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Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is often affected by abiotic stress such as high temperatures and water deficit. Due to this, grain yield can be reduced by a water deficit and an inadequate grain filling as well as affect synthesis of polyphenolic compounds. The aim of this study was to determine the influence of water deficit on yield in spring wheat cultivars during grain filling stage, and evaluate total polyphenol content in whole wheat flour. Experiments were conducted at two locations during 2016-2017 growing season, using a randomized complete block design with a split-plot arrangement, with 12 treatments consisting of three irrigations levels and four spring wheat cultivars. In Site 1, interaction (P < 0.05) was obtained between water deficit level and cultivar, ‘Pantera-INIA CL’ achieved highest grain yield (10.5 Mg ha-1), with a well-watered treatment, while ‘Lasana’ reached lowest grain yield (8.5 Mg ha-1), with a severe water deficit. However, water deficit did not affect significantly (P > 0.05) grain yield in Site 2, and differences were observed only between cultivars (P < 0.05) in a range of 6.1 to 7.1 Mg ha-1. Total polyphenol content was not affected by water deficit, differences were only observed between cultivars in both locations (P < 0.05). However, cultivars showed a higher total polyphenol content in Site 1. Water deficit level did not negatively influence yield of four wheat cultivars evaluated in Site 2. While in Site 1, only yield of ‘Lasana’ and ‘Pantera-INIA CL’ was reduced, with severe water deficit.

Drought represents significant environmental stress, and improving agriculture water management and yield is a priority goal. The effect of diminishing soil water content in the grain filling (GF) stage, throughout physiological maturity (GM), on the yield and grain quality, leaf water potential (LWP), and maximum quantum yield (Fv/Fm) in four long photoperiod quinoa genotypes was evaluated in the South-Central zone of Chile, during the 2014–2015 and 2015–2016 seasons. Five irrigation treatments (T) were established. Irrigation was carried out when the available water (AW) of the root zone reached values of 100%, 70%, 40%, 20%, and 0%. The lowest LWP values were obtained by T20 and T0 (−1.95 MPa). The ‘Morado’ genotype reached the lowest LWP at both seasons, while the highest average LWP was achieved by the ‘AG 2010’ (2014–2015) and ‘Cahuil’ genotypes (2015–2016). A global trend of Fv/Fm values was observed from GF to GM: 0.74 toward 0.79 (2014/2015), and 0.74 toward 0.82 (2015/2016). Only during the second season, Fv/Fm showed differences among irrigation treatments. Total average grain yields in the second season (2.97 t ha−1) were greater than those in the first season (1.43 t ha−1). In both seasons, the ‘Cahuil’ genotype and T100 reached the highest yields. A significative decrease in yield was observed when AW diminished. A direct relationship between seed yield and leaf water potential (ΔY/ΔLWP) was found in all genotypes, varying between 5.53 (‘Cahuil’) and 2.86 t ha−1 MPa−1 (‘AG 2010’). Total proteins, albumins, and globulins varied between seasons, with almost no differences among irrigation treatments. Only the ‘Morado’ genotype showed a slight trend to obtain a higher content of total protein in both seasons. It is possible to grow quinoa under irrigation deficit conditions between GF throughout GM, maintaining yield parameters and nutritional quality.

BACKGROUND: The native Chilean white strawberry (Fragaria chiloensis ssp. chiloensis f. chiloensis) is a semi-domesticated crop that has a characteristic aroma and flavor and a low production in southern Chile. However, edaphoclimatic conditions can influence on fruit quality attributes and its health benefits. Establishing a link between seasonal changes and aroma or biological activity require detailed research in exploring bioactive compounds. OBJECTIVE: The present work assessed how seasonal and local changes varied the content of bioactive compounds and therefore change their aromatic quality and the response of biological activity. METHODS: White Strawberry from two seasons and two locations were investigated; FCC1, FCC2 (Fragaria chiloensis from Contulmo, 2017 and 2018 season, respectively), FCP1, FCP2 (F. chiloensis from Purén, 2017 and 2018 season, respectively). Measurement of changes on volatile compounds were studied by SPME/GC-MS. Analyses of variations on phenolic compounds were investigated by HPLC-DAD-ESI-MSn with total polyphenolic content and antioxidant capacity by using DPPH• and ORAC assays by spectrophotometric and fluorimetric methods. The relationship between different concentrations of compounds and in vitro biological activity including inhibitory tests for α-glucosidase and acetylcholinesterase were analyzed. RESULTS: In the fruit extracts, 38 volatiles and 27 phenolic compounds were identified detecting differences among the samples, being affected by climatic conditions and location. The total content of ellagic acid and its derivatives was 6.54 mg 100 g-1 FW for FCC1, showing statistical differences with respect to the rest strawberries. Nonetheless, the antioxidant capacity tests revealed high antioxidant capacity for all samples, being FCP2 the significantly highest activity (3314μmol Trolox 100 g-1 FW by DPPH• assay) compared to the rest of locations and seasons. Additional inhibitory tests α-glucosidase and acetylcholinesterase showed statistically differences due to seasonal and location changes where was observed higher ellagic acid derivates content and bioactivity. The Chilean white strawberry extracts were effective inhibitors of α-glucosidase (non-competitive) and acetylcholinesterase (competitive) activities, respectively, presenting FCC1 the most potent inhibitory effects. CONCLUSIONS: A higher ellagic acid content in Chilean white strawberry, affected by seasonal and location changes, influenced on the biological activity potential. Therefore, the relatively high antioxidant capacity, phytochemical composition and biological activity potential, of these aromatic fruits, offer a great opportunity for the rural developments, however it will be necessary to implement good practices that would guarantee batch-to-batch replicability for quality and composition of these foods for the future., The authors gratefully acknowledge financial support of FONDECYT 1160899

