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This study aims to produce Student Worksheets (LKPD) with Live Worksheets on thematic learning in grade 5 elementary schools on theme 1, subtheme 2 which is valid. This type of research is development research by displaying design and development at the ADDIE Model stage and the expert review stage (Expert Review) at the Tessmer evaluation. The research test subjects in the expert review are design expert validators, media expert validators and material and language expert validators. All data is obtained from the data collection instrument and calculated to obtain valid LKPD results. The results of the comments in the instrument are made improvements and delivered descriptively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Seborrheic dermatitis caused by Malassezia globosa is a relapsing disease that allows for multi-drug resistance. The discovery of new antifungal agents and zeolites as a carrier is needed for further antifungal treatment. This research aims to determine the antifungal activity from extracts and fractions of Noni fruits with or without activated zeolite and predict its inhibitory activity against LIP1(SMG1) enzyme by in silico test. According to statistical results, the extract 20%-zeolite and ethyl acetate fraction 5%-zeolite of Noni fruits provided a higher inhibition zone than those without zeolite. Ethyl acetate fractions as active compounds identified by GC-MS followed by molecular docking. The prediction of the molecular docking depicts that bromocriptine (alkaloid quinoline group) showed a lower binding affinity (ΔG) compared to ketoconazole as a standard with similar amino acid residues Asn253, Phe278, Gly291, and Gln282. The SEM-EDX description of ethyl acetate fraction modified by zeolite shows that the active compounds from Noni fruits adsorbed the zeolite framework well. ADMET-Tox properties of bromocriptine were neither mutagenic nor carcinogenic. Alkaloid group is effective as a new antifungal agent for Seborrheic dermatitis, and zeolite as a carrier matrix provides a better inhibitory activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The environmental issue has become a primary concern on social media, prompting SMEs to integrate it into their market approach strategies. In line with the phenomenon that is occurring, the purpose of this research is to examine the role of social media involvement in brand awareness, e-trust, and consumer decision-making. This study is an examination of consumers with a focus on SMEs in Bandung City who conduct environmental campaigns using social media. A survey was conducted on 123 consumers using an online questionnaire, and the data was processed using a path analysis approach. The research analysis is conducted based on the hypothesis testing of the study. The research findings highlight the impact of implementing environmental campaigns on social media on brand awareness and consumer e-trust. Social media indirectly supports consumer purchasing behavior of SMEs products because of environmental concerns. Companies engaged in sustainable business practices and environmental concern can build a positive image in the perceptions of consumers. Social media provides a forum where consumers may share information and experiences, making the reputation of a company critically important.

Mackerel is a marine fish whose meat is widely used in making processed food products such as pempek, crackers, dumplings, and otak-otak. In making this product, there is still residual waste in the form of bones, tails, and fish heads that have yet to be utilized. Fishbone waste can be used as an ingredient for making gelatin. Gelatin can be used as a raw material for making marshmallows. Marshmallows produced from mackerel bone gelatin have a fishy aroma. The effort made to reduce the fishy smell is by adding calamansy orange. Apart from that, add sucrose to lessen the sour taste of kalamansi oranges. This research aimed to determine the effect of adding calamansy orange extract and sucrose on the physical, chemical, and organoleptic properties of the marshmallows produced. The experimental design used was a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with two factors, namely the addition of calamansy orange extract (13%, 15%, and 17%) and the addition of sucrose (30%, 35%). The research results showed that adding calamansy orange extract and sucrose naturally affected water content, texture, ash content, vitamin C content, pH, taste, texture, aroma, and overal.

Sustainability issues and the significance of academic performance in e-learning are intricately linked. E-learning can support the environmental issue (paperless), and sustainable learning system. Academic excellence produces individuals who are prepared to advocate for positive, long-lasting change in industry and society. Investigating issues pertaining to academic achievement, a study was undertaken to analyze academic performance models with the assistance of e-learning satisfaction. Utilizing a quantitative survey design, information was gathered from 663 students and analyzed with SmartPLS. The examination and evaluation are conducted in accordance with research hypotheses. The findings of the study indicate that satisfaction with e-learning is affected by perceived relatedness, competence, and levity, with playfulness having the greatest impact. Satisfaction with e-learning is crucial to establishing a productive learning environment in this instance. Additionally, academic achievement in e-learning is positively correlated with e-learning satisfaction, suggesting that students can attain higher levels of academic success through a gratifying learning experience. Hence, e-learning assumes a critical function in bolstering sustainable industrial progress while offering substantial advantages to both learners and society at large.

