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The efficiency of digestion could be limited in weanling and yearling horses if lower quality forage-rich rations are applied. In this study diet digestibility was examined in young Finnhorses (5 colts, 5 fillies) after weaning at 7 months of age (215 ± 8.0 days) up to the age of twelve months when a high-forage diet with long-stem medium or lower quality hay was fed. The experimental diet consisted of timothy-dominated dry hay (70% of the DM intake), oats (22%) and a protein concentrate. The experimental period consisted of six 4-wk periods, including an acclimation period of 23 d followed by a 5-day period of faeces sample collection. To follow and observe the development of the young horses, they were weighed and body measures were taken at 2-wk intervals. Digestibility data were observed using chromium-mordanted straw as an indigestible external marker. No gradual statistically significant improvement of digestion of nutrients could be detected from 7 to 12 months of age. However, the digestibilities of the nutrients numerically increased from the first (7 months of age) to the sixth period (12 months of age), except the CP digestibility. It appears that weanling and yearling horses can properly digest their forage-based diets. However, the ability to digest fibre may still be limited at the age of 12 months, and attention should be paid to the fibre content and nutritional quality of forage.

Traditionally grass has been considered a suitable feed only for ruminants. Due to global challenges related to growing human population, sustainable feed materials for pigs are actively searched and grasses as a high yielding biomass have been seen as an interesting addition to pig feeds. The digestible nutrients in grasses are embedded in a fibre matrix not digestible to pigs, but suitable processing could alleviate this. The aim of the present study was to evaluate whether silage juice could provide a new sustainable diet ingredient for fattening pigs. Grass silage was fractionated with a twin-screw press to liquid and solid fractions. The silage juice was included into liquid feed of 112 fattening pigs from 62 kg live weight until slaughter (124 kg live weight) and compared to 96 pigs on a conventional control diet. Feed allowance was ad libitum until it reached 33.6 MJ net energy day−1 per pig which was kept as the maximum feed allowance until slaughter. The average daily gain of all the pigs was over 1000 g day−1 in the experimental period but no difference between silage juice fed and control group was found. The feed conversion ratio was, as expected, higher in barrows than gilts, but no difference was found between the two treatment groups. Variation in silage juice dry matter content during the experimental period may have led to a lower dry matter intake of silage juice fed pigs. Gilts had statistically significantly higher meat percentage than barrows in both treatments, but no difference was found between the treatment groups. Meat quality (pH, colour, drip loss and sensory analyses) results were similar in both treatment groups. For gut microbiota, no statistically significant differences were found in any of the bacterial families studied (Actinobacteriota, Bacteroidota, Firmicutes, Deferrivacterota, Spirochaetota, Minor Phyla). In conclusion, silage juice is a potential feed ingredient in liquid feed for pigs. Microbiological data indicates that silage juice does not cause gastrointestinal microbiota imbalance in pigs.

There is increasing interest in keeping horses in groups, but progress is hampered by a lack of knowledge about which horses can and should be kept together. Therefore, our objective was to investigate the effect of group composition on the occurrence of injuries among horses, the ease of removing horses from groups and horses' reactivity to a fearful stimulus. Using a matched case control design, 61 groups of horses were studied in Denmark, Norway, Finland and Sweden. They were allocated into groups of similar or different age and sex or where membership changed regularly or remained stable. Injuries were recorded before mixing the horses into treatment groups, the day after mixing and four weeks later. Reactivity of horses to a moving novel object and the behaviour of a horse being removed from its group and the reactions of other group members towards this horse and the handler were evaluated. It was hypothesized that a more socially variable group composition has beneficial effects on behaviour, ease of handling and reducing reactivity whereas frequent changes in group composition has negative consequences, resulting in more injuries. We found that differences in treatment effects were mainly related to breed, rather than group composition. Icelandic horses reacted less to the movement of the novel object (P= 0.007) and approached it more afterwards (P = 0.04). They also had fewer new injuries than warmbloods following mixing (P

