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Aims A strategy of systematic, early rhythm control (ERC) improves cardiovascular outcomes in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF). It is not known how this outcome-reducing effect is mediated. Methods and results Using the Early treatment of Atrial Fibrillation for Stroke prevention Trial (EAST—AFNET 4) data set, potential mediators of the effect of ERC were identified in the total study population at 12-month follow up and further interrogated by use of a four-way decomposition of the treatment effect in an exponential model predicting future primary outcome events. Fourteen potential mediators of ERC were identified at the 12-month visit. Of these, sinus rhythm at 12 months explained 81% of the treatment effect of ERC compared with usual care during the remainder of follow up (4.1 years). In patients not in sinus rhythm at 12 months, ERC did not reduce future cardiovascular outcomes (hazard ratio 0.94, 95% confidence interval 0.65–1.67). Inclusion of AF recurrence in the model only explained 31% of the treatment effect, and inclusion of systolic blood pressure at 12 months only 10%. There was no difference in outcomes in patients who underwent AF ablation compared with those who did not undergo AF ablation. Conclusion The effectiveness of early rhythm control is mediated by the presence of sinus rhythm at 12 months in the EAST-AFNET 4 trial. Clinicians implementing ERC should aim for rapid and sustained restoration of sinus rhythm in patients with recently diagnosed AF and cardiovascular comorbidities.

Background: The QT interval is a well established marker for ventricular repolarization. As the QT interval is inversely regulated with the heart rate, several correction formula are established to calculate corrected QT intervals (QTc). In practical courses of physiology, medical students learn the correct measurement of the QT interval and its autonomous regulation. For this, students record and analyse ECGs under resting conditions and during/following a workout. However, little is known about teaching QT/QTc skills in students. In particular, it is not established whether untrained medical students can determine the length of the QT interval in rest and following an exercise with sufficient accuracy to allow discussion of its physiological regulation. Methods: A full cohort of 3rd year medical students (n=380) participated in a practical ECG course. In each course (20 students), ECGs of volunteers were recorded in small groups (2-4 students) under resting conditions and immediately following standardised physical exercise (squats and push-ups). Students calculated HR, QT intervals and QTc intervals using Bazett’s exponential correction. Automatically calculated QT intervals were retrieved from the ECG devices. Following the course, QT intervals of the same ECG passages were measured by experienced physiology teachers and expert clinical electrophysiologists. To compare effects of established QTc correction formulas, QTc was calculated for all retrieved intervals using Bazett, Framingham, Fridericia and Hodges. Data were analysed on the level of individual experiments and as pooled data of student groups. Results: In 117 experiments, students reported resting HRs of ~70 bpm and corresponding QT intervals of ~360 ms. Following exercise, students found an average increase of the HR by ~75% and a decrease of the QT interval by ~25%. Using pooled data sets of each course, the overall efficacy of the Bazett formula could well be demonstrated. Students HR data were highly concordant with the data generated by the automated ECG routines, the experienced physiologists and the clinical electrophysiologists. While average QT and QTc intervals were also comparable between the groups, the variance was substantially higher in students data than in the other groups, especially in the exercise ECGs. In the HR ranges generated in the course, QT correction by Fridericia and Framingham was more efficient than by Bazett and Hodges. Conclusions: Untrained students can determine QT intervals from ECGs recorded under resting conditions and following a workout with sufficient accuracy to demonstrate the autonomous regulation of this important (bio)marker on the level of individual data sets. Due to the high individual variance of the QTc, however, we recommend QTc correction based on data pooled within each student group to discuss the relevance of the QT correction formulas. The study was financed by institutional budget. This is the full abstract presented at the American Physiology Summit 2023 meeting and is only available in HTML format. There are no additional versions or additional content available for this abstract. Physiology was not involved in the peer review process.

Background The importance of chronic kidney disease (CKD) and anaemia has not been comprehensively studied in asymptomatic patients at risk for heart failure (HF) versus those with symptomatic HF. We analysed the prevalence, characteristics and prognostic impact of both conditions across American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association (ACC/AHA) precursor and HF stages A–D. Methods and results 2496 participants from three non-pharmacological German Competence Network HF studies were categorized by ACC/AHA stage; stage C patients were subdivided into C1 and C2 (corresponding to NYHA classes I/II and III, respectively). Overall, patient distribution was 8.1%/35.3%/32.9% and 23.7% in ACC/AHA stages A/B/C1 and C2/D, respectively. These subgroups were stratified by the absence ( – ) or presence ( +) of CKD (estimated glomerular filtration rate [eGFR] 2) and anaemia (haemoglobin in women/men p p Conclusions Prevalence and severity of CKD and anaemia increased across ACC/AHA stages. Both conditions were individually and additively associated with increased 5-year mortality risk, with similar PAFs in asymptomatic patients and those with symptomatic HF. Graphical abstract

