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The aim of this study was to study the serotypes and clonal diversity of pneumococci causing invasive pneumococcal disease in Catalonia, Spain, in the era of 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV13). In our region, this vaccine is only available in the private market and it is estimated a PCV13 vaccine coverage around 55% in children. A total of 1551 pneumococcal invasive isolates received between 2010 and 2013 in the Molecular Microbiology Department at Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, were included. Fifty-two serotypes and 249 clonal types-defined by MLST-were identified. The most common serotypes were serotype 1 (n = 182; 11.7%), 3 (n = 145; 9.3%), 19A (n = 137; 8.8%) and 7F (n = 122; 7.9%). Serotype 14 was the third most frequent serotype in children < 2 years (15 of 159 isolates). PCV7 serotypes maintained their proportion along the period of study, 16.6% in 2010 to 13.4% in 2013, whereas there was a significant proportional decrease in PCV13 serotypes, 65.3% in 2010 to 48.9% in 2013 (p

Pediatric parapneumonic empyema (PPE) has been increasing in several countries including Spain. Streptococcus pneumoniae is a major PPE pathogen; however, antimicrobial pretreatment before pleural fluid (PF) sampling frequently results in negative diagnostic cultures, thus greatly underestimating the contribution of pneumococci, especially pneumococci susceptible to antimicrobial agents, to PPE. The study aim was to identify the serotypes and genotypes that cause PPE by using molecular diagnostics and relate these data to disease incidence and severity. A total of 208 children with PPE were prospectively enrolled; blood and PF samples were collected. Pneumococci were detected in 79% of culture-positive and 84% of culture-negative samples. All pneumococci were genotyped by multilocus sequence typing. Serotypes were determined for 111 PPE cases; 48% were serotype 1, of 3 major genotypes previously circulating in Spain. Variance in patient complication rates was statistically significant by serotype. The recent PPE increase is principally due to nonvaccine serotypes, especially the highly invasive serotype 1.

Resumen: Introducción: Diversos autores cuestionan la realización sistemática de una ecografía renal en los lactantes con una primera infección del tracto urinario (ITU), dada la alta sensibilidad de las ecografías prenatales para la detección de malformaciones mayores y la baja prevalencia de hallazgos clínicamente significativos. Los objetivos de este trabajo son valorar el rendimiento diagnóstico de la ecografía renal realizada después de la primera ITU en pacientes menores de 2 años y analizar posibles factores de riesgo (FR) de presentar una ecografía renal alterada. Pacientes y métodos: Estudio retrospectivo. Se incluyen los pacientes menores de 2 años diagnosticados de ITU en Urgencias entre julio de 2013 y diciembre de 2014. Se excluyen aquellos con enfermedad nefrourológica, ITU previas y sin ecografía renal prenatal o postinfección. Se considera ecografía renal alterada la presencia de dilatación de las vías urinarias y/o anomalías estructurales. Los posibles FR evaluados son: sexo masculino, edad inferior a 3 meses, fiebre y microorganismo distinto a Escherichia coli. Se realiza estudio univariante y por regresión logística multivariante. Resultados: Se incluyen 306 pacientes. Presentan ecografía renal alterada 35 (11,4%; IC 95% 8,3-15,5): 24 (68,6%) dilatación de las vías urinarias y 11 (31%) alteraciones estructurales. De las ecografías alteradas, el 68,6% corresponden a varones, el 51,4% a una edad inferior a 3 meses, el 74,3% a ITU febriles y el 31,4% por microorganismo distinto a E. coli, respecto al 45% (p = 0,009), el 31,7% (p = 0,021), el 78,2% (p = 0,597) y el 10% (p = 0,001) de las ecografías normales. En el análisis multivariante se mantienen como FR la edad inferior a 3 meses (OR 2,1; IC 95% 1,0-4,3; p = 0,05) y un microorganismo distinto a E. coli (OR 3,8; IC 95% 1,7-8,7; p = 0,002). Conclusiones: El rendimiento de la ecografía renal después de la primera ITU es bajo. Se debería individualizar su indicación según la presencia de FR: edad inferior a 3 meses y microorganismo distinto a E. coli. Abstract: Introduction: Several authors question the performance of systematic renal ultrasound after first urinary tract infection (UTI) in young children, given the high sensitivity of prenatal ultrasounds to detect major malformations and the low prevalence of clinical relevant findings. The aims of this study are to evaluate the yield of renal ultrasound performed after the first UTI in patients aged less than 2 years and to analyse potential risk factors (RF) of altered renal ultrasound. Patients and methods: Retrospective study, including patients aged less than 2 years diagnosed with UTI in the Emergency Department between July 2013 and December 2014. Patients with an underlying nephro-urological pathology, previous UTIs and those without prenatal or post-infection renal ultrasound were excluded. Altered renal ultrasound was defined as the presence of dilated urinary tract or structural abnormalities. Potential RF analysed were: male, age less than 3 months, presence of fever and microorganism other than Escherichia coli. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression were performed. Results: A total of 306 patients were included. Altered renal ultrasound was found in 35 cases (11.4%; 95% CI 8.3-15.5): 24 (68.6%) urinary tract dilation, and 11 (31%) structural abnormalities. Among the cases with altered ultrasound, 68.6% were male, 51.4% were younger than 3 months, 74.3% were febrile, and 31.4% were caused by microorganisms other than E. coli, compared to 45% (P = .009), 31.7% (P = .021), 78.2% (P = .597) and 10% (P = .001) of cases with normal ultrasound. In the multivariate analysis, age less than 3 months (OR 2.1; 95% CI 1.0-4.3, P = .05) and microorganism other than E. coli (OR 3.8; 95% CI 1.7-8.7, P = .002) remained as RF. Conclusions: The yield of renal ultrasound after the first UTI is low. Its indication should be individualised according to the presence of RF: age less than 3 months and microorganism other than E. coli.

