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En este vídeo sobre análisis de datos se explica cómo calcular el ANOVA para estudios transversales (muestras independientes) utilizando el software SPSS. Este vídeo está pensado fundamentalmente para estudiantes de la Universidad de Sevilla que van a hacer su trabajo fin de estudios (TFE) y que necesitan realizar algún análisis de datos. Se explica cómo obtener el ANOVA para estudios transversales (muestras independientes) con el software SPSS. Se obtiene el ANOVA para estudios transversales. Se trata de un estadístico apropiado para estudiar la relación entre una variable independiente nominal con dos o más grupos, y una variable dependiente cuantitativa. Requiere el previo cumplimiento de los supuestos.

En este vídeo sobre análisis de datos se explica cómo calcular el ANOVA para estudios longitudinales utilizando el software SPSS. Este vídeo está pensado fundamentalmente para estudiantes de la Universidad de Sevilla que van a hacer su trabajo fin de estudios (TFE) y que necesitan realizar algún análisis de datos. Se explica cómo obtener el ANOVA para estudios longitudinales con el software SPSS. Se obtiene el ANOVA para estudios longitudinales. Se trata de un estadístico apropiado para estudiar la relación entre una variable independiente nominal con dos o más grupos o momentos de medida, y una variable dependiente cuantitativa. Requiere el previo cumplimiento de los supuestos.

En este vídeo sobre análisis de datos se explica cómo calcular la regresión simple utilizando el software SPSS. Este vídeo está pensado fundamentalmente para estudiantes de la Universidad de Sevilla que van a hacer su trabajo fin de estudios (TFE) y que necesitan realizar algún análisis de datos. Se explica cómo obtener la regresión simple con el software SPSS. Se obtiene la regresión simple. Se trata de un estadístico apropiado para estudiar la relación entre dos variables cuantitativas, o entre una variable independiente nominal dicotómica y una variable dependiente cuantitativa. Requiere el previo cumplimiento de los supuestos.

En este vídeo sobre análisis de datos se explica cómo calcular chi cuadrado utilizando el software SPSS. Este vídeo está pensado fundamentalmente para estudiantes de la Universidad de Sevilla que van a hacer su trabajo fin de estudios (TFE) y que necesitan realizar algún análisis de datos. Se explica cómo obtener chi cuadrado con el software SPSS. Se obtiene chi cuadrado. Se trata de un estadístico apropiado para estudiar la relación entre dos variables nominales en estudios transversales.

En este vídeo sobre análisis de datos se explica cómo calcular la T de Wilcoxon utilizando el software SPSS. Este vídeo está pensado fundamentalmente para estudiantes de la Universidad de Sevilla que van a hacer su trabajo fin de estudios (TFE) y que necesitan realizar algún análisis de datos. Se explica cómo obtener la T de Wilcoxon con el software SPSS. Se obtiene la T de Wilcoxon. Se trata de un estadístico apropiado para estudiar, en muestras relacionadas, la relación entre una variable independiente nominal con dos grupos o momentos de medida, y una variable dependiente ordinal o cuantitativa donde no se cumplan los supuestos.

En este vídeo sobre análisis de datos se explica cómo calcular la correlación de Pearson utilizando el software SPSS. Este vídeo está pensado fundamentalmente para estudiantes de la Universidad de Sevilla que van a hacer su trabajo fin de estudios (TFE) y que necesitan realizar algún análisis de datos. Se explica cómo obtener la correlación de Pearson con el software SPSS. Se obtiene la correlación de Pearson. Se trata de un estadístico apropiado para estudiar la relación entre dos variables cuantitativas. Requiere el previo cumplimiento de los supuestos.

En este vídeo sobre análisis de datos se explica cómo calcular la U de Mann-Whitney utilizando el software SPSS. Este vídeo está pensado fundamentalmente para estudiantes de la Universidad de Sevilla que van a hacer su trabajo fin de estudios (TFE) y que necesitan realizar algún análisis de datos. Se explica cómo obtener la U de Mann-Whitney con el software SPSS. Se obtiene la U de Mann-Whitney. Se trata de un estadístico apropiado para estudiar, en estudios transversales, la relación entre una variable independiente nominal con dos grupos y una variable dependiente ordinal o cuantitativa donde no se cumplan los supuestos.