The impact of herbicide application on the accumulation of secondary metabolites and photosynthesis as stress indicators in the quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) crop is unknown. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the effect of two post-emergence herbicides on production, total polyphenol content, and chlorophyll fluorescence in quinoa. The experiments were conducted for two consecutive seasons using a completely randomized block design with seven treatments, including two herbicides and three commercial product rates, as well as a control without herbicide application. Production parameters, yield components, and stress indicators were evaluated. Yield was affected (P < 0.05) by herbicide application in some treatments; control and treatment with only one bentazon application varied from 1851.23 to 1235.03 kg ha-1, respectively. Yield affected the number of grains per plant (P < 0.05); control and treatment with only one bentazon application decreased yield from 3984.60 to 2040.94 kg ha-1, respectively. Total polyphenol content and percentage of germination in quinoa grains were not affected by stress caused by herbicide application (P > 0.05). The herbicide fomesafen did not affect the maximum quantum yield, while the herbicide bentazon had a significant effect (P < 0.05) during the application. Three sequential applications of bentazon and fomesafen in the absence of weeds were sufficient to achieve a yield that was equal (P > 0.05) to the control.

The increasing water scarcity affects the agricultural sector, and it is a significant constraining factor for crop production in many areas of the world. Water resource management and use related to crop productivity is the most important factor in many crops. Since consumer demands healthy food, the nutritive quality and the active ingredient need to be considered within the productive issue. The objective of this study was to determine water technical efficiency related to seed yield and seed protein content and composition in quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) under water stress using data envelopment analysis (DEA). The study was conducted in Chillan, Chile in two growing seasons. As water availability increased, seed yield, globulin, and albumin yield increased, particularly in the genotype Cahuil. The higher average efficiency levels for the DEA were 46.7% and 39.2% in Cahuil in both seasons at 20% available water (AW). The highest average efficiency of globulin yield was recorded in the same genotype (Cahuil). The highest multi-product technical efficiency levels in all input and output included in this study were observed in Cahuil, Regalona, and Morado under water scarcity in both seasons. In future studies related to crop management, DEA provides a good framework for estimating efficiency under restricted factors and multi-product results.

The demand for bioactive compounds for the pharmaceutical industry has increased dramatically in the last decade. Phenolic compounds, such as flavonoids, phenolic acids and anthocyanins, are commonly present in many plants. These compounds, which act as antioxidants, have attracted much attention due to their beneficial health properties. Maqui (Aristotelia chilensis (Mol.) Stuntz) fruits have the highest content of total polyphenols in comparison with other berries with medicinal properties. This review summarizes up-to-date production management research on maqui, with emphasis on resource sustainability. Scientific community has focused on the study of chemical characteristics and properties of maqui and their medicinal use. However, there are few studies on maqui production, harvest, and protection of maqui wild populations. Yield increases have been reported when pruning maqui trees, either by formation or production pruning. However, timing and intensity of pruning has neither been defined nor implemented in wild plants. An adequate canopy management plan would allow optimal light interception and distribution to increase productivity and facilitate harvest in wild stands.

The demand for healthy foods with high functional value has encouraged the search for alternatives to enhance food beneficial characteristics. Special attention has been given in recent years to quinoa ( Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) due to its high nutritional value like. high quality protein content. Quinoa seeds also contain various bioactive substances such as polyphenols, carotenoids, dietary fiber, and oleic acid, all of importance on human health. Recent studies have shown that edible sprouts have higher nutritional value than mature plants. The objectives of this study were i) to determine the effect of controlled water regimes during grain filling on the protein content, and electrophoretic pattern (albumins, globulins) of washed and unwashed quinoa seeds and ii) to evaluate changes in quinoa sprouts total polyphenol content. Seeds were produced under controlled irrigation conditions during grain filling. Seeds of quinoa cultivar AG2010 were grown under three water regimes (95%, 40%, and 20% soil available water). Experiments were conducted in a randomized complete block design with a split-plot arrangement. Albumin content of washed and unwashed seeds of AG2010 varied between 11.7 and 27.0 mg mL −1 and globulin content ranged between 15.3 and 31.9 mg mL −1 , respectively, but differences among water regimes were not significant. However, seed protein fractions decreased significantly when seeds were washed before the analysis. The number of albumins/globulins bands extracted from washed seeds was higher compared with the number of bands extracted from unwashed seeds; some of them probably correspond to dehydrins. Sodium chloride solution increased germination percentage (GP), vigor index (VI), and sprout fresh weight (FW) of B080 seeds compared with sucrose solution. No effects were observed in total polyphenol content (TP) of sprouts between sodium chloride or sucrose solutions. Similarly, light quality had no effect on GP, VI, FW, and TP content. In conclusion, quinoa seeds produced under different water regimes had different globulin content. Washing the seeds prior to sprouting to remove saponins changed the concentration and electrophoretic pattern of albumins and globulins. Stress caused by sodium chloride, sucrose, or light quality did not affect TP content in quinoa sprouts; however, sodium chloride decreased sprout growth.

