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SummaryWe presenthidecan, an R package for generating visualisations that summarise the results of one or more genome-wide association studies and differential expression analyses, as well as manually curated candidate genes, e.g. extracted from the literature.Availability and ImplementationThe hidecan package is implemented in R and is publicly available on the CRAN repository (https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=hidecan) and on GitHub (https://github.com/PlantandFoodResearch/hidecan). A description of the package, as well as a detailed tutorial are available athttps://plantandfoodresearch.github.io/hidecan/.Contactolivia.angelin-bonnet@plantandfood.co.nz.Supplementary informationSupplementary data are available.

Much is known about the role of vocabulary in reading and the instructional procedures that improve vocabulary. Relatively less is known about feasible approaches to implement vocabulary interventi...

There was a highly publicised cluster of at least ten suicides in South Wales, United Kingdom, in 2007–2008. We carried out a qualitative descriptive study using cross-case thematic analysis to investigate the experiences and narratives of eight individuals who lived in the area where the cluster occurred and who survived an episode of near-fatal self-harm at the time of the cluster. Interviews were conducted from 01.01.2015 to 31.12.2015. All interviewees denied that the other deaths in the area had affected their own suicidal behaviour. However, in other sections of the interviews they spoke about the cluster contributing to difficulties they were experiencing at the time, including damage to social relationships, feelings of loss and being out of control. When asked about support, the interviewees emphasized the importance of counselling, which they would have found helpful but in most cases did not receive, even in the case of close contacts of individuals who had died. The findings suggest that effective prevention messaging must be subtle, since those affected may not be explicitly aware of or acknowledge the imitative aspects of their behaviour. This could be related to stigma attached to suicidal behaviour in a cluster context. Lessons for prevention include changing the message from asking if people ‘have been affected by’ the suicide deaths to emphasising the preventability of suicide, and directly reaching out to individuals rather than relying on people to come forward.

The social categories “Hutu” and “Tutsi” have long been central to Rwandan politics, though never more so than during the 1994 genocide, when they formed the ultimate divide: kill (Hutu) or be killed (Tutsi). Since then, the Rwandan government has sought to eliminate these categories and replace them with a new, national identity category of “Rwandan.” This chapter draws on theories of state symbolic power and legibility to analyze how top-down projects of remaking Rwandans are being received from below. Specifically, we examine ordinary Rwandans’ responses to gacaca, a community justice practice central to the state’s National Unity and Reconciliation Program, and find Rwandans resent efforts to “unmake race” in favor of “nation” because the state’s account of genocide in gacaca does not allow them to sincerely express their experiences; it activates traumatic pasts for what they feel is superficial national reconciliation; and it detracts from their material needs. These findings highlight the importance of distinguishing between compliance and conviction in research on state efforts to transform civilian subjectivities. They also suggest directions for further research. Namely, future research on state symbolic power should attend to how individual experiences with violence mediate topdown efforts at remaking civilian subjectivities, to how different forms of governance shape civilian resistance to state categorization and classification projects, and to what kinds of interests are likely to motivate people to alter their self-perceptions. We conclude by arguing for more work on state race and nation-making from the perspectives of its targets.

In June 2012, Rwanda's community-based gacaca (ga-cha-cha) courts closed after processing almost two million cases for crimes of genocide. The courts are at the heart of government efforts to achieve national unity and reconciliation following the violence of the 1994 genocide. In just 100 days, ethnic Hutu militias orchestrated the deaths of their ethnic Tutsi kin and kith. The sheer size and scale of the violence of the 1994 genocide makes post-genocide justice a complicated affair, as the ...

Vocabulary skills are important for overall reading competence, but vocabulary assessment approaches that inform instructional decision-making and are sensitive to improvement are limited. This article describes a process for developing vocabulary measures designed to facilitate data-driven decision-making for kindergarten and first-grade students who are at risk in vocabulary. A pilot study suggested the measures could be administered and scored with fidelity, and also produced promising data for indices of reliability, criterion-related validity, and sensitivity to growth, particularly for a rating-based scoring metric. Implications and considerations for developing instructionally relevant vocabulary measures are discussed.

Commercially grown kiwifruit (genus Actinidia) are generally of two sub-species which have a base haploid genome of 29 chromosomes. The yellow-fleshed Actinidia chinensis var. chinensis, is either diploid (2n = 2x = 58) or tetraploid (2n = 4x = 116) and the green-fleshed cultivar A. chinensis var. deliciosa “Hayward,” is hexaploid (2n = 6x = 174). Advances in breeding green kiwifruit could be greatly sped up by the use of molecular resources for more efficient and faster selection, for example using marker-assisted selection (MAS). The key genetic marker that has been implemented for MAS in hexaploid kiwifruit is for gender testing. The limited marker-trait association has been reported for other polyploid kiwifruit for fruit and production traits. We have constructed a high-density linkage map for hexaploid green kiwifruit using genotyping-by-sequence (GBS). The linkage map obtained consists of 3686 and 3940 markers organized in 183 and 176 linkage groups for the female and male parents, respectively. Both parental linkage maps are co-linear with the A. chinensis “Red5” reference genome of kiwifruit. The linkage map was then used for quantitative trait locus (QTL) mapping, and successfully identified QTLs for king flower number, fruit number and weight, dry matter accumulation, and storage firmness. These are the first QTLs to be reported and discovered for complex traits in hexaploid kiwifruit.