En este vídeo sobre análisis de datos se explica cómo calcular Kruskal-Wallis utilizando el software SPSS. Este vídeo está pensado fundamentalmente para estudiantes de la Universidad de Sevilla que van a hacer su trabajo fin de estudios (TFE) y que necesitan realizar algún análisis de datos. Se explica cómo obtener Kruskal-Wallis con el software SPSS. Se obtiene Kruskal-Wallis. Se trata de un estadístico apropiado para estudiar, en estudios transversales, la relación entre una variable independiente nominal con dos o más grupos y una variable dependiente ordinal o cuantitativa donde no se cumplan los supuestos.

En este vídeo sobre análisis de datos se explica cómo calcular la regresión múltiple utilizando el software SPSS. Este vídeo está pensado fundamentalmente para estudiantes de la Universidad de Sevilla que van a hacer su trabajo fin de estudios (TFE) y que necesitan realizar algún análisis de datos. Se explica cómo obtener la regresión múltiple con el software SPSS. Este vídeo está pensado fundamentalmente para estudiantes de la Universidad de Sevilla que van a hacer su trabajo fin de estudios (TFE) y que necesitan realizar algún análisis de datos. Se explica cómo obtener la regresión múltiple con el software SPSS.

En este vídeo sobre análisis de datos se explica cómo calcular el ANOVA mixto utilizando el software SPSS. Este vídeo está pensado fundamentalmente para estudiantes de la Universidad de Sevilla que van a hacer su trabajo fin de estudios (TFE) y que necesitan realizar algún análisis de datos. Se explica cómo obtener el ANOVA mixto con el software SPSS. Se obtiene el ANOVA mixto. Se trata de un estadístico apropiado para estudiar la relación entre dos variables independientes nominales (una de ellas transversal y la otra longitudinal), y una variable dependiente cuantitativa. Requiere el previo cumplimiento de los supuestos.

En este vídeo sobre análisis de datos se explica cómo calcular el alfa de Cronbach utilizando el software SPSS. Este vídeo está pensado fundamentalmente para estudiantes de la Universidad de Sevilla que van a hacer su trabajo fin de estudios (TFE) y que necesitan realizar algún análisis de datos. Se explica cómo obtener el alfa de Cronbach con el software SPSS. Se obtiene el alfa de Cronbach como medida de la fiabilidad como consistencia interna de unos datos recogidos con tests, de los que se conozca su estructura factorial y / o el modo de obtención del resultado en el constructo.

En este vídeo sobre análisis de datos se explica cómo calcular la t de Student para muestras independientes utilizando el software SPSS. Este vídeo está pensado fundamentalmente para estudiantes de la Universidad de Sevilla que van a hacer su trabajo fin de estudios (TFE) y que necesitan realizar algún análisis de datos. Se explica cómo obtener t de Student para muestras independientes con el software SPSS. Se obtiene la t de Student para muestras independientes. Se trata de un estadístico apropiado para estudiar la relación entre una variable independiente nominal con dos grupos, y una variable dependiente cuantitativa. Requiere el previo cumplimiento de los supuestos.

En este vídeo sobre análisis de datos se explica cómo preparar una base de datos utilizando el software SPSS. Este vídeo está pensado fundamentalmente para estudiantes de la Universidad de Sevilla que van a hacer su trabajo fin de estudios (TFE) y que necesitan realizar algún análisis de datos. Se explica el primer paso sobre cómo definir las variables en el software SPSS y cómo introducir los datos. Se distingue entre la introducción de datos en un diseño de corte transversal o longitudinal.

En este vídeo sobre análisis de datos se explica cómo calcular la t de Student para muestras relacionadas utilizando el software SPSS. Este vídeo está pensado fundamentalmente para estudiantes de la Universidad de Sevilla que van a hacer su trabajo fin de estudios (TFE) y que necesitan realizar algún análisis de datos. Se explica cómo obtener la t de Student para muestras relacionadas con el software SPSS. Se obtiene la t de Student para muestras relacionadas. Se trata de un estadístico apropiado para estudiar la relación entre una variable independiente nominal con dos grupos o momentos de medida, y una variable dependiente cuantitativa. Requiere el previo cumplimiento de los supuestos.