Blueberry production under netting has increased in recent years to mitigate the adverse effects of climate change. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the effect of different radiation intensities on rabbit-eye blueberry (Vaccinium virgatum Aiton) ‘Ochlockonee’ photosynthetic efficiency and productive parameters. Four treatments were established: T1 (control), T2, T3, and T4 at 0%, 30%, 60%, and 90% radiation decrease (RD), respectively, with black shedding netting. The following were recorded for each treatment: environmental conditions, photosystem II (PSII) maximum quantum yield (Fv/Fm), photosystem II effective quantum yield , leaf stomatal conductance (gs), quality parameters, and fruit yield. Results showed an increase of 4.6 ºC in mean minimum temperatures for the different netting treatments, which promote development and fruit set, as well as prevent damage at temperatures near 0 ºC. The RD treatments increased between 175% and 325% (P < 0.05) compared to the control. It can be concluded that netting decreased soil temperature between 1 and 3 ºC and increased minimum temperatures between 1 and 6 ºC, which promoted plant development and decreased frost damage during flowering and fruit development. Current direct radiation levels over 1000 µmol m-2 s-1 in V. virgatum inhibited productivity in T1. Netting decreased the degree of photoinhibition and increased photosystem II photochemical efficiency throughout the day, and T4 and T3 exhibited the highest efficiency.

There is limited information about the critical period of weed interference (CPWI) in quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) and the effect produced by the weed-crop interaction in secondary metabolite accumulation. The objective of the present study was to determine the CPWI and its effect on total polyphenol content in quinoa. The experiments were conducted during two consecutive seasons using a randomized complete block design with 16 treatments consisting of 8 weed growth periods and 8 weed-free growth periods in which weed population and biomass were evaluated; productive parameters, yield components, and total polyphenols were determined in the quinoa crop. Grain number per plant affected yield because of weed interference (P < 0.05), which decreased from 4312 to 162 grains plant-1 in weed growth periods and increased from 181 to 5110 grains plant-1 in weed-free growth periods. Total polyphenol content was affected by stress from weed interference (P < 0.05), which increased from 2.2 gallic acid equivalents (GAE) g-1 to 3.6 mg GAE g-1 in weed growth periods and decreased from 3.6 GAE g-1 to 1.9 mg GAE g-1 in weed-free growth periods, while the population remained constant (P > 0.05). The CPWI was determined between the phenological stages of two true leaves to flowering; therefore, the quinoa crop must remain weed-free between these two phenological stages to rule out production losses greater than 5%

Nitrogen, P and K are essential macronutrients that are not readily available to plants. Rhizobacteria are able to convert these unavailable forms for subsequent uptake by the plant, diverse species have been characterized as N2 fixers, P solubilizers and capable to solubilize mineral K from unavailable forms. The objective of this study was to select rhizobacteria capable of improving NPK availability and promoting tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) growth. Fifteen strains were studied. Four strains were selected for their capacity to fix N2, three for their ability to solubilize P, and six for their capacity to solubilize biotite and K-feldspar, isolated from tomato, lentil, chili pepper, faba bean and lettuce crops in Andisol and Alfisol soils. Through 16SrRNA sequencing, selected strains were identified as Pseudomonas gessardi, P. koreensis, P. brassicacearum, P. marginalis, Acinetobacter calcoaceticus and Rahnella aquatica. Phosphorus solubilizing strains did not show a positive effect on plant growth or an increase in available soil P. The N2 fixing bacteria Tmt-16 strain increased root growth in 23.57%; maintained the highest N content in plant tissue, 2.60%, higher amount of N available in the soil, 2.95 mg kg-1, and a higher content of N-NH4 + 1.95 mg kg-1. The K solubilizing strains Ls-C21, Ltj-62 and LsC-58 reached 17.0 to 19.0 mg kg-1 available K and 0.04 to 0.05 mg kg-1 exchangeable K (p ≤ 0.05.). These four endemic rhizobacteria can be potentially used as biofertilizers, allowing a reduction in the use of chemical fertilizers and a more sustainable production of tomatoes

Fibromyalgia is a disease characterised as generalised chronic primary pain that causes functional disability and a reduction in patients' quality of life, without specific pathophysiology or appropriate treatment. Previous studies have shown that kinins and their B