Objectives This subanalysis of the CASTLE-AF (Catheter Ablation vs. Standard Conventional Treatment in Patients With LV Dysfunction and AF) trial aimed to address the association between atrial fibrillation (AF) recurrence, AF burden, and hard clinical outcomes in heart failure (HF) patients with AF. Background The CASTLE-AF trial demonstrated the benefit of CA compared to pharmacological treatment in decreasing mortality and CV hospitalizations in patients with AF and HFrEF. However, the impact of AF recurrence and AF burden after ablation on long-term treatment benefit remains unknown. Methods The CASTLE-AF protocol randomized 363 patients with coexisting HF and AF in a multicenter prospective controlled fashion to catheter ablation (n = 179) versus pharmacological therapy (n = 184). Two hundred eighty patients were included in this subanalysis (as-treated), 128 of them underwent ablation and 152 received pharmacological treatment. All patients had implanted dual chamber or biventricular implantable defibrillators with activated home monitoring capabilities. The individual AF burden was calculated as the percentage of the atrial arrhythmia time per day. Results AF burden at baseline was not predictive of the primary endpoint (p = 0.473) or all-cause mortality (p = 0.446). AF recurrence (defined as any episode >30 s) did not show any relationship with the primary endpoints of mortality and occurrence of HF, irrespective of the treatment arm. An AF burden below 50% after 6 months of catheter ablation, was associated with a significant decrease in primary composite outcome (hazard ratio [HR]: 0.33; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.15 to 0.71; p = 0.014) and all-cause mortality (HR: 0.23; 95% CI: 0.07 to 0.71; p = 0.031). The risk of the primary endpoint or mortality was directly related to a low ( Conclusions AF burden at 6 months was predictive of hard clinical outcomes in HF patients with AF. The first recurrent atrial tachyarrhythmia episode >30 s after ablation was not associated with improvement in mortality and hospitalization for HF. (Catheter Ablation vs. Standard Conventional Treatment in Patients With LV Dysfunction and AF [CASTLE-AF]; NCT00643188 )

Objectives To compare the accuracy and precision of 3D-Dixon and 2D-SSFP MR-imaging for assessment of aortic diameter in Marfan patients. Methods This prospective single-center study investigated respiratory-gated 3D-Dixon and breath-hold 2D-SSFP non-contrast MR-imaging at 3 T in 47 Marfan patients (36.0 ± 13.2 years, 28♀,19♂). Two radiologists performed individual diameter measurements at five levels of the thoracic aorta and evaluated image quality on a four-grade scale (1 = poor, 4 = excellent) and artifacts (1 = severe, 4 = none). Aortic root diameters acquired by echocardiography served as a reference standard. Intraclass correlation coefficient, Bland-Altman analyses, F-test, t-test, and regression analyses were used to assess agreement between observers and methods. Results Greatest aortic diameters were observed at the level of the sinuses of Valsalva (SOV) for 3D-Dixon (38.2 ± 6.8 mm) and 2D-SSFP (38.3 ± 7.1 mm) (p = 0.53). Intra- and interobserver correlation of diameter measurements was excellent at all aortic levels for both 3D-Dixon (r = 0.94–0.99 and r = 0.94–0.98) and 2D-SSFP (r = 0.96–1.00 and r = 0.95–0.99). 3D-Dixon-derived and 2D-SSFP-derived diameter measurements at the level of the SOV revealed a strong correlation with echocardiographic measurements (r = 0.92, p < 0.001 and r = 0.93, p < 0.001, respectively). The estimated mean image quality at the level of SOV was higher for 2D-SSFP compared to that for 3D-Dixon (3.3 (95%-CI: 3.1–3.5) vs. 2.9 (95%-CI: 2.7–3.1)) (p < 0.001). Imaging artifacts were less at all aortic levels for 3D-Dixon compared to 2D-SSFP (3.4–3.8 vs. 2.8–3.1) (all p < 0.002). Conclusion Respiratory-gated 3D-Dixon and breath-hold 2D-SSFP MR-imaging provide accurate and precise aortic diameter measurements. We recommend 3D-Dixon imaging for monitoring of aortic diameter in Marfan patients due to fewer imaging artifacts and the possibility of orthogonal multiplanar reformations of the aortic root. Key Points • Respiratory-gated 3D-Dixon and breath-hold 2D-SSFP imaging provide accurate and precise aortic diameter measurements in patients suffering from Marfan syndrome. • Imaging artifacts are stronger in 2D-SFFP imaging than in 3D-Dixon imaging. • We recommend 3D-Dixon imaging for monitoring of aortic diameter in Marfan patients due to fewer imaging artifacts and the possibility of orthogonal multiplanar reformations.

