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The balance between ocean mixing and stratification influences primary productivity through light limitation and nutrient supply in the euphotic ocean. Here, we apply a hierarchical clustering algorithm (Ward's method) to four factors relating to stratification (wind energy, freshwater index, water-column-averaged vertical eddy diffusivity, and halocline depth), as well as to depth-integrated phytoplankton biomass, extracted from a biophysical ocean model of the Salish Sea. Running the clustering algorithm on 4 years of model output, we identify distinct regions of the model domain that exhibit contrasting wind and freshwater input dynamics, as well as regions of varying water-column-averaged vertical eddy diffusivity and halocline depth regimes. The spatial regionalizations in physical variables are similar in all 4 analyzed years. We also find distinct interannually consistent biological zones. In the northern Strait of Georgia and Juan de Fuca Strait, a deeper winter halocline and episodic summer mixing coincide with higher summer diatom abundance, while in the Fraser River stratified central Strait of Georgia, shallower haloclines and stronger summer stratification coincide with summer flagellate abundance. Cluster-based model results and evaluation suggest that the Juan de Fuca Strait supports more biomass than previously thought. Our approach elucidates probable physical mechanisms controlling phytoplankton abundance and composition. It also demonstrates a simple, powerful technique for finding structure in large datasets and determining boundaries of biophysical provinces.

The Veterans Health Administration (VHA) long-term care rebalancing initiative encouraged VA Community Living Centers (CLCs) to shift from long-stay custodial-focused care to short-stay skilled and rehabilitative care. Using all VA CLC admissions during 2007-2010 categorized as needing short-stay rehabilitation or skilled nursing care, we assessed the patient and facility rates of successful discharge to the community (SDC) of these short-stay Veterans. We found large variation in inter- as well as intra- facility SDC rates across the rehabilitation and skilled nursing short-stay cohorts. We discuss how our results can help guide VHA policy directed at delivering high-quality short-stay CLC care for Veterans.

Wind-driven upwelling is an important control on surface nutrients and water properties in stratified lakes and seas. In this study, a high-resolution biophysical coupled model is used to investigate upwelling in the Strait of Georgia on the Canadian Pacific coast. The model is forced with surface winds from a high-resolution atmospheric forecast and has been tuned in previous studies to reproduce extensive observations of water level, temperature, salinity, nutrients and chlorophyll with competitive skill relative to similar models of the study region. A total of 5 years of hourly surface nitrate and temperature fields are analyzed in order to characterize the dominant upwelling patterns of the basin. A prevailing along-axis wind pattern steered by mountainous topography produces episodic upwelling along the western shore during the spring and fall southeasterlies and along the eastern shore during the summer northwesterlies, as indicated by positive nitrate anomalies. Principal component analysis reveals that these cross-axis upwelling patterns account for nearly one-third of the surface nitrate variance during the summer productive season. By contrast, nearly half of the surface temperature variance over the same period is dominated by a single, combined mixing and diurnal heating–cooling pattern. The principal components associated with these patterns correlate with along-axis wind stress in a manner consistent with these physical interpretations. The cross-axis upwelling response to wind is similar to other dynamically wide basins where the baroclinic Rossby deformation radius is smaller than the basin width. However, the nitrate anomaly during upwelling along the eastern shore is stronger in the northern basin, which may be indicative of an along-axis pycnocline tilt or an effect of the background along-axis stratification gradient due to the Fraser River. Our findings highlight an important spatiotemporal consideration for future ecosystem monitoring.

Little is known about preparing BSW students to work with intimate partner violence (IPV). This study describes an experiential exercise designed to introduce them to working with survivors of IPV....