BACKGROUND: Obesity has been widely reported to be associated with loss of kidney function. The efficacy of β-1,3/1,6-D-glucan as a traditional medicine for the improvement of inflammation and vascular status in obesity has known. However, there have been no further studies that prove the effect of β-1,3/1,6-D-glucan in inhibiting kidney injury as an impact of chronic inflammation exposure on obesity. This study aimed to investigate the impact of β-1,3/1,6-D-glucan from mycelia extract supplementation on renal function improvement based on serum nitric oxide (NO), ureum, and creatinine levels. METHODS: This was a randomized control trial study involving 69 obese subjects treated with or without β-1,3/1,6-D-glucan supplementation. The serum NO, ureum, and creatinine levels of the subjects were measured at baseline and post-treatment using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and then statistically analyzed with paired T-test. RESULTS: Although slightly decrease, no significant difference was found between the ureum and creatinine level at the baseline and and post-treatment (p=0.806, p=0.306, respectively) after β-1,3/1,6-D-glucan supplementation. Serum NO levels significantly decrease after treatment of β-1,3/1,6-D-glucan (p

BACKGROUND: Inflammation plays an important role in the atherosclerotic process. High-sensitivity C-reactive-protein (hs-CRP) is commonly used as inflammatory biomarker. It is well known that regular physical activity lowers hs-CRP levels, while prolonged exercise induces hs-CRP elevations. However, the relationship of training and exercise characteristics with hs-CRP levels remains not well elucidated. We evaluated baseline and post-exercise hs-CRP levels and its association with training and exercise characteristics. METHODS: Eighty-eight male endurance cyclists were involved. Demographic data, health condition and training characteristics were collected. Baseline and postexercise blood-samples were collected to determine hsCRP concentrations. A hs-CRP cut-off point of 3 mg/L was used. Blood-cell count and biochemical parameters were measured at baseline. Heart rate (HR) was measured during exercise. RESULTS: Cyclists performed 7.3 hours (interquartilerange (IQR) = 5.4-7.5) of endurance exercise at intensity of 81.8 % (IQR = 74.9-85.8). Cyclists with baseline hsCRP ≥ 3 mg/L reported higher body mass, body mass index (BMI), waist-circumference and total-cholesterol. An increase in hs-CRP was following endurance exercise. Cyclists with any elevation of hs-CRP reported a higher BMI, HR during exercise and exercise intensity. Binary logistic regression analysis showed BMI (OR = 1.24, 95% CI = 1.04-1.48) and cycling distance (OR = 0.22, 95% CI = 0.06-0.76) were associated with post-exercise hs-CRP elevations. CONCLUSION: Body mass, BMI, waist-circumference, total- and HDL-cholesterol are associated with baseline hsCRP, whereas BMI and cycling distance were associated with hs-CRP elevations. These findings suggest that anthropometry parameters and lipid levels attributed to baseline hs-CRP, while anthropometry parameters and cycling intensity attributed to post-exercise hs-CRP elevations. KEYWORDS: C-reactive-protein, exercise, endurancecycling, inflammation, acute-phase-response

Intensification is part of modern shrimp farming technology, feed, and high stocking density. High density could save time and production costs. This research aimed to determine the optimal tolerance of shrimp larvae with high stocking density per bag unit without oxygen liquid in terms of environmental physiology (ecophysiology) and economic feasibility aspects (bioeconomics). The shrimp larvae used were post-larvae 10 with a weight of 0.0026 ± 0.0021 g, which were previously fasted. The method used was a simulation of a three-hour trip with treatments: 200 larvae/packing (control), 400 larvae/packing, and 600 larvae/packing. The treatment for each packing was 450 ml of water and oxygen gas and added ice cubes in each styrofoam during delivery at night. The results showed that the stocking density of 600 larvae/packing had the best value. In terms of ecophysiology, the survival rate was highest when arriving at the location, with 98.20% of total larvae. The lowest oxygen consumption in the metabolic process was 0.76 ± 0.10 mg/L. Reviewing a bioeconomic, the potential profit per packing reaches IDR 995,528. It can be concluded that the use of oxygen gas and the addition of ice cubes in transportation increased the survival of shrimp larvae.