Aims: Depression is a frequent comorbidity in patients with chronic heart failure (CHF). Telemonitoring has emerged as a novel option in CHF care. However, patients with depression have been excluded in most telemedicine studies. This pre-specified subgroup analysis of the Telemedical Interventional Monitoring in Heart Failure (TIM-HF) trial investigates the effect of telemonitoring on depressive symptoms over a period of 12 months. Methods and results: The TIM-HF study randomly assigned 710 patients with CHF to either usual care (UC) or a telemedical intervention (TM) using non-invasive devices for daily monitoring electrocardiogram, blood pressure and body weight. Depression was evaluated by the 9-item Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) with scores ���10 defining clinically relevant depressive symptoms. Mixed model repeated measures were performed to calculate changes in PHQ-9 score. Quality of life was measured by the Short Form-36. At baseline, 156 patients had a PHQ-9 score ���10 points (TM: 79, UC: 77) with a mean of 13.2 points indicating moderate depressiveness. Patients randomized to telemedicine showed an improvement of their PHQ-9 scores, whereas UC patients remained constant (P = 0.004). Quality of life parameters were improved in the TM group compared to UC. Adjustment was performed for follow-up, New York Heart Association class, medication, age, current living status, number of hospitalizations within the last 12 months and serum creatinine. In the study population without depression, the PHQ-9 score was similar at baseline and follow-up. Conclusion: Telemedical care improved depressive symptoms and had a positive influence on quality of life in patients with CHF and moderate depression.

The purpose of this study was to (1) investigate the agreement among clinical experts regarding the classification of the medial longitudinal arch in children and to (2) examine the relationship between the expert ratings and the static and dynamic foot arch measurements. Eleven foot experts were asked to identify foot arches of seventy-four children (mean ± SD age of 9.0 ± 1.81 years) using three categories (low, normal, and high arch). Additionally, dynamic footprint data of all children were captured with a pedobarographic platform. For static arch measurements, a specially constructed caliper was used to assess heel-to-toe length and dorsum height. Agreement among raters was determined using the kappa statistic. For comparisons between clinical rating and diagnostic systems, receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves and ordinal logistic regression were calculated. The combined kappa score for all three arch types (0.422, 32.8%) shows borderline moderate agreement between raters. Area under the curves (AUC) values of the ROC curves ranging from 0.48 to 0.68 show poor relationship between quantitative and qualitative arch height measurements. The highest agreement was found for the dynamic arch index and foot experts’ ratings for low arched vs non-low arched feet (AUC = 0.68) and normal vs low arched feet (AUC = 0.67). The results of this study showed borderline moderate agreement among clinical experts in the clinical assessment of the medial longitudinal plantar arch in children. Also, only a poor relationship between the clinical foot arch assessments and the static and dynamic foot measurements was revealed. Further research is necessary to establish an accurate and consistent diagnostic system for the measurement of the medial longitudinal arch in children.