Legumes in the genus Adesmia are wild species with forage and medicinal potential. Their nitrogen fixation efficiency depends on their association with soil bacteria known as rhizobia. The aim of this work was to assess the diversity and symbiotic effectiveness of root nodule bacteria from Adesmia boronioides, Adesmia emarginata and Adesmia tenella from different regions of Chile. Adesmia spp. nodules were collected from seven sites obtaining 47 isolates, which resulted in 19 distinct strains. The diversity of the strains was determined via partial sequencing of the dnaK, 16srRNA and nodA genes. The strains were authenticated as root nodule bacteria on their original host and assessed for symbiotic effectiveness on A. emarginata and A. tenella. The strains from Adesmia tenella clustered within the Mesorhizobium clade. Adesmia boronioides nodulated with Mesorhizobium sp., Rhizobium leguminosarum and Bradyrhizobium sp. The rhizobia from A. emarginata were identified as Burkholderia spp, which was symbiotically ineffective on this species and on A. tenella. Strains isolated from Adesmia emarginata nodules, but unable to induce nodulation, were identified as Labrys methylaminiphilus. Labrys strain AG-49 significantly increased root dry weight in A. emarginata. The nodA genes from Adesmia strains were unique and correlated to legume host. A. emarginata was effectively nodulated by Bradyrhizobium AG-64 and A. tenella by Mesorhizobium strains AG-51 and AG.52. It is concluded that Adesmia emarginata, A. tenella and A. boronioides are associated to diverse bacterial symbionts and selection of an effective inoculant is a key step to assist Adesmia spp. adaptation and restoration.

Alfalfa (Medicago sativa L. subsp. sativa) has emerged as an alternative crop for Mediterranean dryland areas in Chile. These soils show deficient nutritional levels affecting legume nodulation and N fixation through symbiosis with Ensifer meliloti. The objective of this work was to select plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) associated with alfalfa and to evaluate their effects in plant growth and nodulation. Bacterial strains were isolated from the rhizosphere of alfalfa cultivated in dryland soil in Mediterranean areas of Chile. The 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) deaminase activity, production of indole acetic acid (IAA), phosphate solubilization and the compatibility with E. meliloti was assessed for each strain. The selected bacterial strains were identified by the amplification of the 16S rRNA gene. Twelve of the 32 isolated strains were compatible with E. meliloti as they did not show signs of antagonism. Eight strains solubilized phosphate, 12 produced IAA ranging from 13.71 to 26.22 mg L-1 and only the GN-8 isolate reported ACC deaminase activity. In the plants, the nodulation was greater when the strain with ACC deaminase and E. meliloti were co-inoculated both in laboratory and greenhouse conditions (P < 0.05). The selected bacteria GN-2 and GN-8 belonged to the genus Bacillus, while GN-4 to Pseudomonas. In conclusion, PGPR collected in marginal soils of Mediterranean areas of Chile showed ACC deaminase activity, IAA production and phosphate solubilization. The co-inoculation with E. meliloti and Bacillus sp. GN-8 allowed earlier nodulation in alfalfa.

RESUMEN El pimiento boliviano (Schinus molle L.) es un árbol del cual se han identificado metabolitos secundarios con actividad insecticida. El objetivo fue evaluar, en condiciones de laboratorio, la actividad insecticida e insectistática del polvo y aceite esencial de frutos de S. molle sobre Sitophilus zeamais. En los bioensayos de toxicidad por contacto la mayor mortalidad se obtuvo con el aceite esencial al 8,0 % con 96,3% de insectos muertos con una CL50 de 3,82 mL aceite esencial 100 g-1 maíz (3,82%). A la misma concentración el polvo mostró un 63,8% de mortalidad y una CL50 de 7,95 g polvo 100 g-1 maíz (7,95%). Ambos tratamientos no afectaron significativamente la germinación ni la pérdida de peso del grano. El aceite esencial en la concentración de 8,0% provocó una completa inhibición en la emergencia mostrando una F1 de 0% de insectos adultos. Todos los tratamientos fueron repelentes y el mayor efecto antialimentario del aceite esencial se registró con la concentración de 16% con 71,2% de inhibición. Se concluyó que el polvo y aceite esencial de S. molle presentan toxicidad insecticida por contacto y efecto repelente e inhibidor de la alimentación sobre S. zeamais.

RESUMEN Sitophilus zeamais (gorgojo del maíz) en cereales almacenados se controla principalmente con insecticidas sintéticos. Una alternativa son los insecticidas botánicos, especialmente los aceites esenciales. En Chile, los mejores resultados se han obtenido con los de Peumus boldus (boldo), Laurelia sempervirens (laurel) y Laureliopsisphilippiana (tepa). Se estudió en laboratorio la repelencia de estos tres extractos sobre S. zeamais a lo largo del año. Los componentes principales de P. boldus fueron 1-8-cineol (14,9 a 40%) y ascaridol (24,37%). En L. sempervirens destacaron metil-eugenol (4,6 a 39,7%) y safrol (38,5 a 64,7%), y en L. philippiana safrol (17 a 39,6%) y linalool (0,9 a 34,5%). Salvo los extractos de L. philippiana y P. boldus al 0,125 y 0,25%, todos los tratamientos causaron repelencia, con mayor nivel en concentraciones ≥ 4%. Sólo el aceite esencial de L. sempervirens presentó variación estacional, con mayor repelencia en el follaje colectado en verano. La falta de efecto estacional de los aceites esenciales de P. boldus y L. philippiana se estiman promisorias para el control de plagas de granos almacenados durante todo el año.