Kota semarang salah satu penghasil batik yang berkualitas namun belum dikenal banyak masyarakat indonesia. Dampak kurangnya faktor produksi mengakibatkan daya saing Batik Semarang kurang berkembang atau kurang dikenal banyak masyarakat. Penelitian ini mengkaji dampak kurangnya faktor produksi terhadap daya saing. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk menganalisis dampak kurangnya faktor produksi terhadap daya saing dan bagaimana pengaruh faktor produksi terhadap daya saing. Populasi penelitian ini sebanyak 36 industri Batik Semarangan. Analisis data digunakan analisis deskriptif, analisis SWOT dan analisis regresi. Hasil penelitian ini menganalisis dampak kurangnya faktor produksi terhadap daya saing yang menunjukkan bahwah diperlukan strategi yang sesuai untuk pengembangan daya saing batik Semarangan untuk mengoptimalkan pengelolahan produksi batik semarangan dan juga memperluas persaingan batik di daerah lain. Pengaruh signifikan faktor produksi SDM terhadap daya saing, faktor produksi Bahan baku ada pengaruh signifikan terhadap daya saing dan faktor produksi modal tidak ada pengaruh tidak signifikan terhadap daya saing. Saran yang diberikan dari penelitian ini yaitu para pembatik harus mempertahankan kualitas produk batik dan meningkatkan kualitas tenga kerja. Pemilik usaha seharusnya lebih banyak mengikuti pameran-pameran dari pemerintah dan instansi lainya terutama pameran yang di luar Kota Semarang agar Batik Semarangan dapat dikenal masyarakat luar Kota Semarang.. The impact of the lack of competitiveness of production factors resulted a less developed or less known of Batik Semarang to many people. This study examines the impact of the lack of production factors on competitiveness. The purpose of this study is to analyze the impact of the lack of production factors on competitiveness and how the influence of production factors on competitiveness. The population of this study were 36 Batik Semarangan industries.Analysis is used descriptive analysis, SWOT analysis and regression analysis. The results of this study are to analyze the impact of the lack of production factors on competitiveness that shows that required an appropriate strategy for the development of competitiveness Batik Semarangan to optimize management production Batik Semarangan and also expanding batik competition in other areas. Significant influence of human resources production factors on the competitiveness, there is a significant effect of raw materials production factors on the competitiveness and there is no significant influence of production factors of capital on the competitiveness. The advice given from this study is the batik maker must maintain the quality of their product and improve the quality of worker. Business owners should attend a lot of exhibitions under government’s belt and other agencies, especially the exhibition outside Semarang, in order for Batik Semarangan can be known by the people outside Semarang.

Penaeus vannamei shrimp farming in Indonesia is faced with several challenges in the environmental, economic, and social aspects. Therefore, this study aims to assess the benefits of novel nanobubble aeration systems for the ecosystem, businesses, and communities. This is an experimental study conducted by comparing P. vannamei post larva 10 reared at a density of 2000 inds./L in a pond treated with nanobubble and without treatments (control). Furthermore, the Net Present Value (NPV) and payback period were calculated to assess the economic feasibility of nanobubble, while community interviews were used for the social sectors. Based on the results, environmental wastes of shrimp farming in form of total ammonia nitrogen (TAN) were reduced by 9% from 2.58 mg/l (95%CI: 0,91, 4,25) in control compared to 2.35 mg/l (95%CI: 0,86, 3,84) in treatment. Furthermore, the revenues from post larva sales for five years and nanobubble investment costs showed that the estimated NPV was IDR 64,824,374 with a payback period of 1.7 years. The interviews on traditional shrimp farming showed that 61.1% to 72.2% of community members agreed on the use of nanobubble aeration to support livelihoods. Therefore, the use of nanobubbles is feasible to support sustainable P. vannamei farming.