To determine the therapeutic efficiency of percutaneous revascularization in renal artery stenosis (RAS), as well as the role of comprehensive factors such as patient selection and degree of artery stenosis, on clinical outcome. 101 patients with hemodynamically relevant RAS underwent percutaneous angioplasty (PTA). 65.7 % were male (mean age: 64 years; range: 18-84). The clinical data was retrospectively analyzed. The serum creatinine (Cr), glomerular filtration rate (GFR), and blood pressure (BP) levels pre- and postprocedural, between 6 months and 1 year, were retrospectively collected and statistically analyzed. Follow-up data was available in 34 (33.7 %) and 28 patients (27.7 %) for Cr and MAP, respectively. A significant drop in mean arterial pressure (MAP) was observed on follow-up (mean -5.27 mmHg). Higher baseline Cr and MAP values showed a more pronounced drop in the follow-up (Cr: p 0.002; difference to baseline -0.25 mg/dL, 95 %CI:-0.36, -0.07 and BP p 0.001; diff. to baseline -0.72 mmHg; 95 %CI: -1.4, -0.40). There was no association between comorbidities, gender, and degree of stenosis with renal and BP outcome. No significant improvement in renal function was observed on follow-up (mean Cr drop: -0.015 mg/dL). The age group 51-60 years showed a significant improvement in BP (p 0.030; diff. to baseline -19.2 mmHg; 95 %CI: -34, -4.3). There was a slight reduction in antihypertensive medication following angioplasty (0.2 fewer). Minor complications were recorded in five procedures (4.9 %). Percutaneous renal artery revascularization in the presence of atherosclerotic RAS is a safe procedure associated with a significant drop in post-procedural BP. No significant improvement in renal function was observed. Further prospective studies focused on patient selection are necessary. · Percutaneous stent angioplasty in renal artery stenosis is associated with a significant improvement in post-procedural blood pressure control.. · There is no improvement in renal function after percutaneous stent angioplasty for renal artery stenosis (RAS).. · Percutaneous stent angioplasty is a safe procedure..· Guerreiro H, Avanesov M, Dinnies S et al. Efficiency of Percutaneous Stent Angioplasty in Renal Artery Stenosis - 15 Years of Experience at a Single Center. Fortschr Röntgenstr 2021; 193: 298 - 304. Bestimmung der therapeutischen Effizienz der perkutanen Revaskularisation bei Nierenarterienstenose (RAS) sowie der Rolle umfassender Faktoren wie Patientenauswahl und Grad der Arterienstenose für das klinische Ergebnis. Bei 101 Patienten mit hämodynamisch relevanter RAS wurde eine perkutane Angioplastie (PTA) durchgeführt. 65,7 % waren männlich, das Durchschnittsalter betrug 64 Jahre (Bereich: 18–84). Die klinischen Daten wurden retrospektiv analysiert. Serumkreatinin (Cr), glomeruläre Filtrationsrate (GFR) und Blutdruckwerte (BP) prä- und postinterventionell sowie zwischen 6 Monaten und einem Jahr wurden retrospektiv erhoben und statistisch analysiert. Follow-up-Daten waren bei 34 (33,7 %) und 28 Patienten (27,7 %) jeweils für Cr und BP verfügbar. Bei der Nachuntersuchung wurde ein signifikanter Abfall des mittleren arteriellen Drucks (MAP) beobachtet (Mittelwert –5,27 mmHg). Höhere Cr- und MAP-Basiswerte zeigten einen ausgeprägteren Abfall im Follow-up (Cr: p = 0,002; Differenz zum Basiswert –0,25 mg/dl, 95 %-KI –0,36 bis-0,07 und BP p 0,001; Differenz zum Basiswert –0,72mmHg; 95 %-KI –1,4 bis –0,40). Es bestand kein Zusammenhang zwischen Komorbiditäten, Geschlecht und Stenosegrad mit dem Nieren- und Blutdruckergebnis. Beim Follow-up wurde keine signifikante Verbesserung der Nierenfunktion beobachtet (mittlerer Cr-Abfall: –0,015 mg/dl). In der Altersgruppe 51–60 Jahre zeigte sich eine signifikante Verbesserung des Blutdrucks (p = 0,030; Differenz zum Ausgangswert –19,2mmHg; 95 %-KI –34 bis –4,3). Die antihypertensive Medikation nach der Angioplastie wurde leicht reduziert (0,2 weniger). Unbedeutende Komplikationen wurden bei 5 Eingriffen festgestellt (4,9 %). Die perkutane Nierenarterienrevaskularisierung bei vorliegender atherosklerotischer RAS ist ein sicheres Verfahren, das mit einem signifikanten Abfall des postprozeduralen Blutdrucks einhergeht. Eine signifikante Verbesserung der Nierenfunktion wurde nicht beobachtet. Weitere prospektive Studien zur Patientenauswahl sind notwendig. · Die perkutane Stentangioplastie bei Nierenarterienstenose ist mit einer signifikanten Verbesserung der postprozeduralen Blutdruckkontrolle verbunden.. · Es gab keine Verbesserung der Nierenfunktion nach der perkutanen Stentangioplastie bei Nierenarterienstenose (RAS).. · Die perkutane Stentangioplastie ist ein sicheres Verfahren..

BACKGROUND Children suffering from mucopolysaccharidoses (subtypes I, II, III, IV, VI, and VII) or mucolipidoses often require anesthesia, but are at high risk for perioperative adverse events. However, the impact of the disease subtype and the standard of care for airway management are still unclear. AIMS This study aimed to assess independent risk factors for perioperative adverse events in individuals with mucopolysaccharidoses/mucolipidoses and to analyze the interaction with the primary airway technique implemented. METHODS This retrospective study included individuals with mucopolysaccharidoses/mucolipidoses who underwent anesthesia at two high-volume centers from 2002 to 2016. The data were analyzed in a multivariate hierarchical model, accounting for repeated anesthesia procedures within the same patient and for multiple events within a single anesthesia. RESULTS Of 141 identified inpatients, 67 (63 mucopolysaccharidoses and 4 mucolipidoses) underwent 269 anesthesia procedures (study cases) for 353 surgical or diagnostic interventions. At least one perioperative adverse event occurred in 25.6% of the cases. The risk for perioperative adverse events was higher in mucopolysaccharidoses type I (OR 8.0 [1.5-42.7]; P = .014) or type II (OR 8.8 [1.3-58.6]; P = .025) than in type III. Fiberoptic intubation through a supraglottic airway was associated with the lowest risk for perioperative adverse events and lowest conversion rate. Direct laryngoscopy was associated with a significantly higher risk for airway management problems than indirect techniques (estimated event rates 47.8% vs 10.1%, OR 24.05 [5.20-111.24]; P