The high content of amino acids of the quinoa, especially essential amino acids (higher than other cereals) makes a food increasingly demanded by consumers. A total of twelve amino acids (arginine, cystine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, phenylalanine, proline, serine, threonine, tryptophan, tyrosine and valine) were analyzed in quinoa samples from Chile by near infrared spectroscopy (NIR) with direct application to the samples of a remote fiber-optic reflectance probe. The calibration results using modified partial least squares (MPLS) regression satisfactorily allowed the determination of the concentrations of this amino acid group with high multiple correlation coefficients (RSQ = 0.97–0.71) and low standard prediction errors (SEPC = 0.07–0.20). The prediction capacity (RPD) for the arginine, the cystine, the isoleucine, the lysine, the serine, the threonine, the tryptophan, the tyrosine and the valine ranged between 2.6 and 5.2, for the rest of amino acids were higher to 1.8, indicating that the NIRS equations obtained were applicable to unknown samples. It has confirmed that NIRS technology is a method that may be useful to replace the traditional methods for routine analysis of some amino acids.

BACKGROUND: Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) has been traditionally used as a foodstuff in the Andes and it has gained increasing interest in recent years owing to its high nutritional value. The potential of near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) for estimating chemical compounds in quinoa was studied because of the possibility of conducting direct measurement without prior sample treatment. RESULTS: The use of NIRS technology with a remote reflectance fiber-optic probe for the analysis of major compounds and mineral composition of 48 quinoa samples was studied. The calibration of the NIRS instrument was conducted using modified partial least squares (MPLS) analysis. This allowed the determination of protein (16.0 – 20.2 g 100g −1 ), crude fiber (1.8 – 3.1 g 100g −1 ), fat (4.4 – 7.5 g 100g −1 ), calcium (298.8 – 1164.5 mg kg −1 ), iron (0 – 948.5 mg kg −1 ) and phosphorus (2735.0 – 4543.3 mg kg −1 ). The correlation coefficients (RSQ) were 0.83 for protein, 0.73 for crude fiber, 0.93 for fat; 0.60 for calcium; 0.76 for iron and 0.75 for phosphorus. The robustness of the equations obtained was verified by external validation on unknown quinoa samples. CONCLUSIONS: NIRS with fiber-optic probe provides an alternative for the determination of chemical compounds of quinoa, faster and at lower cost, with results comparable with chemical methods. c � 2013 Society of Chemical Industry

Phytochemicals which are found in fruit and vegetables have synergistic effects, responsible for their antioxidant activity that can scavenge harmful free radicals. Environmental stress factors during plant growth can regulate the accumulation of phytochemicals and other functional substances in seeds or other organs. The economic value that these bioactive substances have acquired, make it necessary to study the cropping systems affect high nutritional and functional values of food. The purpose of this research was to determine the effect of controlled water restriction on antioxidant content in seeds of three genotypes of quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) and its effect on the potential yield. The study was conducted in the south-central zone of Chile (Chillan, 36°35′43,2″S, 72°04′39,9″W and 140 m elevation), under field conditions and under controlled conditions in a greenhouse, during the 2010–2011 season. In both experiments, a randomized complete block experimental design with a split-plot arrangement was used. Main plot treatment was available water level (AW), once 50% of the grains were in the grain filling stage, establishing four irrigation treatments in which water applied was supplying when soil water content achieved 95%, 60%, 40%, and 20% AW. The subplots included three quinoa genotypes. Seed yield, the antioxidant characteristics of quinoa seeds using DPPH and CUPRAC method, the total phenolic compound and vitamin E were evaluated. Results indicated an increase of the antioxidant capacity in seeds of plants exposed to greater water restriction (20% AW), detecting a mean of 6.1 and 2.9 mg gallic acid equivalent (GAE) g−1 under controlled and field condition, respectively. Values of vitamin E did not differ between treatment of available water and genotype. Seed yield potential was reduced in different magnitude among genotype. It was concluded that the antioxidant capacity of quinoa seeds increases by applying 20% available water when seeds are between milk and dough phenological stage, without a considerably reduction on seed yield in genotype AG 2010.