Simple Summary The hypotheses of this study were that garlic supplementation may help to clear mucus in the airways, but also causes declining hematologic values in prolonged feeding. The results show that long-term supplementation of dried garlic on the level of 32 mg/kg BW improved respiratory health in terms of reduced amount of tracheal symptoms and accumulation of tracheal exudates. However, the garlic supplemented horses showed slightly declining hemoglobin (Hb), hematocrit (HcT) and red blood cells (RBC) values. Abstract Garlic (Allium sativum) is claimed to have numerous beneficial properties to the health of humans and animals. It is commonly used for example to treat respiratory diseases and infections in horses’ lungs. However, in addition to its possible positive influences, garlic may also have adverse health effects. The hypotheses of this study were that garlic supplementation may help to clear mucus in the airways, but also causes declining hematologic values in prolonged feeding. To our knowledge, this is the first organized study in controlled conditions to show the health effects of garlic supplementation for horses so far. The results show that long-term supplementation of dried garlic on the level of 32 mg/kg BW seemed to reduce the amount of tracheal symptoms and accumulation of tracheal exudates. Additionally, the number of neutrophil cells in the tracheal mucus was numerically smaller in the garlic supplemented horses. However, the garlic supplemented horses showed slightly declining Hb, HcT and RBC values during an 83-day study period. Consequently, it is possible that even low garlic supplementation levels can be detrimental to the horse’s hematology when the supplementation period is long.

Simple Summary A new web tool for equine activities, InnoHorse, was developed to support horse stable managers in business, safety, pasture and manure management. The aim of the safety section of the web tool was to raise awareness of safety issues in daily horse stable activities. This section contains a safety checklist, stable safety map and good practices to support human health and horse welfare and to prevent injuries in horse-related activities. Reviews of the literature and statistics, empirical horse stable case studies, expert panel workshops and stakeholder interviews were utilized in designing the web tool. Abstract Managing a horse stable involves risks, which can have serious consequences for the stable, employees, clients, visitors and horses. Existing industrial or farm production risk management tools are not directly applicable to horse stables and they need to be adapted for use by managers of different types of stables. As a part of the InnoEquine project, an innovative web tool, InnoHorse, was developed to support horse stable managers in business, safety, pasture and manure management. A literature review, empirical horse stable case studies, expert panel workshops and stakeholder interviews were carried out to support the design. The InnoHorse web tool includes a safety section containing a horse stable safety map, stable safety checklists, and examples of good practices in stable safety, horse handling and rescue planning. This new horse stable safety management tool can also help in organizing work processes in horse stables in general.

Manure constitutes a nutrient resource that should be efficiently recycled in agriculture. We assessed the nutrient cycling properties of three bedding materials (peat, wood shavings and pelleted straw) in horse manure by comparing their compostability, ability to retain nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) under rainfall and capacity to release N when mixed with soil. Manure with pelleted straw bedding had superior composting characteristics as it lost half of its dry mass, reached temperatures >60 °C and ended up having a carbon (C) to N (C:N) ratio of

The main horse phosphorus excretion pathway is through the dung. Phosphorus originating from animal dung and manure has harmful environmental effects on waters. The number of horses has increased in many countries, and several studies have pointed that leaching of P from horse paddocks and pastures are hotspots for high P leaching losses. The hypothesis was that feeding regimes might influence phosphorus digestibility and excretion in feces, and therefore the environmental impact of horse husbandry. A digestibility experiment was conducted with six horses fed six forage-based diets to study phosphorus utilization and excretion in feces. The study method was a total collection of feces. The experimental design was arranged as an unbalanced 6 &times, 4 Latin Squares. Phosphorus intake increased with an increasing concentrate intake. All studied diets resulted in a positive P balance and, the P retention differed from zero in all except the only-hay diet, in which the intake was lower compared to the other diets. The digestibility of P varied from 2.7 to 11.1%, and supplementing forage-diets with concentrates slightly improved P digestibility (p = 0.024), as it also improved the digestibilities of crude protein (p = 0.002) and organic matter (p = 0.077). The horses excreted an average of 20.9 &plusmn, 1.4 g/d P in feces. Excretion was smallest (20.0 g) in horses on a hay-only diet (p = 0.021). The average daily phosphorus excretion resulted in 7.6 kg P per year. The soluble P part of the total P in feces accounted for about 88% of the P excreted in feces, and is vulnerable to runoff losses and may leach into waters. Thus, horse dung may pose a potential risk of P leaching into the environment if not properly managed, and is not less harmful to the environment than that from other farm animals. Supplementation with inorganic P should be controlled in the diets of mature horses in light work to decrease the excretion of P in feces.