Randomized studies have demonstrated that a distal attachment cap with rubber side arms, the Endocuff Vision (ECV; Olympus America, Center Valley, Pa, USA), increased colonoscopic adenoma detection rate (ADR) in various mixed patient collectives. This is the first study to evaluate its use in a primary colonoscopic screening program.Patients over age 55 years undergoing screening colonoscopy in 9 German private offices in Berlin and Hamburg were randomized to either the study group using ECV or the control group using high-definition colonoscopies (standard of care). The main outcome parameter was ADR, whereas secondary outcomes were detection rates of all adenomas per colonoscopy (APCs), of adenoma subgroups, and of hyperplastic polyps.Of 1416 patients (mean age, 61.1 years; 51.8% women), with a median of 41 examinations per examiner (n = 23; interquartile range, 12-81), 700 were examined with ECV and 716 without. Adjusting for the effects of the colonoscopies, ADR was 39.5% (95% confidence interval [CI], 32.6%-46.3%) in the ECV group versus 32.2% (95% CI, 25.9%-38.6%) in the control group, which resulted in an increase of 7.2% (95% CI, 2.3%-12.2%; P = .004). The increase in ADR was mainly because of small polyps, with adjusted ADRs for adenomas 10 mm of 33.3% (95% CI, 26.5%-40.2%) for study patients versus 24.0% (95% CI, 18.2%-29.8%) for control patients (P .001). APC was also significantly increased (.57 ECV vs .51 control subjects, P = .045).A distal attachment cap with side arms significantly increased the ADR in patients undergoing primary colonoscopic screening. Because of the correlation of ADR and interval cancer, its use should be encouraged, especially in this setting. (Clinical trial registration number: NCT03442738.).

IntroductionLiving in an area with no or deficient structures for trans health care is disadvantageous for trans people. By providing an internet-based health care programme, i²TransHealth aims at reducing structural disadvantages for trans people living in areas lacking specialised care. The e-health intervention consists of video consultations and a 1:1 chat with a study therapist. Additionally, the i²TransHealth network cooperates with physicians, who especially offer crisis intervention close to the participants’ place of residence. The aim of this study is to evaluate the (cost-)effectiveness of the internet-based health care programme for trans people compared with a control (waiting) group. The following research questions will be examined with a sample of 163 trans people: Does a 4-month treatment with the i²TransHealth internet-based health care programme improve patient-reported health-outcomes? Is i²TransHealth cost-effective compared with standard care from a societal or health care payers’ perspective? Does the participation in and support by i²TransHealth lead to an increase of trans-related expertise in the physician network?Methods and analysisIn a randomised controlled trial, the outcomes of an internet-based health care programme for trans people will be investigated. In the intervention group, participants are invited to use i²TransHealth for 4 months. Participants allocated to the control group will be able to start with their transition-related care after 4 months of study participation. The primary outcome measure is defined as the reduction of psychosomatic symptoms, as assessed by the Brief Symptom Inventory-18, 4 months after using the i²TransHealth programme. Participants in both groups will undergo an assessment at baseline and 4 months after using i²TransHealth.Ethics and disseminationPositive ethical approval was obtained from the Hamburg Medical Association (PV7131). The results will be disseminated to service users and their families via media, to health care professionals via professional training and meetings and to researchers via conferences and publications.Trial registration numberNCT04290286.Protocol version22 December 2021 (V.1.0)