Background The prevalence of iron deficiency anemia (IDA) remains high in Indonesian children. When anemia is detected in a patient, the physician’s task is to identify the cause, address it, provide iron therapy, and prevent recurrence. However, prevention is best done by early detection. The reticulocyte hemoglobin equivalent (Ret-He) is a direct measurement of iron level in reticulocytes recently produced in the bone marrow. The Ret-He measurement may be an early indicator of iron deficiency, as it is sensitive at the initial stage of the condition. Objective To assess for a relationship between Ret-He and IDA as well as to evaluate the usefulness of Ret-He for diagnosing IDA in children. Methods This analytic, observational study with cross-sectional approach included 50 children aged 6-12 years and was performed from November 2013 to March 2014. The subjects were divided into IDA or non-IDA groups, based on ferritin levels. A correlation analysis using logistic regression was performed and the sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), negative predictive value (NPV), and odds ratio (OR) were calculated. Results were considered to be statistically significant for P values

Environment waste arround ITS college such as waste of Trembesi leaves, Sono leaves, and Satintail at this research will be used as part of materials of Bokashi fertilizer producing. The first aim of this research produced Bokashi fertilizer in various proportion waste of Trembesi leaves, Sono leaves, and Satintail with other materials proportion which has been assumed to be constant based ondevelopment of optimum mixture design of multiresponse surface theory by D-optimum criterion. The second aim of this research was compared 5:3:1:1 composition from reference to 5:2:1:2 composition from researcher hypothesis with proportion of waste of Trembesi leaves, Sono leaves, and Satintail as independent variables to N, P, and K percentation as response variables. Optimum mixture designsof multiresponse surface model will be optimum if it weighted w = 1qs means the each point of experiment will be given s-replications as much as proportion number of experiment point to number of component. The 5:2:1:2 and 5:3:1:1 compositions of Bokashi fertilizer producing are not statistically difference, therefore both compositions can be used to produce Bokashi fertilizer.

There are two different outliers, i.e outlier in observations and outlier in models. The existing outlier detection method in models is using common Likelihood method. The limitation of this method is the optimal value produced might be not the real optimal values. This research yields a method for outlier detection in multivariate linear models with Likelihood Displacement Statistic-Lagrange method (LDL method). This method uses multiplier Lagrange with constraint the confidence interval of parameter’s vector. This parameter’s vector is obtained from the data set which is outlier free. This parameter estimation process uses numerical method with Karush-Kuhn Tucker condition in nonlinear programming. This method compares between LDL value and the table F value that follows the distribution of F value to indentify the outlier in models.

Simplex lattice design is a part of mixture designs has patterns simplex {q, m} where q is number of factors andm is degree of polynomial. If entangling a number of the response variables which measured from a number offactors called the multiresponse surface model, hence to obtain get the matrix designs of optimum mixture atmultiresponse surface model will be used by the optimum-D criterion. In this research, we studied abouttheoretical approach to get optimum simplex lattice design of low order multiresponse surface model byoptimum-D criterion. We assumed that design points have similar weighted values.

Increased energy consumption can lead to depletion of fossil energy reserves that can pose a threat to energy supply in Indonesia. One way to increase the intensity of energy savings is to make changes in consumer behavior. The development of gender roles, abilities, and attention led most researchers to argue that women are more consistent in attention to environmental change than men. Women are more concerned with environmental quality and participate in environmental activities. Thus, this research tries to determine the influence of psychological factors on the behavior of household electrical energy consumption in term of gender differences. This study used questionnaires distributed using Google Docs to household electrical respondents several in Indonesia. Referring to ABC (Antecedents-Behaviour-Consequences) model of consumer behavior, the total of 808, questionnaires from 526 male respondents and 282 female respondents were successfully collected. The data were processed by the Partial Least Square Equation Modeling Model (SEM-PLS) using Smart-PLS software. The study concluded that,if given the consequences, women have higher influence to the behavior of electrical energy consumption than men. Overall psychological factors have a positive and significant influence on the behavior of electric energy consumption in Indonesia.