Two simultaneous digestibility trials using total faecal collection were conducted to compare the digestibility of six silages by sheep and by horses. Timothy/meadow fescue ( Phleum pratense L./ Festuca pratensis Huds., TMF) and tall fescue ( Festuca arundinacea Schreb., TF) silages harvested at three different cutting times (19 June, 26 June, and 2 July) in round bales were fed to six rams and six mares according to an unbalanced 6 × 4 Latin square design with 3-week experimental periods. A 5-day faecal collection period was used for horses and a 7-day collection period for sheep. During the collection periods the sheep and horses were fed at their maintenance levels [42 and 62 g dry matter (DM)/kgW 0.75 /day, respectively]. The silages were of good fermentation quality as judged from pH, low concentration of butyric acid and ammonia N. When the silages were fed ad libitum , the sheep preferred the TMF silage to the TF silage (P Postponing the harvest decreased the digestibility of both grass species. The digestibility of the TMF silage was significantly higher than that of TF silage cut on the same date. The digestibility values obtained by sheep were higher than those obtained by horses. The organic matter digestibility (OMD) of the early, mid and late cut TMF silages was 673, 567 and 517 g/kg DM and 757, 680 and 634 g/kg DM in horses and sheep, respectively. The respective OMD of TF silages in horses was 609, 527 and 457 g/kg DM and in sheep 740, 669 and 592 g/kg DM. Using the digestibility determined by sheep led to overestimation of the energy value of forages in horse feeding. However, since the relationship between these two animals was fairly linear, sheep can be used to determine the energy value of forages for horses. Based on, the level difference in digestibilities, higher nutrient recommendations for horses have been used in some feed evaluation systems. Tall fescue silage seemed to be a suitable feed for both sheep and horses.

Laidun on hevosten pääasiallisin rehu kasvukaudella ja usein yksinomainen rehu kivennäisten lisäksi. Laitumen riittävä ja tasainen tuotto laidunkauden eri aikoina helpottaa hevosten ruokintaa. Tuottava laidun on edullista rehua. Laiduntutkimuksen tärkeimpiä selvitettäviä asioita ovat laitumen sadontuotto ja sen muutokset kasvukauden kuluessa ja laitumen kestävyys. Hevoset syövät laidunkasvit lyhyemmäksi kuin naudat, joten laiduntamisen vaikutus tutkittavien kasvien sadontuottokykyyn ja kestävyyteen on eri eläinlajien välillä erilainen. Laiduntutkimuksilla selvitetään myös kasvilajien ja –seoksien maittavuutta ja laidunkasvien kemiallista koostumusta. Tutkimuksesta saadaan tietoa myös laidunalan mitoituksesta, laidunkauden pituudesta ja hevosten laiduntutkimuksen tekniikasta. Ypäjällä Maa- ja elintarviketalouden tutkimuskeskuksen (MTT) Hevostalouden yksikössä toteutettavat laidunkokeet ovat osa suurempaa Hevosten Nurmirehut –hanketta, joka on MTT:n, Maa- ja metsätalousministeriön (MMM), Helsingin yliopiston ja yritysten rahoittama. Laidunkoealue kylvettiin Ypäjälle elokuussa 2005. Kokeeseen valittiin koejäseniksi kolme puhdasta kasvilajia (timotei, nurminata ja ruokonata) sekä kolme seosta (timotei-nurminata, timotei-ruokonata ja ruokonata-niittynurmikka). Kukin kasvilaji ja -seos kylvettiin kaistoiksi toisiinsa kiinni ja jokainen koejäsen satunnaistettiin neljään kerranteeseen. Koko laidunala oli 240 x 240 metriä. Alue laidunnettiin kolmessa lohkossa siten, että jokaisella lohkolla oli samalla kertaa hevosten laidunnettavana 24 erilaista kasvustokaistaa. Koeala kärsi perustumisvaikeuksista. Keväällä 2006 tehtiin täydennyskylvöjä, eikä aluetta laidunnettu lainkaan. Vuoden 2007 kevätkasvu korjattiin säilörehuksi ja laidunkoe aloitettiin säilörehuniiton jälkikasvusta heinäkuussa. Laidunkokeeseen otettiin 10 suomenhevostammaa. Hevoset laidunsivat yhdellä lohkolla noin kaksi viikkoa, jonka jälkeen ne siirrettiin seuraavalle lohkolle. Kultakin laidunlohkolta tehtiin laitumen satomittaukset Haldrup –nurmenkorjuukoneella ennen ja jälkeen laidunnuksen. Lisäksi laitumen määrää arvioitiin ns. nurmikiekko-mittarilla ja kasvuston korkeutta nurmitikulla. Ennen laidunnusta otetuista niittonäytteistä tehtiin laatumääritys NIRS-menetelmällä sekä analysoitiin kemiallinen koostumus. Kasvilajikoostumusta selvitettiin botaanisin analyysein. Eri kasvilajien ja seosten maittavuutta selvitettiin havainnoimalla hevosten syöntikäyttäytymistä. Sekä laitumen hyväksikäyttöasteen että käyttäytymishavaintojen perusteella maittavimmiksi koejäseniksi osoittautuivat timotei ja ruokonata-niittynurmikkaseos. Nurminata ja sen seos timotein kanssa maistui hevosille heikosti, myöskään ruokonata yksinään ei ollut kovin suosittua. Nurmikasvien satoisuuden ja kestävyyden arviointiin tarvitaan lisää tuloksia. Koe jatkuu kesällä 2008.