The biogeochemical dynamics of fjords in the southeastern Pacific Ocean are strongly influenced by hydrological and oceanographic processes occurring at a seasonal scale. In this study, we describe the role of hydrographic forcing on the seasonal variability of the carbonate system of the Sub-Antarctic glacial fjord, Seno Ballena, in the Strait of Magellan (53°S). Biogeochemical variables were measured in 2018 during three seasonal hydrographic cruises (fall, winter and spring) and from a high-frequency pCO2-pH mooring for 10 months at 10 ± 1 m depth in the fjord. The hydrographic data showed that freshwater input from the glacier influenced the adjacent surface layer of the fjord and forced the development of undersaturated CO2 (< 400 μatm) and low aragonite saturation state (ΩAr < 1) water. During spring, the surface water had relatively low pCO2 (mean = 365, range: 167 - 471 μatm), high pH (mean = 8.1 on the total proton concentration scale, range: 8.0 - 8.3), and high ΩAr (mean = 1.6, range: 1.3 - 4.0). Concurrent measurements of phytoplankton biomass and nutrient conditions during spring indicated that the periods of lower pCO2 values corresponded to higher phytoplankton photosynthesis rates, resulting from autochthonous nutrient input and vertical mixing. In contrast, higher values of pCO2 (range: 365 – 433 μatm) and relatively lower values of pHT (range: 8.0 – 8.1) and ΩAr (range: 0.9 – 2.0) were recorded in cold surface waters during winter and fall. The naturally low freshwater carbonate ion concentrations diluted the carbonate ion concentrations in seawater and decreased the calcium carbonate saturation of the fjord. In spring, at 10 m depth, higher primary productivity caused a relative increase in ΩAr and pHT. Assuming global climate change will bring further glacier retreat and ocean acidification, this study represents important advances in our understanding of glacier meltwater processes on CO2 dynamics in glacier–fjord systems.

The articles in this issue contribute to a turn in international conflict management studies from considering strategies as relatively independent initiatives to regarding them as interdependent. T...

This article examines best practices in local ownership of Track Two diplomacy. Taking as a starting point the idea that best practices change over time as conflicts and social responses to them change, the article seeks out recent innovations and practices in Track Two diplomacy, focusing on practices of local ownership. A series of two reflective practice workshops with facilitators of Track Two processes offer insights on local ownership in current Track Two diplomacy. More in-depth examination of the Georgian-South Ossetian case illustrates an example of increasing local ownership developing over time during a ten year Track Two process. Together, the reflective practice workshops and the case study suggest team approaches to Track Two diplomacy so that insiders and outsiders work together as a team to facilitate, bringing the strengths of both insiders and outsiders to Track Two processes.

The response of a coastal ocean numerical model, typical of eastern boundaries, is investigated under upwelling-favorable wind forcing and with/without the presence of a submarine canyon. Experiments were run over three contrasting shelf depth/slope bathymetries and forced by an upwelling-favorable alongshore wind. Random noise in the wind stress field was used to trigger the onset of frontal instabilities, which formed around the upwelling front. Their development and evolution are enhanced over deeper (and less inclined) shelves. Experiments without a submarine canyon agree well with previous studies of upwelling frontal instabilities; baroclinic instabilities grow along the front in time. The addition of a submarine canyon incising the continental shelf dramatically changes the circulation and frontal characteristics. Intensified upwelling is channeled through the downstream side of the canyon in all depth/slope configurations. Farther downstream a downwelling area is generated, being larger and stronger on a shallow shelf. The canyon affects mainly the location of the southward upwelling jet, which is deflected inshore and accelerated after passing over the canyon. This process is accompanied by a break in the alongshore scale of the instabilities on either side of the canyon. Term balances of the depth-averaged cross-shore momentum equation reaffirm the downstream acceleration of the jet and the increased wavelength of the instabilities, and clarify the dominant balance between the advection and ageostrophic terms around the canyon.

This article presents new data on the behavior of the United Nations Security Council from 1994 to 2013. Which international issues does the United Nations Security Council act upon? Which issues are ignored, languishing for years on the Council’s agenda? What are the characteristics of the issues that are considered by the Council and what are the characteristics of those that are overlooked? Beginning with the annual Summary Statements on matters of which the Security Council is seized, information was gathered for every agenda item that appears on the Security Council’s agenda during this period. Daily data are recorded for the number of public meetings and private informal consultations held, as well as the number of resolutions (which are voted on), presidential statements (which are a product of consensus), and vetoes that occur. These data offer scholars new opportunities for testing theories of legislative behavior in international institutions, particularly on issues of peace and security, that have not been available heretofore. In this article, we introduce the data and coding processes, present trends, illustrate prospects for research that could benefit from these data and provide an empirical application.