Nowadays Indonesia is facing energy scarcity and still struggling with finding new energy resources. No other ways the employee have to use the currently available energy wisely. However wasteful behavior in energy use is still often seen in public sectors like government/private buildings, schools/campuses, hospital, and others. Various effort (such as energy saving campaign through mass media, pamphlet, etc) have been made by the building managers or owners to encourage users energy-saving behavior through various channels but found ineffective. Therefore, this study was conducted to select the alternative intervention to increase the awareness of energy-saving behavior in Indonesia by referring to the conceptual model of ABC (Antecedents-Behavior-Consequences) behavioral pattern. Several samples were taken from several public buildings, including government/private institutions, schools/campuses, hospital and mosques in Padang city. Data were collected through questionnaires filled by 30 respondents in each sector. The result shows that the phase of antecedent, the most appropriate type of intervention to build awareness of energy saving behavior for people is by making strong commitments in each building sector and the local government. In the consequence phase there are two criteria selected: reward and finance/legislation. The reward can be delivered for example, through providing a discount voucher or tax reduction. As for the consequence on finance/legislation can be done by creating and controlling the implementation of government regulations that are related to the electricity saving problem in public sector.

There are several problems in industrial process for example problems associated with product quality. In statistics, observation which is significantly different to the average is called outlier. The outlier can give significant influence to the result of modeling, which can affect the decision making. This research develops the outlier detection method using the Likelihood Displacement Statistic method, called Likelihood Displacement Statistic-Lagrange (LDL) method. The LDL method is applied to sugar and molasses production data of Djombang Baru Sugar Factory, Jombang, East Java. The result of this research shows that factors influenced the sugar and molasses production are sugar cane with the dirt less than 5%, sugar cane with the dirt between 5% to 7%, sugar cane with the dirt higher than 7%, and imbibition water

parameter pada model permukaan multirespon yang bersifat tidak bias, konsisten dan efisien. Kriteria lain agar matrik rancangan percobaan optimal adalah variansi dari penaksir respon-responnya bernilai minimum. Beberapa rancangan percobaan model orde satu yaitu rancangan Faktorial, Fraksional faktorial, Simplek dan Placket Burman. Dengan menggunakan pembobotan pada titik-titik percobaan sehingga memenuhi kriteria optimum-D, A, E maka didapatkan matrik rancangan percobaan yang optimal untuk model permukaan multirespon orde satu. Dengan mengunakan ketiga kriteria tersebut didapat hasil nilai determinan matrik informasi yang hampir sama. Eff-D digunakan untuk membandingkan beberapa rancangan percobaan. Apabila penambahan titik-titik percobaan dilakukan hal ini dapat secara proposional sesuai dengan nilai pembobotannya sehingga rancangan percobaan masih optimal. Hal diatas bisa juga dilakukan dengan cara menerapkan Algoritma Fedorov atau Algoritma Fedorov yang dimodifikasi jika matrik variansi kovariansi dari error tidak diketahui.