Con el fin de mantener el nivel de participación en clases online en compara- ción con las clases presenciales, este Ciclo de Mejora, aplicado a las clases teóricas de Diseño y Análisis de Datos en Psicología I (asignatura de primer curso del Grado en Psicología), consistió en utilizar una pizarra digital a través de Blackboard Co- llaborate. La metodología se basó en intercalar la presentación de diapositivas de teoría con ejemplos prácticos. Se mostraba en pantalla el enunciado del ejercicio y el esqueleto (las tablas vacías y las fórmulas a utilizar sin resolver), y se iba es - cribiendo, con ayuda de una tableta gráfica, aquello que el alumnado iba propo- niendo a raíz de preguntas clave que la profesora iba formulando a lo largo de todo el proceso de resolución. Un pre-test sirvió para determinar el punto de partida del alumnado en conocimiento sobre la asignatura. El mismo instrumento aplicado al final de la intervención sirvió para comprobar el grado de aprendizaje adquirido. Con preguntas de opinión de cumplimentación anónima, se concluyó que el alum- nado consideró muy útil el uso de la pizarra digital en la dinámica de clase y vol- vería a proponer su uso para el próximo curso. En próximas ediciones, se espera continuar con el fomento de la participación activa y el aprendizaje autónomo del alumnado, a partir de la aplicación de la sistematización en la enseñanza. Palabras clave: Diseño y Análisis de Datos en Psicología I, Grado en Psicología, docencia universitaria, desarrollo profesional docente, pizarra virtual.

Studies about violence against women specific to the Chilean population are scarce. As a result, government treatment programs lack a local perspective. Predictor variables were analyzed in the mental health of Chilean women who have survived intimate partner abuse. Two hundred and two women who made regular visits to public Women’s Centers participated in the study; on average, they had survived 11 years of abuse. Logistic regression analyses were conducted to determine what variable/s in the history of violence best predicted the mental health variables. Among other protective factors, an increase in both resilience and the time since the last violent episode yielded a reduction in levels of general psychological distress ( B = –1.836, p < .001 and B = 1.117, p < .001 respectively), post-traumatic stress disorder ( B = –1.243, p = .002 and B = 1.221, p < .001 respectively), and depression ( B = –1.822, p < .001 and B = 1.433, p < .001 respectively). The study also noted risk factors such as a high level of additional stressors, which in turn led to increased levels of general psychological distress ( B = 1.007, p = .005), post-traumatic stress disorder ( B = 0.928, p = .013), and depression ( B = 1.061, p = .016). The Women’s Center is the place where women feel most supported. To improve the effectiveness of treatments at these centers and aid in the recovery of women who have suffered from intimate partner violence, the predictive factors significantly related to mental health should be taken into account. This means prioritizing cases where the last episode of violence was more recent, addressing additional stressors, and promoting resilience.

AIM In common clinical practice, potentially traumatic life events and the possible attribution of such events to fibromyalgia often go undetected. Having demonstrated in a previous study that hypnosis facilitates the exploration of such events, we now aim to explore and classify the content of these events and to determine whether there is an association between the type of event, the state of consciousness in which the patient verbalized it, and possible causal attributions of the disorder. METHOD Thirty-two women (age 52 ± 7 years) suffering from fibromyalgia and receiving care in a primary healthcare center participated in the same semi-structured interview twice: once in a wakeful state and once under hypnosis. They answered two questions: what other events in your life coincided with the onset of fibromyalgia? Are those events related to your fibromyalgia in any way? To counteract biases related to order or recall, the order of the two interviews was randomized with a 3-month period in between. RESULTS The patients verbalized 23 different types of events, which we classified into eight categories, mostly psychosocial events. Although the relationship between the three variables was not statistically significant, two of the bivariate associations predicted (type of event and state of consciousness; and state of consciousness and causal attribution) were confirmed (χ2 , P values of .01 and