La achicoria (Cichorium intybus L.) es un cultivo de reciente introduccion en Chile, para la produccion de raices que se cosechan el primer ano de desarrollo para la obtencion de inulina. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar el efecto de la aplicacion de magnesio en tres dosis sobre el desarrollo de la achicoria, sintomatologia foliar, concentracion y absorcion de nutrientes en hojas y raiz. El estudio se establecio en la Estacion Experimental "El Nogal" de la Universidad de Concepcion, empleando un diseno en bloques completo al azar con 5 repeticiones. La variedad utilizada fue Diesis, transplantadas con tres hojas verdaderas en bolsas de polietileno que contenian lana mineral. Durante el ensayo se aplico una fertilizacion referencial mediante solucion hidroponica (Solucion Hoagland). Para la aplicacion de magnesio se utilizaron tres concentraciones: deficitaria, referencial y toxica. Durante el desarrollo del cultivo se evaluo la sintomatologia y contenido de clorofila en hojas, peso fresco, peso seco y el analisis quimico tanto de raiz como hoja en los estados de 7 y 14 hojas verdaderas, y a la cosecha. La sintomatologia de las plantas con aplicacion deficiente de magnesio fue marcada, observandose clorosis intervenal en hojas nuevas y crecimiento irregular de la lamina foliar. Las raices alcanzaron entre el 60 al 67% del peso total de la planta. Las concentraciones de magnesio en hojas fueron mayores que en raiz, al igual que su absorcion, la que aumento hasta el desarrollo de 14 hojas verdaderas para posteriormente disminuir.

Flaxseed (Linum usitatissimum L.) is imported into Chile mostly for bread making and feed. Identification of genotypes best adapted for seed production in South Central Chile would facilitate producer’s decision. The objective of this study was to determine the adaptation and genotype x environment interaction of 16 flaxseed genotypes (including 10 from North American and six from Argentine sources) grown at 11 environments (defined as location-year) in Chile from 2003 to 2007. Genotype seed yield was above 5700 kg ha-1 for some environments indicating a high yield potential. According to the AMMI (Additive Main Effects and Multiplicative Interaction) and SREG (Sites regression) models the 11 environments were classified into four groups by the AMMI and three groups by the SREG models. Genotypes were classified into five groups by the SREG model with four of the groups as single genotypes. Overall mean seed yield was similar for all genotypes; however the genotype Nekoma was the most stable and higher yielding genotype across environments. The environment with the highest yield potential was Chillán 2003-2004, but this location had low yield stability across years. The environments with greatest seed yield potential, Chillán 2003-2004 and Los Ángeles 2004-2005, had irrigation during flowering and seed filling. Seed oil content fluctuated between 420 and 530 g kg-1. The climatic differences among environments did not influence oil composition as expected from previous research. Flaxseed appears adapted to South Central Chile with differences observed among genotypes for biomass and seed yield, harvest index, test weight, oil content, and composition.La semilla de lino (Linum usitatissimum L.) se importa a Chile principalmente para panaderías y alimento animal. La identificación de genotipos altamente productivos en la zona Centro Sur de Chile facilitaría la decisión de los productores. El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar la adaptación y la interacción genotipo x ambiente de 16 genotipos de lino (incluyendo 10 procedentes de Norte América y 6 de Argentina) los que se sembraron en 11 ambientes (localidad-año) en Chile entre el 2003 y el 2007. El rendimiento de semillas observado fue de más de 5700 kg ha-1 en algunos ambientes lo que indicaría un alto potencial. De acuerdo a los modelos AMMI y SREG los 11 ambientes fueron clasificados en cuatro grupos por el modelo AMMI y en tres grupos por el modelo SREG. Los genotipos fueron clasificados en cinco grupos por el modelo SREG, donde cuatro de los grupos incluían un sólo genotipo. El promedio general de rendimiento de semillas fue similar para todos los genotipos, sin embargo, el genotipo Nekoma fue considerado el más estable y de mayor rendimiento de semillas en todos los ambientes evaluados. El ambiente con mayor rendimiento fue Chillán 2003-2004, pero esta localidad tuvo baja estabilidad en el tiempo. Los ambientes con más alto rendimiento fueron Chillán 2003-2004 y Los Ángeles 2004-2005, hay que considerar que ambos ambientes fueron regados durante floración y llenado de granos. El contenido de aceite fluctuó entre 420 y 530 g kg-1. Las diferencias climáticas entre ambientes no influenciaron la composición del aceite como se esperaba. El lino se adapta a la zona centro sur de Chile observándose diferencias entre genotipos para rendimiento de biomasa y semillas, índice de cosecha, peso del hectolitro, contenido y composición del aceite.

In stored grains, the main agents diminishing production are insects, which can produce losses between 20% and 80% before harvest or under storage. The insecticidal properties of the essential oil of fresh leaves of Peumus boldus Molina against maize weevil (Sitophilus zeamais Motschulsky) adults were determined under laboratory conditions. The highest mortality (100%) was achieved at 4% concentration by contact with a treated glass surface. The same concentration in impregnated corn (Zea mays L.) grain, resulted in 98.7% mortality. Mortality by fumigant action at 6 h was 100% with 35 µL oil in 0.15 L (air volume). Concentrations 1, 2 and 4% of essential oil produced 0% F1 adult emergence. At 10 d of residual effect, the 4% concentration reached 63.7% mortality. All treatments were repellent to adults of S. zeamais and corn grain germination was not affected by any treatment.Los principales agentes que disminuyen la producción en los granos almacenados son los insectos, antes de la cosecha y en el almacenamiento pueden causar pérdidas de 20 a 80%. Se evaluaron las propiedades insecticidas del aceite esencial de hojas frescas de Peumus boldus Molina para el control de adultos de gorgojo del maíz (Sitophilus zeamais Motschulsky) en laboratorio. La mayor mortalidad (100%) por contacto con una superficie de vidrio tratada se obtuvo con la concentración de 4%. Esta misma concentración produjo 98,7% de mortalidad en exposición a grano de maíz (Zea mays L.) tratado. El efecto fumigante a las 6 h de exposición fue 100% con 35 µL de aceite en 0,15 L (volumen de aire). Con las concentraciones de 1, 2 y 4% de aceite esencial, el porcentaje de emergencia de la F1 fue 0%. A los 10 d de efecto residual se alcanzó 63,7% de mortalidad con la concentración de 4%. Todos los tratamientos fueron repelentes para adultos de S. zeamais y ningún tratamiento afectó la germinación de los granos.