Background: Lower lip avulsion is a separation between the lip and the associated soft tissue from the mandible. The degree of these types of injuries varies and heavily affects the outcome of the case., Case Description: This study reported an extensive lower lip avulsion managed by surgery and stem cell metabolite preparation. A one year and nine month-old domestic cats was referred for lower lip avulsion surgery to the Veterinary Teaching Hospital Airlangga University. Owing to the limited amount of tissue, immediate successful results cannot be achieved after the first surgery. Furthermore, tissue necrosis and lack of physical restraint to the cat at home contributed to the delayed union between the soft tissue and mandible, resulting in repeated surgery. Stem cell metabolites preparation was applied at the surgical site and was incorporated into the therapy to support tissue growth., Conclusion: The combination of surgical treatment and stem cell metabolite preparation resulted in good wound healing in the present case., Competing Interests: The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Objective: To describe blindness, initially presenting as a unilateral condition and diagnosed as sudden acquired retinal degeneration syndrome (SARDS)., Animals Studied: One Dachshund and four Maltese dogs presented with unilateral blindness, for which the results of general ophthalmic examinations were insufficient to explain the blindness. All dogs were spayed females., Results: Intraocular pressures were normal, and the optical media of the eyes were clear. Fundus appearances of the initially blind eyes were within normal variations, with slightly attenuated retinal blood vessels in some cases when compared with the sighted contralateral eyes. Electroretinography (ERG) amplitudes of the affected eyes were flat and reduced in the contralateral-sighted eyes in four dogs. One dog underwent ERG after the blindness progressed bilaterally 8 days after initial presentation (despite topical steroid medication). Two dogs had no recheck visits, but phone call follow-ups reported bilateral blindness 3 months later in one dog. One dog received no medication and retained vision in the contralateral eye until the last follow-up (94 days later). One dog received systemic cyclosporine and steroid medications and maintained vision in the contralateral eye; however, regular ERG rechecks showed a trend of declining amplitude (448 days). In this dog, optical coherence tomography (OCT) showed different stages of disorganized retinal layers as well as different retinal thickness between the eyes., Conclusions: Despite normal-looking fundi, ERG and OCT revealed different degrees of retinal changes between both eyes in this study. Eyes with vision might develop progressive blindness after a substantial amount of time in these presumed SARDS cases., (© 2023 American College of Veterinary Ophthalmologists.)

Androgenic alopecia (AA) is a condition that most commonly affects adult men and is caused by an increase in the hormone dihydrotestosterone (DHT) in the hair follicles. Anti-alopecia drugs should be discovered for hair follicles to enter the anagen growth phase. Therefore, this study evaluated the hair growth-promoting activity of Noni fruit’s water, ethyl acetate, n-hexane fractions, and sub-fractions from the active fraction in the alopecia male white rabbit model. The Matias method was modified by inducing rabbits using DHT for 17 days, followed by topical application of Noni fruit solution for 21 days. Meanwhile, hair growth was evaluated by histological observation of the follicular density and the anagen/telogen (A/T) ratio in skin tissue. In the first stage, five groups of male white rabbits were studied to obtain the active fraction; DHT+Minoxidil as standard, DHT+vehicle (NaCMC 1%), DHT+FW, DHT+FEA, and DHT+FH. The FEA as the active fraction was followed by open-column chromatography separation (DCM:Methanol) with a gradient of 10% to produce sub-fractions. In the second stage, the six main sub-fraction groups of male rabbits studied were DHT+FEA-1 to DHT+FEA-6. The follicular density of groups FEA-3 was 78.00 ± 1.52 compared with 31.55 ± 1.64 and 80.12 ± 1.02 in the Vehicle and Minoxidil groups. Additionally, group FEA-3 showed large numbers of anagen follicles with an A/T ratio of 1.64/1 compared to the vehicle group of 1/1.50 and 1.39/1 for Minoxidil control. Group FEA-3 was identified by LC-MS/MS-QTOF, followed by molecular docking to the androgen receptor (PDB: 4K7A), causing alopecia. The results showed that three alkaloid compounds with skeleton piperazine and piperidine, namely (compounds 2 (−4.99 Kcal/mol), 3 (−4.60 Kcal/mol), and 4 (−4.57 Kcal/mol)) had a binding affinity similar to Minoxidil, with also has alkaloid skeleton piperidine−pyrimidine (−4.83 Kcal/mol). The dynamic behavior showed the stability of all androgen receptor compounds with good RMSD, SMSF, and SASA values after being studied with 100 ns molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. This study produced a common thread in discovering a class of alkaloid compounds as inhibitors of androgen receptors that cause alopecia.