Objective The need for measuring emotional functioning in patients with chronic pain was recognized decades ago. The Initiative on Methods, Measures, and Pain Assessment in Clinical Trials (IMMPACT) proposed the Profile of Mood States for this purpose. However, to date, its factor structure has not been confirmed in these patients. Methods We set out to use confirmatory factor analysis to test the theoretical structure of seven factors: Tension-Anxiety, Depression-Dejection, Anger-Hostility, Vigor-Activity, Fatigue-Inertia, Confusion-Bewilderment, and Friendliness. Participants The sample consisted of 588 Spanish adult patients with chronic pain. Results The original structure could not be verified according to the obtained fit indices (e.g., root-mean-square error of approximation = 0.11). For this reason, we carried out a second study that relied on exploratory factor analysis to evaluate the structure in half of the cases and confirmatory factor analysis to validate it in the other half. The factor structure detected in the exploratory factor analysis was not satisfactory, nor could it be validated with confirmatory factor analysis (e.g., normed fit index between 0.54 and 0.56). Conclusions The factor structure of the Profile of Mood States could not be satisfactorily confirmed. Consequently, other mood measures and shorter, optimized versions of the POMS are discussed as possible alternatives.

La evidencia utilizada al tomar decisiones sobre el diseño, implementación y evaluación en los programas de intervención debe ser metodológicamente sólida. Dependiendo del contexto de la intervención, se pueden aplicar diferentes metodologías. Sin embargo, el contexto de la intervención es a menudo inestable y, para adaptarse a las circunstancias cambiantes, se hace necesario modificar el plan original. El marco propuesto en este documento se basa en enfoques que pueden considerarse dos extremos de un continuo (diseños experimentales / cuasiexperimentales y estudios basados ​​en metodología observacional). En condiciones de contexto de intervención inestable, esto permite tomar decisiones desde un enfoque de calidad metodológica en cuanto a diseño, medición y análisis. Las dimensiones estructurales, i.e., las unidades (participantes, usuarios), el tratamiento (actividades del programa), los resultados (incluidas las decisiones sobre los instrumentos a utilizar y la recopilación de datos), el entorno (contexto de implementación) y el tiempo se detallarán como parte del marco práctico. El presente estudio tiene como objetivo especificar el grado de correspondencia / complementariedad entre componentes en estas dimensiones estructurales de la evaluación de un programa desde una perspectiva de complementariedad práctica basada en la calidad metodológica. The evidence used when making decisions about the design, implementation and evaluation in intervention programs should be methodologically sound. Depending on the context of the intervention, different methodologies may apply. Nonetheless, the intervention context is often unstable and, to adapt to changing circumstances, it sometimes becomes necessary to modify the original plan. The framework proposed herein draws on approaches that can be considered two extremes of a continuum (experimental/quasi-experimental designs and studies based on observational methodology). In unstable intervention context conditions, this enables decisions from a methodological quality approach regarding design, measurement, and analysis. Structural dimensions, i.e., units (participants, users), treatment (program activities), outcomes (results, including decisions about the instruments to use and data gathering), setting (implementation context) and time will be detailed as part of the practical framework. The present study aims to specify the degree of correspondence/complementarity between components in these structural dimensions of a program evaluation from a practical complementarity perspective based on methodological quality. Programa Operativo FEDER Andalucía 2014-2020, government of Andalucía, Spain US-1263096 Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades PGC2018-098742-B-C31 Generalitat de Catalunya Research Group, GRUP DE RECERCA I INNOVACIÓ EN DISSENYS (GRID). Tecnología i aplicació multimedia i digital als dissenys Grant number 2017 SGR 1405observacionals Fondo Nacional de Desarrollo Científico y Tecnológico FONDECYT Regular, CONICYT (Chile) 1190945