Tutkimuksessa käytettiin viikon välein korjattuja säilörehuja, joiden sulavuus määritettiin sonnan kokonaiskeruumenetelmällä hevosilla ja pässeillä. Hevosilla sulavuus määritettiin myös merkkiaineilla, joita olivat sulamaton kuitu (iNDF) ja kromioksidi (Cr2O3). Lisäksi rehujen orgaanisen aineen sulavuus määritettiin in vitro -sellulaasimenetelmällä laboratoriossa. Tarkoituksena oli verrata eri menetelmien sopivuutta hevosten nurmirehujen sulavuuden määritykseen sekä selvittää, millä tarkkuudella hevosille tarkoitettujen rehujen sulavuus voidaan määrittää pässeillä. Kasvilajivertailussa olevista rehuista saatiin tarpeellista tietoa myös nautakarjan ruokintaan. Hevosten nurmirehut –hankkeessa tutkittiin kuuden eri säilörehun sulavuutta. Koerehut tehtiin puhtaan ruokonadan ja timotei-nurminataseoksen ensimmäisestä sadosta alkukesällä 2006 Jokioisilla. Rehut korjattiin molemmista kasvilajeista kolmessa eri kehitysvaiheessa. Koerehujen niittopäivät olivat 19.6., 26.6. ja 3.7. Rehut säilöttiin pyöröpaaleihin. Säilöntäaineena oli AIV 2 Plus. Rehujen sulavuus määritettiin keväällä 2007 Maa- ja elintarviketalouden tutkimuskeskuksen (MTT) Hevostalouden tutkimusyksikössä Ypäjällä. Koemallina oli 6 x 4 epätäydellisen latinalaisen neliön koe kuudella tammalla. Säilörehuja annettiin ylläpitotarpeen mukaisesti 60 g KA/kgW0.75. Määrä vastasi rehun kuiva-ainepitoisuudesta ja hevosen koosta riippuen 12 - 22 kiloa tuoretta rehua eläintä kohden päivässä. Ruokonatasäilörehun keskimääräiset kuiva-ainepitoisuudet olivat 357 – 498 g/kg ja vastaavasti timotei-nurminatasäilörehun 421 – 550 g/kg. Rehujen käymislaatu oli hyvä. Ruokonatasäilörehussa raakavalkuaispitoisuudet olivat matalammat ja kuitupitoisuudet (raakakuitu ja NDF) korkeammat kuin samalla kasvuasteella korjatussa timotei-nurminatasäilörehussa. Myös ruokonadan D-arvot olivat timotei-nurminadan D-arvoja pienemmät. Lukuunottamatta ruokonadan vanhimman kasvuasteen korsiintuneita osia, säilörehut maittoivat hevosille hyvin. Vaikka ruokinta keruukaudella oli ylläpitotasolla, osa hevosista jätti rehua. Timotei-nurminatasäilörehut olivat paremmin sulavia kuin vastaavalla kasvuasteella korjatut ruokonatasäilörehut. Ruokonadan orgaanisen aineen sulavuus nuoremmasta kasvuasteesta vanhimpaan oli 612, 518 ja 467 g/kg KA ja timotei-nurminadan vastaavasti 672, 566 ja 516 g/kg KA. Rehulajien väliset erot raakavalkuaisen sulavuudessa olivat pieniä juhannuksen jälkeen ja heinäkuun alussa korjatuissa rehuissa. Timoteinurminadan kuitu suli noin 20 % paremmin kuin ruokonatasäilörehun kuitu. In vitro -sellulaasimenetelmä yliarvioi orgaanisen aineen sulavuuden ruokonadan osalta 31 %:lla ja timotei-nurminadan osalta 23 %:lla. In vitro -menetelmä yliarvioi sulavuutta enemmän vanhemmilla kasvuasteilla. Myös pässeillä määritetty sulavuus oli selvästi korkeampi kuin hevosilla määritetty.