BACKGROUND: The benefits of clinical pharmacy services are established within hospital practice but staff numbers required for service delivery are not well described and staffing levels vary. The need for a consistent, objective method of determining staffing levels was recognised at a UK University Hospital and a Clinical Pharmacy Workforce Calculator (CPWC) was developed. OBJECTIVE: To develop the Activity Standard (AS) for pharmaceutical care and establish the reliability of the CPWC across acute hospital settings in UK. SETTING: Acute hospital in-patient clinical pharmacy services on medical and surgical wards METHOD: Using the World Health Organisation's Workload Indicators of Staffing Need (WISN) methodology, a two-round Delphi study was undertaken. This developed the Activity Standard for pharmaceutical care and identified the staff-time unavailable for clinical work. Consenting panel members then tested the CPWC, calculating the staff required for three scenarios to determine whether it could be reliably used by different operators. RESULTS: Thirty-six participants consented to participate. Data was returned from 22 (61%) of whom 20 (56%) supplied analysable data. Consensus was achieved on the tasks required for pharmaceutical care delivery, the mean time each takes, how frequently they should be completed and the time unavailable for clinical work for each grade of staff. The CPWC calculates staffing requirements using this data. Eleven participants (55%) tested the CPWC and analysis of responses demonstrated that 30 of 33 (91%) calculations were accurately completed. DISCUSSION: This study defined the WISN Activity Standard for UK pharmaceutical care delivery to hospital inpatients and showed content validity for the CPWC in acute medical and surgical hospital settings. Different operators used the CPWC reliably and applied it to local sites. CONCLUSION: The CPWC offers hospital pharmacy managers a useful tool to negotiate adequate staffing to deliver pharmaceutical care. Its development methodology could be applied widely in pharmacy practice.

Background Genomic methods for identifying causative variants for trait loci applicable to a wide range of germplasm are required for plant biologists and breeders to understand the genetic control of trait variation. Results We implemented Cas9-targeted sequencing for fine-mapping in apple, a method combining CRISPR-Cas9 targeted cleavage of a region of interest, followed by enrichment and long-read sequencing using the Oxford Nanopore Technology (ONT). We demonstrated the capability of this methodology to specifically cleave and enrich a plant genomic locus spanning 8 kb. The repeated mini-satellite motif located upstream of the Malus × domestica (apple) MYB10 transcription factor gene, causing red fruit colouration when present in a heterozygous state, was our exemplar to demonstrate the efficiency of this method: it contains a genomic region with a long structural variant normally ignored by short-read sequencing technologies Cleavage specificity of the guide RNAs was demonstrated using polymerase chain reaction products, before using them to specify cleavage of high molecular weight apple DNA. An enriched library was subsequently prepared and sequenced using an ONT MinION flow cell (R.9.4.1). Of the 7,056 ONT reads base-called using both Albacore2 (v2.3.4) and Guppy (v3.2.4), with a median length of 9.78 and 9.89 kb, respectively, 85.35 and 91.38%, aligned to the reference apple genome. Of the aligned reads, 2.98 and 3.04% were on-target with read depths of 180 × and 196 × for Albacore2 and Guppy, respectively, and only five genomic loci were off-target with read depth greater than 25 × , which demonstrated the efficiency of the enrichment method and specificity of the CRISPR-Cas9 cleavage. Conclusions We demonstrated that this method can isolate and resolve single-nucleotide and structural variants at the haplotype level in plant genomic regions. The combination of CRISPR-Cas9 target enrichment and ONT sequencing provides a more efficient technology for fine-mapping loci than genome-walking approaches.

Rather than addressing the trauma inflicted by genocidal violence, the ruling party has used a program of national ethnic unity and reconciliation to reinforce its political authority.

To increase our understanding of the role gender plays in spousal loss, this qualitative study analyzes bereavement narratives of 33 recent widowers, aged 45–89 years, all of whom accessed the National Widowers’ Organization website. In particular, we look at how these widowers’ lives changed, the impact of changing gender norms, and coping strategies. To illuminate the temporal process evident in these narratives, we utilize Silverman’s nonlinear characteristics of bereavement and the anthropological concept of liminality. In contrast to studies of widowers in earlier decades, our analysis reveals questioning and rejection of stereotypical masculine gender norms, a wide variety of creative responses to spousal loss, and the need for individualized support.

Polyploidy is a key driver of significant evolutionary changes in plant species. The genus Actinidia (kiwifruit) exhibits multiple ploidy levels, which contribute to novel fruit traits, high yields and resistance to the canker-causing dieback disease incited by Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae (Psa) biovar 3. However, the genetic mechanism for resistance to Psa observed in polyploid kiwifruit is not yet known. In this study we performed detailed genetic analysis of a tetraploid Actinidia chinensis var. chinensis population derived from a cross between a female parent that exhibits weak tolerance to Psa and a highly Psa-resistant male parent. We used the capture-sequencing approach across the whole kiwifruit genome and generated the first ultra-dense maps in a tetraploid kiwifruit population. We located quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for Psa resistance on these maps. Our approach to QTL mapping is based on the use of identity-by-descent trait mapping, which allowed us to relate the contribution of specific alleles from their respective homologues in the male and female parent, to the control of Psa resistance in the progeny. We identified genes in the diploid reference genome whose function is suggested to be involved in plant defense, which underly the QTLs, including receptor-like kinases. Our study is the first to cast light on the genetics of a polyploid kiwifruit and suggest a plausible mechanism for Psa resistance in this species.