This study is based on a 40-item work climate scale in hospital emergency services (WCSHES). Teams working in these emergency services experience a heavy workload and have a limited amount of time with each patient. COVID-19 has further complicated these existing issues. Therefore, we believed it would be helpful to draft an abridged version of the 40-item WCSHES, considering both validity and reliability criteria, but giving greater weight to validity. One hundred and twenty-six workers between the ages of 20 to 64 (M = 32.45, standard deviation (SD = 9.73)) years old participated voluntarily in the study. The validity, reliability, and fit model were evaluated in an iterative process. The confirmatory factor analysis yielded appropriate global fit indices in the abridged 24-item version (Χ2(248) = 367.84, p &lt, 0.01, RMSEA = 0.06 with an interval of 90% from 0.05 to 0.07, SRMR = 0.08, GFI = 0.9, AGFI = 0.96, CFI = 0.98, NFI = 0.95, and NNFI = 0.98), along with test criteria validity (ρXY = 0.68, p &lt, 0.001) and excellent reliability (α = 0.94 and ω = 0.94), maintaining the same conceptualization and usefulness of the original scale. The abridged 24-item version was used to measure four work climate factors (work satisfaction, productivity/achievement of aims, interpersonal relations, and performance at work). Evidence of the usefulness of the new abridged scale is provided along with a description of our study limitations and future areas for development.

The effect of a ketogenic diet (KD) on biochemical parameters and nutritional status has been the subject of debate over the years, as several randomized clinical trials (RCTs) obtained different results. Method: A systematic review and random-effects meta-analysis of RCTs comparing KD with a balanced diet was performed by means of a search of PubMed, Cochrane Library, Scopus, and Web of Science. Trials where the method for measuring the response variables was unclear, those that considered pathologies other than chronic non-communicable diseases and those with participants receiving pharmacological treatment for obesity were excluded from the comparison. Results: Of the studies included in the meta-analysis, no statistically significant standardized mean differences were observed for body mass index (BMI) (d = −0.457, p = 0.359), total cholesterol, COL-T (d = 0.230, p = 0.591), high-density lipoprotein, HDL (d = −0.028, p = 0.934), low-density lipoprotein, LDL (d = 0.528, p = 0.173), or triglycerides, TG (d = −0.283, p = 0.222), with high values of heterogeneity. The percentage of women included in the studies is a significant moderating variable in terms of BMI ratio (z = −6.68, p < 0.001) and TG (z = −2.27, p = 0.023). Conclusion: A KD shows no more benefits on nutritional parameters than a balanced diet, and adverse effects of being on the diet are sometimes reported. Fondo Nacional de Desarrollo Científico y Tecnológico FONDECYT Regular, CONICYT 1190945 Programa Operativo FEDER Andalucía 2014–2020 US-1263096

The way couples regulate their emotions affects the quality of their relationship. Despite this, no evidence-based scales of validity and reliability can measure the intention to regulate emotions in the romantic dyad. In order to address this gap, we developed the Couples Extrinsic Emotion Regulation (CEER) questionnaire. First, we adapted the “Others” subscale from the Emotion Regulation of Others and Self questionnaire (EROS) for any close relationship to measure the intention to regulate emotions in couples; second, the psychometric properties of the CEER questionnaire were studied. For the content validity assessment, 23 experts (47.8% of whom worked in social and health psychology and the psychology of emotions, 17.4% in couples’ therapy, and 34.8% in social science methodologies) participated. A total of 528 Chileans completed the online CEER questionnaire, the relationship satisfaction scale (RAS) and dyadic adjustment scale (DAS): 27.8% were male, age M = 38.7, SD = 10.05, and time of the relationships M = 11.27, SD = 9.82. The content-based validity study made it possible to determine which items to include in the final version. Two unrelated first-order factors structure of the original test fit (RMSEA = .052, GFI = .97, AGFI = .95; CFI = .99; NFI = .98; and NNFI = .98). The CEER+ and CEER- factors presented adequate internal consistency (α = .79; ω = .80 and α = .85; ω = .85, respectively). The discrimination index of the factors were excellent (CEER+ = .55 and CEER- = .63). Validity evidence based on the relations to other variables showed a direct positive relation between CEER+, RAS and overall DAS, as well as their factors; and a negative relation between CEER-, RAS overall DAS, as well as their factors. The use of this instrument is recommended for the identification of Chilean couples where at least one of the partners has a less favorable opinion of their relationship, providing relevant data for couple’s therapy.

El objetivo de este Ciclo de Mejora Docente fue ampliar el grado de implicación del alumnado con el fin de obtener un aprendizaje más profundo y duradero en el tiempo y aumentar su autonomía. La estrategia utilizada fue trabajo en grupo y autocorrección por parte del alumnado (tras un intercambio, para que nadie evaluara su propio trabajo). El alumnado participó en el Ciclo y adquirió en general los contenidos planificados, dándose diferencias significativas entre las respuestas más frecuentes en el pre-test (antes del curso, donde se daban más errores y omisiones) y en el post-test. Para cursos futuros, se esperan mantener las autoevaluaciones.