Stable air quality and the choice of bedding material are an important health issue both in horses and people working or visiting horse stables. Risks of impaired respiratory health are those that can especially be avoided by improving air quality in the stable. The choice of bedding material is particularly important in cold climate conditions, where horses are kept most of the day and year indoors throughout their life. This study examined the effect of two bedding materials, wood shavings and peat, on stable air quality and health of horses. Ammonia and dust levels were also measured to assess conditions in the stable. Ammonia was not detected or was at very low levels (&lt, 0.25 ppm) in the boxes in which peat was used as bedding, but its concentration was clearly higher (1.5–7.0 ppm) in stalls with wood shavings as bedding. Personal measurements of workers revealed quite high ammonia exposure (5.9 ppm8h) in the boxes in which wood shavings were used, but no exposure was Animals 2015, 5 966 observed in stalls bedded with peat. The respiratory symptoms in horses increased regardless of the bedding material at the beginning of the study. The health status of the horses in the peat bedding group returned to the initial level in the end of the trial but horses bedded with wood shavings continued to be symptomatic. The hooves of the horses with peat bedding had a better moisture content than those of the horses bedded with wood shavings. The results suggest that peat is a better bedding material for horses than wood shavings regarding the health of both horses and stable workers.

Diets based on hay and variously processed oats were fed in a digestibility trial. The types of processed oats were as follows: 1) untreated, 2) hulled, 3) autoclave-processed, 4) autoclave-processed hulled, 5) Dantoaster-processed, 6) Dantoaster-processed hulled. The treatments were assigned in a 6 × 6 balanced Latin square design. A preliminary feeding of 16 days was followed by a 5-day collection period. Faecal samples were taken twice a day during the collection period. Chromium was used as a marker for the estimation of apparent digestibility. The apparent dry matter (DM) and organic matter (OM) digestibilities were significantly ( P P P P P

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In several regions in Europe, the horse is becoming a common grazer on semi-natural and cultivated grasslands, though the pasturing benefits for animals and biodiversity alike are not universally appreciated. The composition of ground vegetation on pastures determines the value of both the forage for grazing animals as well as the biodiversity values for species associated with the pastoral ecosystems. We studied three pastures, each representing one of the management types in southern Finland (latitudes 60–61): semi-natural, permanent and cultivated grassland. All have been grazed exclusively by horses for several decades. We aimed to evaluate feeding values and horses’ welfare, on the one hand, and impacts of horses on biodiversity in boreal conditions, on the other. Though there were differences among the pastures, the nutritional value of the vegetation in all three pastures met the energy and protein needs of most horse categories through the whole grazing season. Some mineral concentrations were low compared to the requirements, and supplementation of Cu, Zn and Na is needed to balance the mineral intake. Only minor injuries or health problems were observed. All metrics of biological values, as well as number of species eaten by horses, were particularly high in a semi-natural pasture compared to other pasture types. The highest ratio of species cover preferred by horses to the total cover was found in the permanent pasture, while at the regularly re-seeded pasture, there was a particularly high cover of species, indicating low biodiversity values on grassland. There was, therefore, a trade-off between the quantity of forage and biological values in pastures, but not in quality. The results provide clear indication both for the suitability of the studied pasture types to horses and for grazing of horses for biodiversity management. In each pasture type, specific management is needed to simultaneously achieve objectives of adequate pasturing and biodiversity. The short duration (only one grazing season) must be considered when applying the results.