This chapter explores the factors that in uence the Council’s agenda. Because plenary time is scarce, only issues where Council action is possible and unlikely to be blocked by a veto should appear on the Council’s working agenda. Using newly collected agenda-level data (SCAID), differences between elected and permanent members are considered. While the preferences of the P5 are in uential, elected members are able to use the Council presidency to affect the Council’s agenda in distinct ways. The large-N analysis is complimented by a short qualitative exploration of the Security Council’s decision making regarding UNAMSIL in Sierra Leone.

Even after seventy-five years, the UN Security Council meets nearly every day. They respond to a range of threats to international peace and security, but not all threats. Why does the Security Council take up some issues for discussion and not others? What factors shape the Council's actions, if they take any action at all? Adapting insights from legislative bargaining, this book demonstrates that the agenda-setting powers granted in the institutional rules offer less powerful Council members the opportunity to in uence the content of a resolution without jeopardizing its passage. The Council also decides when to conduct public or private diplomacy. The analysis shows how external factors like international and domestic public reactions motivate grandstanding behaviors and shape resolutions. New quantitative data on meetings and outside options provide support for these claims. The book also explores the dynamics of the formal analysis in three cases: North Korean nuclear proliferation, the negotiations leading up to NATO bombing in Serbia over Kosovo, and the elected member-led process to codify the principles of the Responsibility to Protect doctrine. The book argues that while the powerful veto members do have great in uence over the Council, the rules of the most consequential security institution in uence its policy outcomes, just as they do in any other international institution.

This chapter summarizes the arguments and findings of the book. The interests of the permanent members matter, but bargaining happens among all Council members according to a set of established rules. These rules affect what the Council can and cannot agree to do. A strategic Council president chooses which issues are handled in public. Public discussions generate different possibilities than private ones, illustrating how agenda-setting matters. These insights suggest that black-boxing the Council misses the bargaining and cooperation that occurs among the permanent members, despite their disparate preferences.

This chapter begins with a spatial analysis of veto-member preferences and likely policy outcomes. It then develops a sequential, spatial model to show how anticipated policies affect decisions on whether and how to discuss issues under the Council's purview. In the model, public or private meetings result in different outcomes be- cause of the influence public costs exert on how much each member can stray from its stated preferences. These different outcomes also affect whether a Council president will devote plenary time to the issue at all or ignore it. Because plenary time is finite, the model suggests that vetoes should not occur. The chapter explores why vetos happen, beyond the effects of uncertainty, and offers strategic grandstanding as an explanation. These models also explore the effects an outside option has on the range of policies that would be accepted by all members.

This chapter examines the Council’s responses to North Korea’s nuclear program over more than twenty-five years. The case study explores China’s position in depth, highlighting the tension between China’s basic preference to prevent nuclear proliferation and its concerns with how the Security Council’s attempts to reign in North Korea might trigger catastrophic political collapse. Over this period, China has attempted to balance the unanimous desire to halt the nuclear program using harsh sanctions and even the possibility of military intervention with preventing political and economic collapse that would fundamentally alter the regional political dynamics. Thus, the Council has worked cooperatively, cautiously, and incrementally behind closed doors to manage North Korea’s proliferation.

This chapter explores two cases to further illustrate the insights from the formal analysis in Chapter 3. The first case revisits Kosovo around the time of NATO’s decision to bomb Serbia and shows how Russia stalled the Council’s response while serving as Council president and later pursued a grandstanding strategy to highlight how theWestern powers used NATO to circumvent the Security Council. The second case shows how Canada used the Council presidency to jumpstart a decade-long process of developing the “Responsibility to Protect” doctrine as a response to the problem of protecting civilians in armed conict. Eventually, the Council embedded elements of the doctrine into its practice in Resolution 1674. This case shows how a motivated elected member can use the public position of the Security Council to actively shape norms within the institution and take up issues that had been ignored by the permanent members.