This study aimed to investigate the effect of mydriasis using topical rocuronium bromide on electroretinography (ERG) in domestic pigeons (Columba livia). Scotopic mixed rod and cone, photopic cone, and photopic flicker ERG were performed on nine eyes of nine healthy adult pigeons under sedation. Each pigeon underwent two sets of ERG recordings. First, without the induction of mydriasis (control) and the second time with the induction of mydriasis using topical rocuronium bromide (treatment). The results were compared using either the Student's t-test or Wilcoxon rank-sum test, where a P-value of <0.05 was considered statistically significant. No significant differences were observed in the a- and b-wave implicit times and amplitudes during scotopic ERG between the two groups. The a- and b-wave amplitudes in the photopic cone were significantly higher in the treatment group (63.83 ± 32.33 and 191.75 ± 94.46 µV) compared to the control group (46.15 ± 27.60 and 116.76 ± 70.65 µV; P=0.045 and P=0.032, respectively). The photopic flicker amplitude was also significantly higher in the treatment group (76.23 ± 48.56 µV) than in the control group (42.18 ± 31.18 µV; P=0.044). No statistically significant differences were observed in the photopic cone and flicker implicit times between both groups. In conclusions, mydriasis induced by rocuronium bromide in pigeon resulting in higher amplitudes during the photopic ERG but not scotopic ERG.

Background: To assess the normal retina of the pigeon eye using spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) and establish a normative reference., Methods: Twelve eyes of six ophthalmologically normal pigeons ( Columba livia ) were included. SD-OCT images were taken with dilated pupils under sedation. Four meridians, including the fovea, optic disc, red field, and yellow field, were obtained in each eye. The layers, including full thickness (FT), ganglion cell complex (GCC), thickness from the retinal pigmented epithelium to the outer nuclear layer (RPE-ONL), and from the retinal pigmented epithelium to the inner nuclear layer (RPE-INL), were manually measured., Results: The average FT values were significantly different among the four meridians ( p < 0.05), with the optic disc meridian being the thickest (294.0 ± 13.9 µm). The average GCC was thickest in the optic disc (105.3 ± 27.1 µm) and thinnest in the fovea meridian (42.8 ± 15.3 µm). The average RPE-INL of the fovea meridian (165.5 ± 18.3 µm) was significantly thicker than that of the other meridians ( p < 0.05). The average RPE-ONL of the fovea, optic disc, yellow field, and red field were 91.2 ± 5.2 µm, 87.7 ± 5.3 µm, 87.6 ± 6.5 µm, and 91.4 ± 3.9 µm, respectively. RPE-INL and RPE-ONL thickness of the red field meridian did not change significantly with measurement location ( p > 0.05)., Conclusions: Measured data could be used as normative references for diagnosing pigeon retinopathies and further research on avian fundus structure., Competing Interests: The authors declare no conflicts of interest, (© 2021 The Korean Society of Veterinary Science.)

Several methods exist to collect and assess the abundance of dengue vector mosquitoes, i.e., morning adult collection, pupal collection, ovitraps, human landing, and larval collection. Several of these methods are officially implemented to monitor mosquito density and make decisions on treatments for dengue control. This monitoring is also constrained by the need to conduct this assessment on a "one point/one day" process, meaning that once the threshold of 100 households is reached, the assessment is made, and the collectors teams move to another place, thus preventing the use of long-term sampling methods. This diversity of methods might be a source of variability and lack of statistical significance. There is also a lack of published data regarding the efficacy of these methods. Furthermore, the Stegomyia indices are shown to be not reliable for assessing the risk of dengue outbreaks. A mosquito survey was, thus, conducted in 39 locations corresponding to 15 dengue endemic provinces in Indonesia by using the different adult and larval collection methods recommended nationwide. A total of 44,675 mosquitoes were collected. The single larva method was the most efficient. Out of a total of 89 dengue-positive pools, the most frequently encountered virus was DENV2, which made up half of the positive samples, followed by DENV3 and DENV1, respectively. Factor analysis of mixed data showed that no correlation could be found between any methods and the presence of dengue virus in mosquitoes. Moreover, no correlation could be found between any methods and the incidence of dengue. There was no consistency in the efficacy of a given method from one site to another. There was no correlation between any of the parameters considered, i.e., method, incidence of dengue, location, and the presence of dengue virus in mosquitoes., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2021 Garjito, Susanti, Mujiyono, Prihatin, Susilo, Nugroho, Mujiyanto, Wigati, Satoto, Manguin, Gavotte and Frutos.)