No existing instrument addresses the minimum number of items that guarantee methodological quality in studies based on observational methodology. Consequently, professionals who are not experts in observational methodology do not have a basic framework to guide their practice in this type of study. This study developed a checklist to measure the minimum number of items for methodological quality that studies based on observational methodology should consider and provided evidence of their validity based on test content and intercoder reliability.Fifty-four judges with at least 1 year of experience in observational methodology and research based on this methodology evaluated the items of the developed checklist in terms of relevance, usefulness, and feasibility. Items were selected if they obtained at least .5 in the Osterlind indexes of the three aspects evaluated. Two coders applied the selected items to a random selection of articles that used observational methodology to investigate soccer, and intercoder reliability was examined using Cohen's kappa (k) coefficients.The final checklist included 16 items grouped into 11 criteria/dimensions, with adequate reliability coefficients.This study developed a useful instrument for non-expert professionals to enhance the methodological quality of studies based on observational methodology.

Physicians and other health sciences professionals need continuous training, not only in technical aspects of their activity but also in nontechnical, transversal competencies with a cost-efficient impact on the proper functioning of healthcare. The objective of this paper is to analyze the behavioral change among health professionals at a large public hospital following a training intervention on a set of core nontechnical competencies: Teamwork, Adaptability-Flexibility, Commitment-Engagement, Results Orientation, and Leadership Skills for Supervisors. The 360° Multisource Feedback (MSF) model was applied using three sources of information: supervisors, co-workers, and the workers themselves (self-assessment). A quasi-experimental pretest–post-test single-group design with two points in time was utilized. The training intervention improved the scores of only one of the trained competencies—the “Results Orientation” competency—although the scores were slightly inflated. Moreover, significant discrepancies were detected between the three sources, with supervisors awarding the highest scores. The magnitude of behavioral change was related to certain sociodemographic and organizational variables. The study was not immune to the ceiling effect, despite control measures aimed at avoiding it. The empirical evidence suggests that the 360° MSF model must be maintained over time to enhance and reinforce an evaluation culture for better patient care. Fondo Nacional de Desarrollo Científico y Tecnológico 1190945 Junta de Andalucía US-1263096

Los estudios sobre la dimensionalidad del Test de Orientación Vital-Revisado (LOTR), considerado el estándar en la medida del optimismo disposicional, resultan controvertidos al encontrar diversas soluciones factoriales. Así, no se ha establecido la estructura factorial definitiva de la prueba. El objetivo del presente estudio es determinar la estructura factorial del LOT-R mediante la comparación de los siete modelos empíricos existentes en la literatura. El instrumento fue administrado a 906 participantes españoles, de edades comprendidas entre los 18 y los 61 años (edad media = 23; 56% hombres). Se llevaron a cabo análisis factoriales confirmatorios sobre la matriz de correlaciones policóricas. Teniendo en cuenta los modelos teóricos existentes y los mejores índices de ajuste (RMSEA = 0,038; CFI = 0,98), concluimos que el LOT-R presenta una estructura factorial de segundo orden (orientación vital), compuesta por dos factores (Optimismo y Pesimismo). En consecuencia, recomendamos utilizar una única puntuación global que puede denominarse orientación vital y que, en último término, representa el nivel de optimismo disposicional. Studies of the dimensionality of the Life Orientation Test-Revised (LOT-R), considered as the gold standard in the measurement of dispositional optimism, yield controversial results due to the various factorial solutions found. Consequently, the factorial structure of the test has not yet been fully established. The aim of this study is to determine the factorial structure of the LOT-R by comparing seven previous models and their empirical evidence. The test was administered to 906 Spanish participants, ages 18 to 61 (mean age: 23; 56% males). Confirmatory factor analyses were conducted using polychoric correlations. Considering the theoretical background and the best model fit indices (RMSEA=.038; CFI=.98), we conclude that the test presents a factorial structure of a second-order factor (life orientation) composed of two factors (optimism and pessimism). Thus, we recommend using a single global score that could be referred to as life orientation but which ultimately represents the level of dispositional optimism.