In this chapter, the implications of Voeten’s (2001) model about the impact that outside options on behavior inside the Security Council are tested empirically. As the most powerful state in the international system, the United States has the ability to intervene in any con ict in the world. The likelihood that it will do so, however, is not equal in all cases. After estimating the chance that the US will intervene in a particular con ict, the effect of that likelihood on the Security Council’s decision to send peacekeepers is explored. When the US outside option is credible, other permanent members are more willing to make concessions to facilitate action within the Council.

Biogeochemical cycles in the Arctic Ocean are sensitive to the transport of materials from continental shelves into central basins by sea ice. However, it is difficult to assess the net effect of t...

Since the 1980–1990s, international research efforts have augmented our knowledge of the physical and chemical properties of the Arctic Ocean water masses, and recent studies have documented changes. Understanding the processes responsible for these changes is necessary to be able to forecast the local and global consequences of these property evolutions on climate. The present work investigates the distributions of geochemical tracers of particle fluxes and circulation in the Amerasian Basin and their temporal evolution over the last three decades (from stations visited between 1983 and 2015). Profiles of 230‐thorium (230Th) and 231‐protactinium (231Pa) concentrations and neodymium isotopes (expressed as εNd) measured in the Amerasian Basin prior to 2000 are compared to a new, post‐2000s data set. The comparison shows a large scale decrease in dissolved 230Th and 231Pa concentrations, suggesting intensification of scavenging by particle flux, especially in coastal areas. Higher productivity and sediment resuspension from the shelves appear responsible for the concentration decrease along the margins. In the basin interior, increased lateral exchanges with the boundary circulation also contribute to the decrease in concentration. This study illustrates how dissolved 230Th and 231Pa, with εNd support, can provide unique insights not only into changes in particle flux but also into the evolution of ocean circulation and mixing., Key Points Concentration decreases of 230Thd and 231Pad suggest an enhancement of particulate scavenging since the 2000s in the Amerasian BasinParticulate scavenging results from higher productivity and sediment resuspension from the shelvesPost‐2000s changes in intermediate and deep layers suggest enhanced lateral mixing between the margins and central areas of the basins

This study addresses an important knowledge gap in the distribution of lead (Pb) in the Arctic Ocean, by presenting dissolved Pb concentrations from samples collected during the GEOTRACES Canadian cruise in 2015. Dissolved Pb showed an increase in concentration from the Canada Basin toward Baffin Bay and the Labrador Sea. Canada Basin was the most isolated region from anthropogenic Pb inputs with low background concentrations (1.4–6.2 pmol kg–1) across most of the basin, although higher Pb features from the advection of Pacific-derived waters and sea ice meltwater were present. Likewise, high-Pb peaks (13.5–26.6 pmol kg–1) along narrow isopycnal surfaces (σθ, 27.4–27.6) in Baffin Bay were attributed to the advection of North Atlantic waters spreading a high-Pb signature into the bay, contrasting with the low values (2.5–7.4 pmol kg–1) present in the mixed layer, Arctic and Baffin Bay deep waters. The Labrador Sea, largely influenced by the recirculation of North Atlantic waters, had the highest Pb concent...

Meaningful interpretation of archaeobotanical assemblages in the Near East often includes determination of whether dung fuel is the source of some or all of the recovered plant remains. In the years since Miller (Economy and Environment of Malyan, a Third Millennium B.C. Urban Center in Southern Iran. Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Anthropology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, 1982; Paleorient 10:71–79, 1984) and Miller and Smart (J Ethnobiol 4:15–28, 1984) first identified archaeological plant remains from Malyan (Iran) as those of burned dung, subsequent archaeobotanical, experimental, and ethnographic research has been undertaken to test and expand her criteria for its recognition. A key criterion of Miller’s was a high ratio of weed seeds to wood charcoal (or a low ratio of charcoal to weed seeds). When used together with other quantitative measures based on standardizing ratios, this measure can help to illuminate variability in the sources of the recovered carbonized plant remains and some of the taphonomic processes that contributed to the resulting assemblage. Using the Late Early Halaf dataset from Fistikli Hoyuk, Turkey, as a case study, non-parametric statistical analysis was applied to eight such measures, including a new Fragmentation Index (FI), density measures (per litre of sediment) for charcoal, cereal grains, weed seeds, chaff, non-wood items, and cereal-type indeterminate non-wood items, and a relative density measure of charcoal to weed seeds. Each measure was calculated on the basis of 35 samples (n = 8,532). The results of this analysis indicate that these measures, when used in combination with Miller’s weed seed to charcoal ratio, implemented here as the relative density of charcoal to weed seeds, can reveal recovery context-related variations in formation processes that help to clarify both the role of dung fuel in assemblage formation and to differentiate the remains of cereal processing from those of burned fuel.

