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Within diverse global populations, validated tools are needed to assess common mental disorders. The Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) is one of the most commonly used depression screeners. However, the PHQ-9 has not been structurally validated among female migrant domestic workers (MDWs). Female MDWs constitute a population numbering 11.5 million, and commonly report depression. This study aimed to structurally validate the PHQ-9 among Filipina and Indonesian female MDWs in Macao Special Administrative Region of China. Participants were recruited using respondent driven sampling. Participants were adult female MDWs from The Philippines (N=1375) or Indonesia (N=367) and legally working in Macao. We used confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) to test five structural models of depression using all PHQ-9 items with the Filipina and Indonesian samples. We applied multi-group CFA to test measurement invariance across samples. A two-factor (cognitive/affective, somatic) model yielded the best fit within both samples, and the multi-group CFA demonstrated invariance across samples. The two-factor model best represents the factor structure of the PHQ-9 among Filipina and Indonesian female MDWs.

Within diverse global populations, validated tools are needed to assess common mental disorders. The Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) is one of the most commonly used depression screeners. However, the PHQ-9 has not been structurally validated among female migrant domestic workers (MDWs). Female MDWs constitute a population numbering 11.5 million, and commonly report depression. This study aimed to structurally validate the PHQ-9 among Filipina and Indonesian female MDWs in Macao Special Administrative Region of China. Participants were recruited using respondent driven sampling. Participants were adult female MDWs from The Philippines (N=1375) or Indonesia (N=367) and legally working in Macao. We used confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) to test five structural models of depression using all PHQ-9 items with the Filipina and Indonesian samples. We applied multi-group CFA to test measurement invariance across samples. A two-factor (cognitive/affective, somatic) model yielded the best fit within both samples, and the multi-group CFA demonstrated invariance across samples. The two-factor model best represents the factor structure of the PHQ-9 among Filipina and Indonesian female MDWs.

Multiculturalism and polyculturalism are two lay theories of culture that have been associated with some similar intergroup attitudes and behaviors. But other than the studies of Rosenthal and Levy in the United States, there have been no studies that directly distinguish between these two lay theories. In this study, we use confirmatory factor analysis procedures to show that multiculturalism and polyculturalism represent two distinct latent constructs among our 1,730 participants in six Asian cultural groups (China, Hong Kong, Indonesia, Macau, Malaysia, the Philippines). Moreover, we show that essentializing race is associated with endorsement of multiculturalism (but not polyculturalism) in five cultural groups (except Hong Kong). The results provide strong cross-cultural empirical evidence for the distinction between the two lay theories and, more importantly, point to aspects of the lay theory of multiculturalism that relate to why it is sometimes associated with stronger stereotyping and prejudice toward minority cultural groups.

Somatisasi adalah gangguan somatoform yang ditandai oleh gejala yang berulang tanpa somatik diketemukan dasar organik yang jelas, yang menyebabkan seseorang sering berkonsultasi ke dokter (American Psychiatric Association, 2000). Menurut teori Psikoanalisa klasik 1 (van der Kolk dkk., 1996) gangguan somatisasi ini merupakan manifestasi dari kecemasan yang bersifat neurotik. Kecemasan ini bersumber dari konflik internal di dalam diri seseorang, yaitu antara id dan superego (norma masyarakat yang sudah diinternalisasikan). Ketika ego seseorang tidak mampu mengatasi konflik tersebut, maka dorongan‐dorongan tersebut akan ditekan ke dalam ketidaksadaran. Kecemasan akan ditransformasikan (dikonversikan) dalam bentuk gejala somatik supaya tidak muncul ke kesadaran. Oleh karena itu gangguan ini disebut juga konversi.

Since Hofstede (1980) published his research about individualism-collectivism differences among countries, interest in cross-cultural study increased dramatically. However not all studies support each other. So the purpose of this study is to evaluate primary studies that studied individualism-collctivism differences. Articles selected from electronic data¬base (e.g. Proquest, EBSCO, and ERIC) for publication. Forty nine studies were found, but only 15 studies that were relevant. After final evaluation, only 3 studies with 7 data points that actually could be analized. This study found that there are diffe-rences between individualist and collectivist countries in horizontal collectivism. People in collectivist countries are more collectivist than people in individualist countries. In vertical individualism, horizontal indivi¬dualism, and vertical collectivism dimension, homogeneity coefficient (Q) shows that sample drawn from the same source differ systematically. However we can not do moderator analysis because of number of studies are limited. Thus, this study can not explain moderator variables that influence effectc size variation. Keywords: Individualism, Collectivism, meta-analysis.