An adequate work climate fosters productivity in organizations and increases employee satisfaction. Workers in emergency health services (EHS) have an extremely high degree of responsibility and consequent stress. Therefore, it is essential to foster a good work climate in this context. Despite this, scales with a full study of their psychometric properties (i.e., validity evidence based on test content, internal structure and relations to other variables, and reliability) are not available to measure work climate in EHS specifically. For this reason, our objective was to develop a scale tomeasure the quality of work climates in EHS.We carried out three studies. In Study 1, we used a mixed-method approach to identify the latent conceptual structure of the construct work climate. Thus, we integrated the results found in (a) a previous study, where a content analysis of seven in-depth interviews obtained from EHS professionals in two hospitals in Gibraltar Countryside County was carried out; and (b) the factor analysis of the responses given by 113 EHS professionals from these same centers to 18 items that measured the work climate in health organizations. As a result, we obtained 56 items grouped into four factors (work satisfaction, productivity/achievement of aims, interpersonal relationships, and performance at work). In Study 2, we presented validity evidence based on test content through experts’ judgment. Fourteen experts from the methodology and health fields evaluated the representativeness, utility, and feasibility of each of the 56 items with respect to their factor (theoretical dimension). Forty items met the inclusion criterion, which was to obtain an Osterlind index value greater than or equal to 0.5 in the three aspects assessed. In Study 3, 201 EHS professionals from the same centers completed the resulting 40-item scale. This new instrument produced validity evidence based on the internal structure in a second-order factormodel with four components (RMSEA=0.079, GFI = 0.97, AGFI = 0.97, CFI = 0.97; NFI = 0.95, and NNFI = 0.97); absence of differential Item Functioning (DIF) in 80% of the items; reliability (a = 0.96); and validity evidence based on relations to other variables, specifically the test-criterion relationship (r = 0.680). Finally, we discuss further developments of the instrument and its possible implications for EHS workers. Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación PSI2011-29587 Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad PSI2015-71947-REDT

El presente trabajo forma parte de los resultados obtenidos en los proyectos de investigacion SEJ2004-05360/EDUC, P06-HUM-01458, PSI2011-29587 y 1150096 subvencionados por el Ministerio de Educacion y Ciencia, por la Consejeria de Innovacion, Ciencia y Empresa de la Junta de Andalucia, por el Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovacion, y por el Fondo Nacional de Desarrollo Cientifico y Tecnologico -FONDECYT- de Chile, respectivamente

Observational studies are based on systematic observation, understood as an organized recording and quantification of behavior in its natural context. Applied to the specific area of sports, observational studies present advantages when comparing studies based on other designs, such as the flexibility for adapting to different contexts and the possibility of using non-standardized instruments as well as a high degree of development in specific software and data analysis. Although the importance and usefulness of sports-related observational studies have been widely shown, there is no checklist to report these studies. Consequently, authors do not have a guide to follow in order to include all of the important elements in an observational study in sports areas, and reviewers do not have a reference tool for assessing this type of work. To resolve these issues, this article aims to develop a checklist to measure the quality of sports-related observational studies based on a content validity study. The participants were 22 judges with at least 3 years of experience in observational studies, sports areas, and methodology. They evaluated a list of 60 items systematically selected and classified into 12 dimensions. They were asked to score four aspects of each item on 5-point Likert scales to measure the following dimensions: representativeness, relevance, utility, and feasibility. The judges also had an open-format section for comments. The Osterlind index was calculated for each item and for each of the four aspects. Items were considered appropriate when obtaining a score of at least 0.5 in the four assessed aspects. After considering these inclusion criteria and all of the open-format comments, the resultant checklist consisted of 54 items grouped into the same initial 12 dimensions. Finally, we highlight the strengths of this work. We also present its main limitation: the need to apply the resultant checklist to obtain data and, thus, increase quality indicators of its psychometric properties. For this reason, as relevant actions for further development, we encourage expert readers to use it and provide feedback; we plan to apply it to different sport areas. Fondo para el Desarrollo Científico y Tecnológico de Chile-FONDECYT 1150096 Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad de España PSI2015-71947- REDT Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad de España, Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional DEP2015-66069-P Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación de España PSI2011-29587