Flaxseed (Linum usitatissimum L.) is a minor crop in Chile. There is interest to increase the number of crops on the current rotation in South Central Chile and also to increase oilseed feedstocks for salmon feed. There is little information published about seed yield and oil content response to N, P, and K fertilizers on flaxseed in Chile. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of N, P, and K fertilization on flaxseed yield, oil content, and composition. The study was conducted at two locations during two growing seasons (environments), in Chillán 2004-2005, 2005-2006, and in Osorno 2004-2005, 2006-2007. Treatments were four levels of N (0, 100, 200, and 300 kg N ha-1), three levels of P (0,100, and 200 kg P2O5 ha-1), and two levels of K (0 and 150 kgK2O ha-1). The design was a randomized complete block with a factorial arrangement of three factors (N, P, and K) and four replicates. According to the results, flaxseed yield improved as N rates increased. Physical optimum rate (rate at which maximum seed yield is obtained) was different depending on the location and year. Nitrogen rate increased oil content and yield up to 200 kg N ha-1. Oil composition was not affected by N, P, and K rates, or their interactions. The P and K nutrients did not have an effect on seed yield, oil content, oil yield, and oil composition.El lino oleaginoso (Linum usitatissimum L.) es un cultivo menor en Chile. En la zona centro sur existe interés por ampliar las alternativas para la rotación de cultivos, así como la necesidad de satisfacer la demanda por semillas oleaginosas para la alimentación de salmones. En Chile no hay información relacionada con la respuesta del lino frente a la fertilización. El objetivo del estudio fue evaluar el efecto de N, P y K sobre el rendimiento de semillas y contenido de aceite en lino cultivado en dos localidades: Chillán (temporadas 2004-2005 y 2005-2006) y Osorno (temporadas 2004-2005 y 2006-2007) (ambientes). Los tratamientos fueron cuatro dosis de N (0, 100, 200 y 300 kg N ha-1), tres dosis de P (0, 100 y 200 kg P2O5 ha-1) y dos dosis de K (0 y 50 kg K(2)0 ha-1). El diseño fue de bloques completos al azar con un arreglo factorial de tres factores (N, P, y K) y cuatro repeticiones. De acuerdo a los resultados, el rendimiento de semillas de lino mejoró a medida que se incrementó la dosis de N, la dosis óptima física(dosis con la cual se obtiene el máximo rendimiento) fue distinta según localidad y temporada. El contenido y rendimiento de aceite aumento hasta 200 kg N ha-1. El N no afectó la composición de los ácidos grasos del aceite. El P y el K no influyeron en el rendimiento de semillas, contenido y rendimiento de aceite, composición del aceite y peso de mil semillas.