Although the ceramic phases and relative chronology of the Mycenaean (or “Late Helladic” abbr. LH) period on the Greek mainland are well established, there is ongoing disagreement regarding the relationship between the ceramic phases and their associated calendar dates. Part of the problem is the small number of radiocarbon dates from Mycenaean sites. In this article, we publish a set of 15 new AMS radiocarbon dates from the Mycenaean site of Iklaina, in southwestern Greece. The resulting date ranges allow us to establish an absolute chronology for major stages in the life of the Iklaina settlement and the associated relative chronology based on ceramic phases. In general, the Iklaina dates show a better fit with the High Chronology for the early Mycenaean period. Specifically, the transition from the Middle to Late Helladic, at the beginning of the Mycenaean period, is placed between the end of the 19th c. and the beginning of the 17th c. BC. The LH II period, when large-scale architecture appears at Iklaina for the first time, spans the 17th century BC and the LH IIIA1 period goes into the 15th century. None of the analyzed samples were recovered from secure LH IIIA2 deposits, so they do not affect the chronology of this period. However, the samples from the destruction of the monumental buildings, which ceramically is placed in the LH IIIB period, provide a general latest use date in the 13th century. Given the possibility that this destruction marks the annexation of Iklaina by the Palace of Nestor and the unification of the Pylian state, this becomes an important chronological marker for the formation of this state. It also indicates a very short life-span for this state, since its destruction is traditionally dated to ca. 1200 BCE.

The balance between ocean mixing and stratification influences primary productivity through light limitation and nutrient supply in the euphotic ocean. Here, we apply a hierarchical clustering algorithm (Ward's method) to four factors relating to stratification and depth-integrated phytoplankton biomass extracted from a biophysical regional ocean model of the Salish Sea to assess spatial co-occurrence. Running the clustering algorithm on four years of model output, we identify distinct regions of the model domain that exhibit contrasting wind and freshwater input dynamics, as well as regions of varying watercolumn-averaged vertical eddy diffusivity and halocline depth regimes. The spatial regionalizations in physical variables are similar in all four analyzed years. We also find distinct interannually consistent biological zones. In the Northern Strait of Georgia and Juan de Fuca Strait, a deeper winter halocline and episodic summer mixing coincide with higher summer diatom abundance, while in the Fraser River stratified Central Strait of Georgia, shallower haloclines and stronger summer stratification coincide with summer flagellate abundance. Cluster based model results and evaluation suggest that the Juan de Fuca Strait supports more biomass than previously thought. Our approach elucidates probable physical mechanisms controlling phytoplankton abundance and composition. It also demonstrates a simple, powerful technique for finding structure in large datasets and determining boundaries of biophysical provinces.

Aim. To review current evidence regarding the effectiveness of occupational therapy coaching interventions for parents of children with sensory integration difficulties, delivered to individuals or groups of parents. Method. A historical scoping review was completed of empirical research records to summarize what is known and how this information can guide future research. The process was guided by PRISMA guidelines. Inclusion criteria were English language and peer-reviewed empirical studies of parent coaching intervention for children with sensory processing or sensory integration difficulties. Five databases were searched. Papers were critically reviewed using McMaster’s guidelines. Results. Four studies met the search criteria. Three studies took a direct coaching approach with individual parents or families. The fourth study took a mixed educational/coaching approach with groups of parents and teachers. Conclusion. There is some evidence to conclude that occupational therapists can deliver individual parent-focused coaching interventions which impact positively on individual child goals, parental stress, and sense of competence. Group intervention can lead to caregivers’ improved perceived and actual knowledge of sensory integration, as well as a sense of self-efficacy in dealing with sensory-related child behaviors. Current evidence is limited. Suggestions for future research are offered.