Background and ObjectivesIntravenous alteplase improves functional outcome after acute ischemic stroke. However, little is known about the effects on self-reported health-related quality of life (HRQoL).MethodsWAKE-UP was a multicenter, randomized, placebo-controlled trial of MRI-guided intravenous alteplase in stroke with unknown onset time. HRQoL was assessed using the EuroQol five-dimensional questionnaire (EQ-5D) at 90 days, comprising the EQ-5D index and the EQ visual analogue scale (VAS). Functional outcome was assessed by the modified Rankin Scale (mRS). We calculated the effect of treatment on EQ-5D index and EQ VAS using multiple linear regression models. Mediation analysis was performed on stroke survivors to explore the extent to which the effect of alteplase on HRQoL was mediated by functional outcome.ResultsAmong 490 stroke survivors, the EQ-5D index was available for 452 (92.2%), of whom 226 (50%) were assigned to treatment with alteplase and 226 (50%) to placebo. At 90 days, mean EQ-5D index was higher, reflecting a better health state, in patients randomized to treatment with alteplase than with placebo (0.75 vs 0.67) with an adjusted mean difference of 0.07 (95% CI 0.02–0.12,p= 0.005). In addition, mean EQ VAS was higher with alteplase than with placebo (72.6 vs 64.9), with an adjusted mean difference of 7.6 (95% CI 3.9–11.8,p< 0.001). Eighty-five percent of the total treatment effect of alteplase on the EQ-5D index was mediated using the mRS score while there was no significant direct effect. By contrast, the treatment effect on the EQ VAS was mainly through the direct pathway (60%), whereas 40% was mediated by the mRS.DiscussionAssessment of patient-reported outcome measures reveals a potential benefit of intravenous alteplase for HRQoL beyond improvement of functional outcome.Trial Registration InformationClinicalTrials.govnumber,NCT01525290; EudraCT number, 2011-005906-32.

Aims To examine the effectiveness of a one-day skills training program for increasing trauma inquiry in routine substance use disorder treatment. Design Cluster-randomized two-armed controlled trial, with 12 substance use disorder (SUD) organizations operating 25 counseling centers, randomly assigned to training in trauma inquiry (13 counseling centers of 8 SUD organizations) or no training (12 counseling centers of 4 SUD organizations). Setting SUD counseling centers in Northern Germany. Cases N = 5204 SUD counseling services. Intervention The professionals assigned to the intervention group received a one-day training in trauma inquiry plus a 1.5-hour refresher session 3 months later. Professionals in the control group received no training. Measures Over a 12-month period, professionals documented for each counseling service whether they asked the client about four traumatic events: physical abuse, emotional abuse, sexual abuse and neglect. Analysis Primary outcomes were rates of asking about physical abuse, sexual abuse, emotional abuse and neglect in the 6 months after training. These were compared across conditions, while adjusting for baseline probabilities in the 6 months before training, using mixed-effects logistic regression. Findings In the 6 months after training, the rate of asking about physical abuse was 18% higher in the SUD counseling services of trained professionals, relative to services of untrained professionals (OR = 1.18, 95% CI = [1.01–1.37, p = .035]). No effect was found for asking about sexual abuse, emotional abuse and neglect. Conclusion A one-day training program in trauma inquiry, combined with a brief refresher session, was effective in increasing inquiries about physical abuse in routine counseling practice. The training was ineffective in increasing inquiries about sexual abuse, emotional abuse and neglect. The effectiveness of a one-day training of trauma inquiry might be increased by a longer training, or by combining it with additional elements, such as ongoing supervision.

Objective: While incidence rates of depression and anxiety disorders in the elderly have been comprehensively investigated, the incidence rates of other mental disorders have rarely been researched. The incidence rate and predictors of various mental disorders in the elderly were evaluated in different European and associated countries. Methods: A cross-sectional and longitudinal multi-centre survey of Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (4th ed.) diagnoses was conducted in different European and associated countries (Germany, Italy, Spain, Switzerland, the United Kingdom and Israel) to collect data on the prevalence and incidence of mental disorders in the elderly. The sample size of the longitudinal wave was N = 2592 elderly. Results: The overall 1-year incidence rate for any mental disorder in the elderly is 8.65%. At 5.18%, any anxiety disorder had the highest incidence rate across all diagnostic groups. The incidence rate for any affective disorder was 2.97%. The lowest incidence rates were found for agoraphobia (1.37%) and panic disorder (1.30%). Risk factors for the development of any mental disorder were never having been married, no religious affiliation, a higher number of physical illnesses and a lower quality of life. Conclusion: In comparison to other studies, lower incidence rates for any affective disorder and middle-range incidence for any anxiety disorder were found. To the authors’ knowledge, no prior studies have reported 1-year incidence rates for somatoform disorder, bipolar disorder and substance misuse in community-dwelling elderly. These findings indicate the need to raise awareness of psychosocial problems in the elderly and to ensure adequate availability of mental health services.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: The aim was to study the effect of intravenous alteplase on the development of post-stroke depression (PSD) in acute stroke patients, and to identify predictors of PSD. METHODS: This post hoc analysis included patients with unknown onset stroke randomized to treatment with alteplase or placebo in the WAKE-UP trial (ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT01525290), in whom a composite end-point of PSD was defined as a Beck Depression Inventory ≥10, medication with an antidepressant, or depression recorded as an adverse event. Multiple logistic regression was used to identify predictors of PSD at 90 days. Structural equation modelling was applied to assess the indirect effect of thrombolysis on PSD mediated by the modified Rankin Scale. RESULTS: Information on the composite end-point was available for 438 of 503 randomized patients. PSD was present in 96 of 224 (42.9%) patients in the alteplase group and 115 of 214 (53.7%) in the placebo group (odds ratio 0.63; 95% confidence interval 0.43-0.94; p = 0.022; adjusted for age and National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale at baseline). Prognostic factors associated with PSD included baseline medication with antidepressants, higher lesion volume, history of depression and assignment to placebo. While 65% of the effect of thrombolysis on PSD were caused directly, 35% were mediated by an improvement of the mRS. CONCLUSIONS: Treatment with alteplase in patients with acute stroke resulted in lower rates of depression at 90 days, which were only partially explained by reduced functional disability. Predictors of PSD including history and clinical characteristics may help in identifying patients at risk of PSD. ispartof: EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF NEUROLOGY vol:28 issue:6 pages:2017-2025 ispartof: location:England status: published