Black cohosh (Actaea racemosa Nutt., Syn. Cimicifuga racemosa) roots were traditionally used by Native North Americans to treat female complaints and today are used to treat menopausal problems. From root wild populations in the eastern USA 95% of it is exported. Wild populations are declining and there is an urgent need to conduct research in the propagation and cultivation of this species to supply the increasing demand. The objectives of this research were (i) to characterize black cohosh growth and development under artificial shading, (ii) to determine the minimum root size that can be used for vegetative propagation, and (iii) to determine the CO2 assimilation rate and content of carbohydrates, peroxidases and esterases during one season of growth. The experiment was conducted in Chill´ an, Chile. Rhizomes for propagation were imported from North Carolina, USA, in 2001. There were planted, at 30 cm × 30 cm distance between plants and 5-cm deep, with a polypropylene shading net of 80% light absorption, in July 2003. The experimental design was a randomized complete block design with four replicates. Different rhizome sizes and rhizome ages were used to obtain seven treatments, that included the whole rhizome containing roots and buds (T1), basal segment of rhizome (T2), apical segment of rhizome (T3), transversally dimidiated basal segment of rhizome (T4), transversally dimidiated apical segment of rhizome (T5), underground stolon bearing four buds (T6), and a single bud (T7). The evaluations included the number of buds and stems, plant height, total leaf area and leaf area index, leaf nitrogen content, CO2 assimilation rate (AR) and stomatal conductance (SC), root weight and root relative growth rate (RGR). Plants derived from the rhizome containing roots and buds (T1) and apical segment of the rhizome (T3) had greater number of initial buds and produced more stems. A close relationship was found between initial rhizome weight and plant height, total leaf area and rhizome growth. All treatments showed similar AR and SC (6.01mol CO2 m −2 s −1 and 1.54 cm s −1 , respectively), and leaf nitrogen content. The RGR of rhizomes was significantly different among treatments with the highest value for T5. Vegetative propagation of black cohosh is possible using fragments of rhizomes and the most efficient is using the transversally dimidiated apical segment of the rhizome. Differences in the peroxidases isozyme patterns were observed between 232 DAP and 353 DAP for T2, T4 compared to T3 and T5. © 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) has been traditionally used as a foodstuff in the Andes and it has gained increasing interest in recent years owing to its high nutritional value. The potential of near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) for estimating chemical compounds in quinoa was studied because of the possibility of conducting direct measurement without prior sample treatment.The use of NIRS technology with a remote reflectance fiber-optic probe for the analysis of major compounds and mineral composition of 48 quinoa samples was studied. The calibration of the NIRS instrument was conducted using modified partial least squares (MPLS) analysis. This allowed the determination of protein (16.0-20.2 g 100g⁻¹), crude fiber (1.8-3.1 g 100g⁻¹), fat (4.4-7.5 g 100g⁻¹), calcium (298.8-1164.5 mg kg⁻¹), iron (0-948.5 mg kg⁻¹) and phosphorus (2735.0-4543.3 mg kg⁻¹). The correlation coefficients (RSQ) were 0.83 for protein, 0.73 for crude fiber, 0.93 for fat; 0.60 for calcium; 0.76 for iron and 0.75 for phosphorus. The robustness of the equations obtained was verified by external validation on unknown quinoa samples.NIRS with fiber-optic probe provides an alternative for the determination of chemical compounds of quinoa, faster and at lower cost, with results comparable with chemical methods.

Quinoa is a pseudocereal that is grown mainly in the Andes. It is a functional food supplement and ingredient in the preparation of highly nutritious food. In this paper we evaluate the potential of near infrared spectroscopy (NIR) for the determination of vitamin E and antioxidant capacity in the quinoa as total phenol content (TPC), radical scavenging activity by DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl) and cupric reducing antioxidant capacity (CUPRAC) expressed as gallic acid equivalent (GAE). For recording NIR a fiber optic remote reflectance probe applied directly on the quinoa samples without treatment was used. The regression method used was modified partial least squares (MPLS). The multiple correlation coefficients (RSQ) and the standard prediction error corrected (SEP(C)) were for the vitamin E (0.841 and 1.70 mg 100 g−1) and for the antioxidants TPC (0.947 and 0.08 mg GAE g−1), DPPH radical (0.952 and 0.23 mg GAE g−1) and CUPRAC ( 0.623 and 0.21 mg GAE g−1), respectively. The prediction capacity of the model developed measured by the ratio performance deviation (RPD) for vitamin E (2.51), antioxidants TPC (4.33), DPPH radical (4.55) and CUPRAC (1.55) indicated that NIRS with a fiber optic probe provides an alternative for the determination of vitamin E and antioxidant properties of the quinoa, with a lower cost, higher speed and results comparable with the chemical methods.

Flaxseed (Linum usitatissimum L.) is a minor crop in Chile. There is interest to increase the number of crops on the current rotation in South Central Chile and also to increase oilseed feedstocks for salmon feed. There is little information published about seed yield and oil content response to N, P, and K fertilizers on flaxseed in Chile. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of N, P, and K fertilization on flaxseed yield, oil content, and composition. The study was conducted at two locations during two growing seasons (environments), in Chillan 2004-2005, 2005-2006, and in Osorno 2004-2005, 2006-2007. Treatments were four levels of N (0, 100, 200, and 300 kg N ha(-1)), three levels of P (0, 100, and 200 kg P(2)O(5) ha(-1)), and two levels of K (0 and 150 kg K(2)O ha(-1)). The design was a randomized complete block with a factorial arrangement of three factors (N, P, and K) and four replicates. According to the results, flaxseed yield improved as N rates increased. Physical optimum rate (rate at which maximum seed yield is obtained) was different depending on the location and year. Nitrogen rate increased oil content and yield up to 200 kg N ha-1. Oil composition was not affected by N, P, and K rates, or their interactions. The P and K nutrients did not have an effect on seed yield, oil content, oil yield, and oil composition.

The objective of the investigations was to determine the effect of drying temperature and air speed on cichoric acid and alkylamide content in one-year-old Echinacea purpurea aerial biomass. The samples were obtained from a commercial crop at the Faculty of Agronomy, University of Concepcion, in Chillan, Chile. Samples were harvested between 9-11 am. They were thoroughly cleaned and then dried in a 'Protector and Schwarz' dryer. A completely randomised design was applied with factorial arrangement of two factors: temperature and air speed. The experimental units were trays with 1 kg plant in each one. Each tray was weighed every 5 minutes until samples had moisture content of 15%. Thereafter samples were ground and cichoric acid and alkylamide content was determined. Results indicated that temperature had a significant effect on the content of both metabolites. The highest content for both metabolites was determined at 40 C. The data clearly reveals that as temperature or air speed was increased, dehydration time decreased.