Countries are looking to reduce their agricultural sector's carbon footprint while encouraging economic and environmental sustainability. One proposed method of making agriculture more sustainable while maintaining farm incomes is through the production of bioenergy feedstocks. We examine the spatial aspect of the production of renewable energy feedstocks in Ireland. Two feedstocks are looked at—grass silage and short‐rotation coppice (SRC) willow. Spatial microsimulation analysis is utilised to assess the spatial suitability for alternative land uses, simulating land‐use change to compare economic returns with the current agricultural use. A farm‐based carbon subsidy is modelled based on avoided agricultural emissions and carbon sequestered. We find that midlands counties, especially those in the north midlands, have the highest proportion of land where feedstocks would be more profitable than the current agricultural use. Counties on the western seaboard have the lowest proportion of land where feedstocks would give greater returns. The amount of land where feedstocks are more profitable increases as greater carbon subsidies are provided. Of the two feedstocks assessed, SRC willow cultivation is more profitable than grass silage production. The overwhelming majority of land where producing feedstocks would be more profitable has cattle farming as its current use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Increasing the C sequestration potential and higher soil organic carbon stocks with the application of organic manures will reflect in the improvement of crop productivity. Long-term monitoring approach is essential to evaluate these impacts, especially given the escalating effects of climate change on agriculture. Recognizing this, a 112-year-long Permanent Manurial Experiment (PME) at Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, India, investigates the influence of application of organic manures. Utilizing the DSSAT crop simulation model, the study assessed the impact of organic manure, specifically NPK + FYM (Farm Yard Manure), on maize yield over 25 years on a sandy-loam Alfisol. Data collected from the field experiment including crop growth parameters, management options, weather, and soil data were used for simulations. Results showed a 93.8% agreement between simulated and observed yields, endorsing NPK + FYM treatment with a 20% increase in grain yield by 2032 compared to using 100% NPK alone. Furthermore, the study explored future climate change scenarios' impact on maize yield. It highlighted that NPK + FYM consistently outperformed other treatments, emphasizing its efficacy in increasing the yields under changing climatic conditions. This approach emerges as promising for enhancing carbon sequestration, elevating soil organic carbon stocks, and significantly improving crop productivity. In conclusion, adopting the NPK + FYM treatment is recommended to achieve optimal maize yield outcomes, surpassing the effects of using NPK or FYM independently. This research signifies the potential of combining organic manures with synthetic fertilizers in sustainable agriculture amid evolving climate challenges. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A growing challenge in canola (Brassica napus L.) production globally is the management of aphid pests, particularly species that are resistant to insecticides. Aphid pests of canola damage plants through direct feeding and virus transmission, with turnip yellows virus being particularly economically damaging. Integrated Pest Management, a strategy now employed by many growers to reduce the risk of insecticide resistance, requires forward planning and monitoring. Improved risk predictions can be used to help growers limit insecticide spraying by targeting high‐risk regions and/or periods. Within Australia, autumnal aphid flights coincide with the critical risk period for virus infestations in canola. In this study, we used an extensive database accumulated from 6 years of surveys collected from more than 200 canola fields across southern Australia with supervised machine learning models to predict aphid movements in autumn‐early winter as a function of environmental factors. We found: (i) our models achieve very high predictive accuracy when validated on untrained data; (ii) aphid movements are influenced by a combination of daily temperature and wind regimes as well as 'green bridge' effects mediated by summer rainfall patterns; and (iii) higher aphid capture rates in sticky traps are correlated with a higher probability of the aphids being carriers of turnip yellows virus. Taken together these results suggest that growers can use the outputs from predictive models to forecast aphid outbreaks in the early growing season and derive useful rules of thumb around the environmental conditions during which canola crops are at a greater risk of turnip yellows virus transmission. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ornithopus sativus Brot. (French serradella) is a forage legume that is well adapted to acidic coarse textured soils (sands) which are characterized by poor nutrition and an inability to retain water. During the process of domestication of O. sativus, there was an unintentional loss of seed physical dormancy (PY) thus compromising its self‐regeneration after a cropping interval. Through mass screening of seed, we identified for the first time that heritable sources of PY exist in three populations of O. sativus. This rare genetic material was then incorporated into suitable genetic backgrounds of differing maturity through targeted hybridization. We demonstrated that the heritability of PY was dominant in the population of 97ZAF5sat but inconsistently recessive in the population of cv. Emena. Flowering time was variable in each source population, with a large variation in time to emergence of first flowers (95–175 days). Selection for early flowering maturity was heritable and stable. F6 generations selected for PY in different maturity classes were then evaluated in situ to establish whether PY would allow a proportion of seeds to survive in the soil through consecutive seasons exposed to a Mediterranean climate. The breeding lines FHS3, 7 and 23 remained dormant, thus viable, in the soil for up to 3 years, indicating the likelihood that O. sativus with PY could survive and persist in a ley farming system. The de‐domestication program in O. sativus has resulted in commercially successful cultivars (most recently cv. Fran2o) suited to sustainable dryland agriculture in a Mediterranean climate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Analysing the impacts of climate change on water resources is crucial to identify vulnerabilities and prioritize actions. We investigated climate change impacts on drinking water supply, emphasizing sustainable agriculture as an adaptation strategy, using the SWAT model in the Cávado River basin, Portugal. Our study highlights an increase in months with river discharge below ecological flow post water abstraction due to climate change. Notably, nitrate concentration was more influenced by sustainable agriculture practices than climate change. Our study highlights the vital role of adaptive strategies, especially sustainable agriculture, in securing water resources amidst challenges posed by climate change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Middle East and North Africa (MENA) is the most water-scarce region in the world. Recent research suggests that agroecology could be a basis for sustainable agriculture. We assess the spread of agroecology in the region and explore the prospect of self-organization among farming communities as an indicator for self-determination of the farming system. The focus is on Lebanon, Morocco and Tunisia. We present empirical data and propose an analytical framework for capturing the conditions for self-organizing arrangements in a transition to agroecology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The genus Psidium, which includes a variety of tropical and subtropical fruit-bearing species, is notable for its broad genetic diversity, particularly in Psidium cattleianum, a species whose potential remains largely unexplored. This study aims to explore the genetic diversity of Psidium fruits through a global literature review and bibliometric analysis, using the Web of Science© database and VOSviewer software to identify breeding strategies focused on fruit production in P. cattleianum. The dominance of research on P. guajava highlights the urgent need to expand studies to other species within the genus, especially P. cattleianum. Techniques such as germplasm conservation, analysis of reproductive systems, and the selection of desirable traits are crucial for advancing the breeding of P. cattleianum, with particular attention to fruit quality and productivity. Developing more productive and disease-resistant varieties can significantly increase productive efficiency and promote the commercial cultivation of the species, adding significant value and creating new opportunities for sustainable agriculture and crop diversification. Despite recent literature focusing on P. guajava, there is a significant gap in studies on P. cattleianum, especially in Brazil, where methods such as germplasm conservation and the exploration of genetic diversity can be pivotal for fruit breeding. It is essential to expand research and genetic improvement of P. cattleianum to unlock its full potential, promoting its incorporation into breeding programs that enhance the quality and productive characteristics of the fruits, thus increasing their use and market value. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Engineering plant microbiomes presents a promising strategy for advancing sustainable agriculture practices. Genome-wide association studies can identify plant host genomic regions that influence microbiome structure and function, thereby informing genetic engineering and targeted breeding strategies. Co-inoculation experiments and metabolic modeling can identify critical microbial interspecies interactions. The incorporation of machine learning algorithms into microbiome research has expanded the predictive capabilities. Integration of experimental and computational tools has been successful in designing microbiomes with precise functions. Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) can improve crop yields, nutrient use efficiency, plant tolerance to stressors, and confer benefits to future generations of crops grown in the same soil. Unlocking the potential of microbial communities in the rhizosphere and endosphere is therefore of great interest for sustainable agriculture advancements. Before plant microbiomes can be engineered to confer desirable phenotypic effects on their plant hosts, a deeper understanding of the interacting factors influencing rhizosphere community structure and function is needed. Dealing with this complexity is becoming more feasible using computational approaches. In this review, we discuss recent advances at the intersection of experimental and computational strategies for the investigation of plant–microbiome interactions and the engineering of desirable soil microbiomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research investigates the role of digital e-credit and institutional support in facilitating the adoption of climate-smart agriculture (CSA) practices among rural smallholders in Punjab, Pakistan. The study analyzes how e-credit, alongside institutional backing and farmers' demographic attributes, influences the decision to embrace CSA practices and determines the extent of their adoption. Data from 420 farmers across five Punjab districts were analyzed using Multivariate Probit and Ordered Probit models. The findings emphasize the importance of e-credit and institutional support, including CSA training, soil testing services, seed certification, and market accessibility, to encourage the adoption of multiple CSA practices. In addition, the study establishes a positive correlation between the adoption of CSA practices and factors like farmer education, experience, landholding size, and tractor availability. The research underscores the need for enhanced access to e-credit, improved institutional infrastructure, and increased educational initiatives in rural areas to support climate-resilient farming practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Near real-time (NRT) crop type mapping plays a crucial role in modeling crop development, managing food supply chains, and supporting sustainable agriculture. The low-latency updates on crop type distribution also help assess the impacts of weather extremes and climate change on agricultural production in a timely fashion, aiding in identification of early risks in food insecurity as well as rapid assessments of the damage. Yet NRT crop type mapping is challenging due to the obstacle in acquiring timely crop type reference labels during the current season for crop mapping model building. Meanwhile, the crop mapping models constructed with historical crop type labels and corresponding satellite imagery may not be applicable to the current season in NRT due to spatiotemporal variability of crop phenology. The difficulty in characterizing crop phenology in NRT remains a significant hurdle in NRT crop type mapping. To tackle these issues, a novel emergence-based thermal phenological framework (EMET) is proposed in this study for field-level NRT crop type mapping. The EMET framework comprises three key components: hybrid deep learning spatiotemporal image fusion, NRT thermal-based crop phenology normalization, and NRT crop type characterization. The hybrid fusion model integrates super-resolution convolutional neural network (SRCNN) and long short-term memory (LSTM) to generate daily satellite observations with a high spatial resolution in NRT. The NRT thermal-based crop phenology normalization innovatively synthesizes within-season crop emergence (WISE) model and thermal time accumulation throughout the growing season, to timely normalize crop phenological progress derived from temporally dense fusion imagery. The NRT normalized fusion time series are then fed into an advanced deep learning classifier, the self-attention based LSTM (SAtLSTM) model, to identify crop types. Results in Illinois and Minnesota of the U.S. Corn Belt suggest that the EMET framework significantly enhances the model scalability with crop phenology normalized in NRT for timely crop mapping. A consistently higher overall accuracy is yielded by the EMET framework throughout the growing season compared to the calendar-based and WISE-based benchmark scenarios. When transferred to different study sites and testing years, EMET maintains an advantage of over 5% in overall accuracy during early- to mid-season. Moreover, EMET reaches an overall accuracy of 85% a month earlier than the benchmarks, and it can accurately characterize crop types with an overall accuracy of 90% as early as in late July. F1 scores for both corn and soybeans also achieve 90% around late July. The EMET framework paves the way for large-scale satellite-based NRT crop type mapping at the field level, which can largely help reduce food market volatility to enhance food security, as well as benefit a variety of agricultural applications to optimize crop management towards more sustainable agricultural production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An introduction is presented in which the editor discusses articles within the issue on topics including the history of crop science, food security, agricultural economy and development, and the global food system.

This study aimed to analyze the impact of innovative and disruptive production technologies adopted by Brazilian agribusiness startups on the value chain, contributing to the transition to the circular economy. Qualitative research was carried out through 10 semi‐structured interviews with CEOs of startups in the agribusiness segment, also called agtechs. The results indicate that various disruptive innovative technologies are in use, such as precision agriculture, artificial intelligence, and biotechnology. The adoption of innovative technologies, especially those that have disruptive potential, contributes to the transition to a circular economy. These innovations enhance efficiency, productivity, resource waste reduction, greenhouse gas emission reduction, monitoring, and control. At the same time, they have the potential to contribute to the generation of food security, the minimization of environmental impact, and the promotion of sustainability in agribusiness, making it more resilient. It is concluded that disruptive technologies, especially those originating from Industry 4.0, have the potential to transform the agribusiness industry. They support sustainable and efficient practices and have the potential to replace the lack of human labor in the field. Furthermore, the study expands the theoretical understanding of the role of agtechs in the circular economy and provides practical insights into the formulation of public policies, investments, and business strategies to promote sustainability in the agricultural sector. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The process of determining whether a specific portion of land is suitable for a specific purpose is known as land suitability analysis (LSA). In order to promote sustainable development in semi-arid regions, the objective of this study is to analyse, evaluate, and identify the land for green growth based on topography, climate, and soil characteristics. Twelve thematic maps are prepared by using remote sensing satellite data. The Landsat 8 OLI/TIRS is used for the preparation of the thematic maps like land use land cover (LULC), normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), top soil grain size index (TGSI), and geomorphology (GM), and DEM data is used for the preparation slope, and drainage density (DD). The collateral data is used to prepare geology and soil thematic maps. From the field work, we have collected soil samples for the compulsory physicochemical parameters such as soil EC and soil N-P-K which were taken into consideration and prepared thematic maps. The analytical hierarchy process (AHP) was used to generate the LSA of the research region, by assigning the appropriate weights to each criterion and sub-criterion for the thematic maps. Geographic information systems (GIS) and the multicriteria decision-making (MCDM) approach were used in the study's methodology. The LSA of the study area has been categories in to four types, i.e., highly suitable, moderately suitable, marginally suitable, and not suitable. The results revealed that 421.31 sq.km (40.09%) is not suitable for agriculture green growth in the study region, whereas 89.58 sq.km (8.52%) is moderately suitable, 267.66 sq.km (25.47%) is marginally suitable, and 266.54 sq.km (25.36%) is highly suitable. Accuracy assessment has validated the LSA map's accuracy (AA). The AA of LSA is 84.22%, which demonstrates a strong connection with the actual data. The research's results could be helpful in locating productive agricultural areas in various parts of the world. The decision-making AHP tool paired with GIS provides a novel method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study, conducted during the 2022 and 2023 seasons in Tinjdad, Morocco, assessed the effectiveness of three seaweed extracts—Ecklonia maxima, Ascophyllum nodosum, and Gelidium sequipedale—on the yield and quality of Majhoul cultivar dates grown on a certified organic farm. The Ecklonia maxima and Ascophyllum nodosum extracts were obtained from certified organic commercial products, P1® and P2® respectively, while the Gelidium sequipedale extract came from a fermented liquid developed in the laboratory. The experiment included an untreated control group and six treatment groups using extracts at concentrations of 1% and 2% for E. maxima and A. nodosum, applied via foliar spray, and 5% and 10% for G. sequipedale, incorporated into the soil. Results demonstrated significant effects from all treatments compared to the control group, particularly at higher concentrations. Assessed parameters included yield per palm, date weight, length, and width, as well as content of soluble sugars, reducing and non-reducing sugars, polyphenols, flavonoids, tannins, ash, and antioxidant activity (DPPH and FRAP). In 2023, the application of 2% extracts from seaweed species A. nodosum and E. maxima led to significant improvements over the control group, affecting various parameters: yield per palm increased by 4.97% and 3.72% respectively, date weight by 36.36% and 31.82%, length of dates by 15.70% and 13.95%, dry matter by 23.84% and 19.76%, content of soluble sugars by 6.09% and 5.32%, reducing sugars by 6.49% and 5.63%, ash content by 11.01% and 10.55%, polyphenols by 5.12% and 3.80%, and tannins remained consistent at an increase of 2.48% for both. Additionally, the treatments exhibited significant enhancements in antioxidant activity; the application of 2% Ecklonia maxima led to improvements of 12.20% in DPPH inhibition and 7.53% in FRAP values. Similarly, the 2% Ascophyllum nodosum extract demonstrated significant enhancements, with a 14.32% increase in DPPH inhibition and an 8.70% increase in FRAP values, highlighting the potent antioxidant properties of these seaweed extracts. The use of 10% fermented G. sequipedale liquid also demonstrated significant improvements in the second year of the study, achieving an increase in yield per palm of 4.06%, date length of 9.59%, date weight of 18.84%, dry matter of 14.7%, soluble sugar content of 5.39%, reducing sugars of 5.60%, polyphenols of 2.33%, and tannins of 1.98% over the control group. Furthermore, this treatment showed significant enhancements in antioxidant activity, with a 10.08% improvement in DPPH inhibition and a 5.75% increase in FRAP values compared to the control. These findings highlight the significant potential of selected seaweed extracts to enhance the production and quality of Majhoul cultivar dates, particularly positioning the Gelidium sequipedale extract, a marine algae species abundant in Morocco, as a promising alternative for organic and sustainable agricultural practices capable of replacing chemical stimulants in arid oasis regions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]