OBJECTIVE. The purpose of this study is to investigate the feasibility of submillisievert CT of the skeletal pelvis of human cadavers using a standard-dose protocol and four different reduced-dose ...

Background Sociodemographic subgroup differences in multiple mini-interview (MMI) performance have been extensively studied within the MMI research literature, but heterogeneous findings demand a closer look at how specific aspects of MMI design (such as station type) affect these differences. So far, it has not been investigated whether sociodemographic subgroup differences imply that an MMI is biased, particularly in terms of its predictive validity. Methods Between 2010 and 2017, the University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE) tested 1438 candidates in an MMI who also provided sociodemographic data and agreed to participate in this study. Out of these, 400 candidates were admitted and underwent a first objective structured clinical examination (OSCE) after one and a half years, including one station assessing communication skills. First, we analyzed the relationship between gender, age, native language and medical family background and MMI station performance including interaction terms with MMI station type (simulation, interview, and group) in a hierarchical linear model. Second, we tested whether the prediction of OSCE overall and communication station performance in particular differed depending on sociodemographic background by adding interaction terms between MMI performance and gender, age and medical family background in a linear regression model. Results Young female candidates performed better than young male candidates both at interview and simulation stations. The gender difference was smaller (simulation) or non-significant (interview) in older candidates. There were no gender or age effects in MMI group station performance. All effects were very small, with the overall model explaining only 0.6% of the variance. MMI performance was not related to OSCE overall performance but significantly predicted OSCE communication station performance with no differences in the prediction for sociodemographic subgroups. Conclusions The Hamburg MMI is fair in its prediction of OSCE communication scores. Differences in MMI station performance for gender and age and their interaction with MMI station type can be related to the dimensions assessed at different station types and thus support the validity of the MMI. Rather than being threats to fairness, these differences could be useful for decisions relating to the design and use of an MMI.

Zur Todeszeitdiagnostik im fruhen postmortalen Intervall wird die sog. Komplexmethode angewandt, die sowohl temperaturbasierte als auch nichttemperaturbasierte Faktoren berucksichtigt. Die nichttemperaturbasierten Komponenten der Komplexmethode und ihre Zeitgrenzen wurden im Wesentlichen aus empirischen Daten alterer Literaturquellen abgeleitet; neuere systematische Studien fehlten bislang. Die vorgestellten Untersuchungen uber die Auslosbarkeit mehrerer nichttemperaturbasierter Faktoren fuhrten zur Verifizierung (idiomuskulare Kontraktion und Wegdruckbarkeit von Leichenflecken) sowie zur Falsifizierung (Neubildung der Leichenstarre, pharmakologische Beeinflussbarkeit der Pupillomotorik) bisher mitgeteilter forensisch relevanter Post-Mortem-Zeitgrenzen. Sie tragen damit zur erhohten Sicherheit der forensischen Beurteilung bei.

OBJECTIVE The aim of the study was to compare impact on survival after resection of primary tumors (PTs) after peptide receptor radionuclide therapy (PRRT). BACKGROUND PRRT is a highly effective therapeutic option to treat locally advanced or metastatic neuroendocrine neoplasms (NENs). METHODS We retrospectively analyzed the data of 889 patients with advanced NEN (G1-G3, stage IV) treated with at least 1 cycle of PRRT. In 486 of 889 patients (55%, group 1), PT had been removed before PRRT. Group 2 constituted 403 patients (45%) with no prior PT resection. Progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) was determined by 68Ga SSTR-PET/CT in all patients applying RECIST and EORTC. RESULTS Most patients had their PT in pancreas (n = 335; 38%) and small intestine (n = 284; 32%). Both groups received a mean of 4 cycles of PRRT (P = 0.835) with a mean cumulative administered radioactivity of 21.6 ± 11.7 versus 22.2 ± 11.2 GBq (P = 0.407). Median OS in group 1 was 134.0 months [confidence interval (CI): 118-147], whereas OS in group 2 was 67.0 months (CI: 60-80; hazard ratio 2.79); P < 0.001. Likewise, the median progression-free survival after first PRRT was longer in group 1 with 18.0 (CI: 15-20) months as compared to group 2 with 14.0 (CI: 15-18; hazard ratio 1.21) months; P = 0.012. CONCLUSIONS A previous resection of the PT before PRRT provides a significant survival benefit in patients with NENs stage IV.