Introduction: Several authors question the performance of systematic renal ultrasound after first urinary tract infection (UTI) in young children, given the high sensitivity of prenatal ultrasounds to detect major malformations and the low prevalence of clinical relevant findings. The aims of this study are to evaluate the yield of renal ultrasound performed after the first UTI in patients aged less than 2 years and to analyse potential risk factors (RF) of altered renal ultrasound. Patients and methods: Retrospective study, including patients aged less than 2 years diagnosed with UTI in the Emergency Department between July 2013 and December 2014. Patients with an underlying nephro-urological pathology, previous UTIs and those without prenatal or post-infection renal ultrasound were excluded. Altered renal ultrasound was defined as the presence of dilated urinary tract or structural abnormalities. Potential RF analysed were: male, age less than 3 months, presence of fever and microorganism other than Escherichia coli. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression were performed. Results: A total of 306 patients were included. Altered renal ultrasound was found in 35 cases (11.4%; 95% CI 8.3–15.5): 24 (68.6%) urinary tract dilation, and 11 (31%) structural abnormalities. Among the cases with altered ultrasound, 68.6% were male, 51.4% were younger than 3 months, 74.3% were febrile, and 31.4% were caused by microorganisms other than E. coli, compared to 45% (P = .009), 31.7% (P = .021), 78.2% (P = .597) and 10% (P = .001) of cases with normal ultrasound. In the multivariate analysis, age less than 3 months (OR 2.1; 95% CI 1.0–4.3, P = .05) and microorganism other than E. coli (OR 3.8; 95% CI 1.7–8.7, P = .002) remained as RF. Conclusions: The yield of renal ultrasound after the first UTI is low. Its indication should be individualised according to the presence of RF: age less than 3 months and microorganism other than E. coli. Resumen: Introducción: Diversos autores cuestionan la realización sistemática de una ecografía renal en los lactantes con una primera infección del tracto urinario (ITU), dada la alta sensibilidad de las ecografías prenatales para la detección de malformaciones mayores y la baja prevalencia de hallazgos clínicamente significativos. Los objetivos de este trabajo son valorar el rendimiento diagnóstico de la ecografía renal realizada después de la primera ITU en pacientes menores de 2 años y analizar posibles factores de riesgo (FR) de presentar una ecografía renal alterada. Pacientes y métodos: Estudio retrospectivo. Se incluyen los pacientes menores de 2 años diagnosticados de ITU en Urgencias entre julio de 2013 y diciembre de 2014. Se excluyen aquellos con enfermedad nefrourológica, ITU previas y sin ecografía renal prenatal o postinfección. Se considera ecografía renal alterada la presencia de dilatación de las vías urinarias y/o anomalías estructurales. Los posibles FR evaluados son: sexo masculino, edad inferior a 3 meses, fiebre y microorganismo distinto a Escherichia coli. Se realiza estudio univariante y por regresión logística multivariante. Resultados: Se incluyen 306 pacientes. Presentan ecografía renal alterada 35 (11,4%; IC 95% 8,3-15,5): 24 (68,6%) dilatación de las vías urinarias y 11 (31%) alteraciones estructurales. De las ecografías alteradas, el 68,6% corresponden a varones, el 51,4% a una edad inferior a 3 meses, el 74,3% a ITU febriles y el 31,4% por microorganismo distinto a E. coli, respecto al 45% (p = 0,009), el 31,7% (p = 0,021), el 78,2% (p = 0,597) y el 10% (p = 0,001) de las ecografías normales. En el análisis multivariante se mantienen como FR la edad inferior a 3 meses (OR 2,1; IC 95% 1,0-4,3; p = 0,05) y un microorganismo distinto a E. coli (OR 3,8; IC 95% 1,7-8,7; p = 0,002). Conclusiones: El rendimiento de la ecografía renal después de la primera ITU es bajo. Se debería individualizar su indicación según la presencia de FR: edad inferior a 3 meses y microorganismo distinto a E. coli.