Two groups of Finnhorse mares, 11 horses in each group, were grazed on cultivated pasture (CG) or semi-natural grassland (NG) from the end of May to the beginning of September 2011 and the effect on possible development of obesity was followed. The observations of live weight, body condition score (BCS), cresty neck score (CNS), body measurements and fat thickness were made during the grazing season. At the end of the grazing season, the horses grazing CG were significantly heavier (P

Ruokonadan (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) ja timotei (Phleum pratense L.) - nurminataseoksen (Festuca pratensis H.) ensimmäisestä sadosta tehtiin alkukesästä 2006 pyöröpaalisäilörehuja hevosten ja lampaiden sulavuuskokeita varten. Rehut niitettiin kolmessa eri kehitysvaiheessa viikon välein (19.6., 26.6. ja 3.7.2006). Rehujen kuiva-ainetavoite oli 350 - 400 g/kg ja D-arvotavoitteet eri kasvuasteille 690, 650 ja 610 g/kg KA. Tarkoituksena oli tutkia kasvilajin ja korjuuajan vaikutusta pässeillä määritettyyn sulavuuteen sekä sitä, millä tarkkuudella hevosten nurmirehujen sulavuus voidaan määrittää hevosten sijasta pässeillä. Tarkoituksena oli saada lisätietoa ruokonadasta käytettäväksi myös märehtijöiden ruokintaan. Tutkimus kuului Maa- ja elintarviketalouden tutkimuskeskuksen (MTT), Maa- ja metsätalousministeriön (MMM), Helsingin yliopiston (HY) ja yritysten rahoittamaan Hevosten Nurmirehut –hankkeeseen (2006-2008).Säilörehut olivat kuivia (357–550 g KA/kg) ja käymislaadultaan hyviä. Verrattuna timotei-nurminataan ruokonatasäilörehun tuhkapitoisuus oli selvästi korkeampi (76 vs. 95 g/kg KA) ja raaka-valkuaispitoisuus pienempi (134 vs. 116 g/kg KA). Kuitupitoisuudeltaan kasvilajit eivät eronneet toisistaan. Kasvuasteen vanhetessa kasvilajien kuitupitoisuus nousi ja raakavalkuaispitoisuus ja D-arvo laskivat. Timotei-nurminadan in vitro –sellulaasisulavuudella laskettu rehuarvo oli hieman ruokonadan rehuarvoa parempi.Säilörehujen sulavuus määritettiin kuudella, keskimäärin 53-kiloisella, risteytyspässillä 27.1. - 20.4.2007 samanaikaisesti hevosten sulavuuskokeen kanssa. Koemallina oli 6 * 4 epätäydellinen latinalainen neliö. Maittavuuskaudella pässit saivat säilörehuja vapaasti ja keruukaudella 41 g kuiva-ainetta metabolista elopainokiloa (kgW0,75) kohden päivässä.Kasvilaji ja kasvuaste vaikuttivat säilörehun syöntiin ja sulavuuteen. Kun syöntiä ei rajoitettu, timotei-nurminadan keskimääräinen syönti oli ruokonatasäilörehun syöntiä suurempi (1,32 vs. 1,10 kg KA/el/pv, 67 vs. 56 g KA/kgW0,75, p

Obesity and insulin resistance have been shown to be risk factors for laminitis in horses. The objective of the study was to determine the effect of changes in body condition during the grazing season on insulin resistance and the expression of genes associated with obesity and insulin resistance in subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT). Sixteen Finnhorse mares were grazing either on cultivated high-yielding pasture (CG) or semi-natural grassland (NG) from the end of May to the beginning of September. Body measurements, intravenous glucose tolerance test (IVGTT), and neck and tailhead SAT gene expressions were measured in May and September. At the end of grazing, CG had higher median body condition score (7 vs. 5.4, interquartile range 0.25 vs. 0.43; P=0.05) and body weight (618 kg vs. 572 kg ± 10.21 (mean ± SEM); P=0.02), and larger waist circumference (P=0.03) than NG. Neck fat thickness was not different between treatments. However, tailhead fat thickness was smaller in CG compared to NG in May (P=0.04), but this difference disappeared in September. Greater basal and peak insulin concentrations, and faster glucose clearance rate (P=0.03) during IVGTT were observed in CG compared to NG in September. A greater decrease in plasma non-esterified fatty acids during IVGTT (P