This study was conducted to investigate the efficacy of rocuronium bromide as mydriatic agent in domestic pigeons (Columba livia). This study was done in two phases. In the first phase, rocuronium bromide (0.20 mg/20 µl) was topically instilled to the right eye (OD) of eight domestic pigeons. Pupil diameter was measured before instillation (T0), and at 5 (T05) and 10 (T10) min after instillation, and every 10 min thereafter until 160 (T160) min. Pupillary light reflex (PLR) was assessed using a scoring system at the same time points. In the second phase, the same dosage was instilled twice in the span of 10 min into both eyes (OU) of four pigeons (eight eyes). Measurements were done accordingly. The iris color in the first phase were: gravel, pearl and bull eye. All irises in the second phase were bull eye. Mydriasis were observed in 6/8 (75%) pigeons in the first phase. Maximal mydriasis was observed at T30 (mean pupil diameter=4.62 ± 0.13 mm). Pupil diameter in the treated eye was significantly different from contralateral eye and from T0 since T05 (P=0.017 and P=0.006, respectively)-T120 (P=0.043 and P=0.044, respectively). PLR was disappeared from T10 (P=0.034) to T90 (P=0.041). In the second phase, mydriasis was only observed in 2/8 eyes. This study suggested that rocuronium bromide was able to produce mydriasis in pigeons other than bull eye iris.

Animals digest food to fuel brain neurometabolism via cellular respiration. This study demonstrates the combination of a biofuel cell (BFC) and an animal brain stimulator (ABS) implanted in a pigeon. Glucose oxidation and oxygen reduction in an enzymatic BFC supplied electrical power to the ABS. Power from the BFC reached 0.12 mW in vitro and 0.08 mW in vivo using only the natural glucose and oxygen in the pigeon's body. A power management integrated circuit is used to harvest energy from the in vivo BFC at a rate of 28.4 mJ over 10 min, which is sufficient for intermittent neurostimulation., (Copyright © 2020 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

The purpose of this study was to develop effective dental hygiene chews for cats based on the anatomical features of the dentition and patterns of chewing motion. All cats were volunteered for dental prophylaxis followed by dental impressions using yellow stone and alginate under general anesthesia. Twenty parameters related to dentition were defined in order to compare dental impressions using digital caliper. For the chewing motion study, patterns of chewing motion were identified based on recordings made with a digital camera. Ten cats (4 domestic shorthairs, 2 Russian blues, 1 American shorthair, 1 Persian, 1 Turkish Angora, and 1 Devon Rex) were recruited for the study. The parameters related to teeth and oral size were similar among the studied cats. Chewing motion can be described as more of a guillotine-like motion rather than a crushing motion, with cats chewing 3-7 times before swallowing. The chewing pattern of cats involves shearing for a short period of time followed by immediate swallowing. Therefore, the overall size of the dental hygiene chew could be determined based on the measurement of the oral size for inducing chewing. The surface details of the dental hygiene chew could be designed for prevention and removal of dental calculus and plaque in cats considering the anatomical teeth parameters. Dental hygiene chews customized for cats considering the different anatomical features of their teeth might be effective for oral care., Competing Interests: The authors declare no conflicts of interest., (© 2019 The Korean Society of Veterinary Science.)

This study was conducted to compare the effects of 3 different sedative agents on electroretinography (ERG) in domestic pigeons ( Columba livia ). Six pigeons were sedated with alfaxalone, xylazine, and medetomidine at separate times with a 1-week washout period between sedative administration. After sedation with each agent, pigeons underwent the modified ERG protocol adapted from the standardized protocol for dogs. The scotopic mixed rod and cone response was recorded after 20 minutes of dark adaptation, and the photopic cone response and photopic flicker response were recorded after 10 minutes of light adaptation. Either a 1-way analysis of variance or a Kruskall-Wallis test was used to compare the a-wave and b-wave implicit time and amplitude. No significant differences were observed in the scotopic mixed rod and cone response among all 3 sedatives used. Compared with alfaxalone, medetomidine significantly prolonged the a-wave implicit time, depressed the b-wave amplitude of photopic cone response, and prolonged the peak implicit time of the photopic flicker response ( P < .05). These results show that medetomidine has a depressant effect on photopic ERG in pigeons at a dosage that produces light sedation., (© 2019 by the Association of Avian Veterinarians.)