Background Following endoscopic resection of early-stage Barrett’s esophageal adenocarcinoma (BEA), further oncologic management then fundamentally relies upon the accurate assessment of histopathologic risk criteria, which requires there to be sufficient amounts of submucosal tissue in the resection specimens. Methods In 1685 digitized tissue sections from endoscopic mucosal resection (EMR) or endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) performed for 76 early BEA cases from three experienced centers, the submucosal thickness was determined, using software developed in-house. Neoplastic lesions were manually annotated. Results No submucosa was seen in about a third of the entire resection area (mean 33.8 % [SD 17.2 %]), as well as underneath cancers (33.3 % [28.3 %]), with similar results for both resection methods and with respect to submucosal thickness. ESD results showed a greater variability between centers than EMR. In T1b cancers, a higher rate of submucosal defects tended to correlate with R1 resections. Conclusion The absence of submucosa underneath about one third of the tissue of endoscopically resected BEAs should be improved. Results were more center-dependent for ESD than for EMR. Submucosal defects can potentially serve as a parameter for standardized reports.

PurposeFeasibility of a highly reduced-dose lumbar spine CT protocol using iterative reconstruction (IR) in a human cadaver model.Materials and methodsThe lumbar spine of 20 human cadavers was repeatedly examined using three different reduced-dose protocols (RDCT) with decreasing reference tube current-exposure time products (RDCT-1: 50 mAs; RDCT-2: 30 mAs; RDCT-3: 10 mAs) at a constant tube voltage of 140 kV. A clinical standard-dose protocol (SDCT) served as the reference (reference tube current-exposure time product: 70 mAs; tube voltage: 140 kV). Images were reconstructed using filtered back projection (FBP) and two increasing levels of IR: IRL4 and IRL6. A five-point scale was used by two observers to assess the diagnostic quality of anatomical structures (cortical and trabecular bone, intervertebral foramina, pedicles and intervertebral joints, spinous and transverse processes). Objective image noise (OIN) was measured. Results were interpreted using a linear mixed-effects regression model.ResultsRDCT-2 with IRL6 (1.2 ± 0.5mSv) was the lowest reduced-dose protocol which provided diagnostically acceptable and equivalent image quality compared to the SDCT (2.3 ± 1.1mSV) with FBP (p > 0.05). All RDCT protocols achieved a significant reduction of the mean (±SD) effective radiation doses (RDCT-1: 1.7±0.9mSv; RDCT-2: 1.2±0.5mSv; RDCT-3: 0.4±0.2mSv; p < 0.05) compared to SDCT. OIN was lower in all RDCT protocols with the application of IRL4 and IRL6, compared to the SDCT with FBP (p < 0.05).ConclusionHighly reduced-dose lumbar spine CT providing diagnostically acceptable image quality is feasible using IR in this cadaver model and may be transferred into a clinical setting.

BackgroundNon-technical skills (NTS) are an indispensable element of emergency care and need to be prevalent alongside with good technical skills. Though, questions of how to teach (instructional design) and improve NTS effectively remain unresolved. One adjustment screw to enhance performance of NTS, which is detached from instructional designs and learning efforts might be motivation. Theoretical models and observational studies suggest that high levels of intrinsic (situational) motivation result in better performance and better learning. Therefore, this study analyzed the influence of motivation on performance of NTS, by exploring if high levels of intrinsic motivation lead to better performance of NTS in medical students.MethodsIn this prospective cross-sectional cohort study, the authors assessed the correlation of situational motivation and performance of NTS within a cohort of 449 undergraduates in their 1st to 4th year of medical studies, in a total of 101 emergency simulation trainings. Situational motivation was measured with the validated Situational Motivation Scale (SIMS), which was completed by every undergraduate directly before each simulation training. The NTS were evaluated with the Anesthesiology Students´ Non-Technical skills (AS-NTS) rating tool, a validated taxonomy, especially developed to rate NTS of undergraduates.ResultsStudent situational motivation was weakly correlated with their performance of NTS in simulation-based emergency trainings.ConclusionAlthough motivation has been emphasized as a determining factor, enhancing performance in different fields and in medicine in particular, in our study, student situational motivation was independent from their performance of NTS in simulation-based emergency trainings (SBET).