According to evidence from recent decades, multicomponent programs of psychological intervention in people with chronic pain have reached the highest levels of efficacy. However, there are still many questions left to answer since efficacy has mainly been shown among upper-middle class patients in English-speaking countries and in controlled studies, with expert professionals guiding the intervention and with a limited number of domains of painful experience evaluated. For this study, a program of multicomponent psychological intervention was implemented: (a) based on techniques with empirical evidence, but developed in Spain; (b) at a public primary care center; (c) among patients with limited financial resources and lower education; (d) by a novice psychologist; and (e) evaluating all domains of painful experience using the instruments recommended by the Initiative on Methods, Measurement, and Pain Assessment in Clinical Trials (IMMPACT). The aim of this study was to evaluate this program. We selected a consecutive sample of 40 patients treated for chronic non-cancer pain at a primary care center in Utrera (Seville, Spain), adults who were not in any employment dispute, not suffering from psychopathology, and not receiving psychological treatment. The patients participated in 10 psychological intervention sessions, one per week, in groups of 13-14 people, which addressed psychoeducation for pain; breathing and relaxation; attention management; cognitive restructuring; problem-solving; emotional management; social skills; life values and goal setting; time organization and behavioral activation; physical exercise promotion; postural and sleep hygiene; and relapse prevention. In addition to the initial assessment, measures were taken after the intervention and at a six-month follow-up. We assessed the program throughout the process: before, during and after the implementation. Results were analyzed statistically (significance and effect size) and from a clinical perspective (clinical significance according to IMMPACT standards). According to this analysis, the intervention was successful, although improvement tended to decline at follow-up, and the detailed design gave the program assessment a high degree of standardization and specification. Finally, suggestions for improvement are presented for upcoming applications of the program.

The Campbellian tradition provides a conceptual framework to assess threats to validity. On the other hand, different models of causal analysis have been developed to control estimation biases in different research designs. However, the link between design features, measurement issues, and concrete impact estimation analyses is weak. In order to provide an empirical solution to this problem, we use Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) as a first approximation to operationalize the analytical implications of threats to validity in quasi-experimental designs. Based on the analogies established between the Classical Test Theory (CTT) and causal analysis, we describe an empirical study based on SEM in which range restriction and statistical power have been simulated in two different models: (1) A multistate model in the control condition (pre-test); and (2) A single-trait-multistate model in the control condition (post-test), adding a new mediator latent exogenous (independent) variable that represents a threat to validity. Results show, empirically, how the differences between both the models could be partially or totally attributed to these threats. Therefore, SEM provides a useful tool to analyze the influence of potential threats to validity. Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación PSI2011-29587 Fondo Nacional de Desarrollo Científico y Tecnológico(FONDECYT) 1150096

Two-phase single-case designs, including baseline evaluation followed by an intervention, represent the most clinically straightforward option for combining professional practice and research. However, unless they are part of a multiple-baseline schedule, such designs do not allow demonstrating a causal relation between the intervention and the behavior. Although the statistical options reviewed here cannot help overcoming this methodological limitation, we aim to make practitioners and applied researchers aware of the available appropriate options for extracting maximum information from the data. In the current paper, we suggest that the evaluation of behavioral change should include visual and quantitative analyses, complementing the substantive criteria regarding the practical importance of the behavioral change. Specifically, we emphasize the need to use structured criteria for visual analysis, such as the ones summarized in the What Works Clearinghouse Standards, especially if such criteria are complemented by visual aids, as illustrated here. For quantitative analysis, we focus on the non-overlap of all pairs and the slope and level change procedure, as they offer straightforward information and have shown reasonable performance. An illustration is provided of the use of these three pieces of information: visual, quantitative, and substantive. To make the use of visual and quantitative analysis feasible, open source software is referred to and demonstrated. In order to provide practitioners and applied researchers with a more complete guide, several analytical alternatives are commented on pointing out the situations (aims, data patterns) for which these are potentially useful. Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación de España PSI2011-29587 Fondo Nacional de Desarrollo Científico y Tecnológico FONDECYT (Chile) 1150096