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In the present study, we have investigated the effect of magnetic Cr doping on the transport properties of a sputtered Bi2Se3 thin film on the SrTiO3 (110) substrate. The high-resolution x-ray diffraction and Raman spectroscopy measurements revealed the growth of rhombohedral Bi2Se3 thin films. Further electronic and compositional analysis was done by x-ray photoemission spectroscopy and Rutherford backscattering spectroscopy, and the x-value was estimated to be 0.18 in the Bi2−xCrxSe3 thin film. The variation in the resistivity with temperature (2–300 K) revealed the metallic nature in undoped Bi2Se3 up to 30 K and upturn resistivity below 30 K. The Cr-doped Bi2Se3 resistivity data show a traditional semiconducting nature up to 25 K and take an abrupt upturn resistivity below 25 K. The resistivity behavior of both samples was explained by adopting a model that consists of the total resistance, a combination of bulk and surface resistance in parallel. The bulk bandgap value determined by this method is obtained to be 256 meV in an undoped Bi2Se3 thin film. Magnetoconductance data of the undoped thin film revealed a weak anti-localization (WAL) effect, while the Cr-doped thin film showed a weak localization (WL) effect at low temperatures (<50 K). At low magnetic field and low temperature, a competing nature of WAL and WL effects was prominent in the Cr-doped film. A drastic increase in the electrical resistance suggests that Cr doping can significantly modify the electrical properties of Bi2Se3 thin films, which could have potential applications in futuristic devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Modelling population connectivity is central to biodiversity conservation and often relies on resistance surfaces reflecting multi‐generational gene flow. ResistanceGA (RGA) is a common optimization framework for parameterizing these surfaces by maximizing the fit between genetic distances and cost distances using maximum likelihood population effect models. As the reliability of this framework has rarely been studied, we investigated the conditions maximizing its accuracy for both prediction and interpretation of landscape features' permeability. We ran demo‐genetic simulations in contrasted landscapes for species with distinct dispersal capacities and specialization levels, using corresponding reference cost scenarios. We then optimized resistance surfaces from the simulated genetic distances using RGA. First, we evaluated whether RGA identified the drivers of the genetic patterns, that is, distinguished Isolation‐by‐Resistance (IBR) patterns from either Isolation‐by‐Distance or patterns unrelated to ecological distances. We then assessed RGA predictive performance using a cross‐validation method, and its ability to recover the reference cost scenarios shaping genetic structure in simulations. IBR patterns were well detected and genetic distances were predicted with great accuracy. This performance depended on the strength of the genetic structuring, sampling design and landscape structure. Matching the scale of the genetic pattern by focusing on population pairs connected through gene flow and limiting overfitting through cross‐validation further enhanced inference reliability. Yet, the optimized cost values often departed from the reference values, making their interpretation and extrapolation potentially dubious. While demonstrating the value of RGA for predictive modelling, we call for caution and provide additional guidance for its optimal use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights Graphene oxide (GO) was functionalized with 4, 4‐diphenylmethane diisocyanate (MDI), to obtain the graphene oxide (GO‐MDI) with isocyanate group (NCO). The thermoplastic polyurethane elastomers (TPU)/GO composites with antistatic properties were synthesized by in‐situ polymerization with polycarbonate diol (PCDL), MDI and GO‐MDI as raw materials. The surface resistance of the material was tested, revealing that the surface resistance of the material was reduced from more than 1 × 1012 Ω to 6.67 × 109 Ω when the GO addition was only 0.25 wt%. With the increase of GO addition, the surface resistance showed a trend of continuous decrease, and, it dropped to 3.33 × 107 Ω when the GO content was 1 wt%, which significantly improved its antistatic performance. The addition of GO not only improved the antistatic ability of the material, but also enhanced its mechanical and thermal properties. Especially for the tensile strength and elongation at break, when the amount of graphene oxide was 0.5 wt%, the tensile strength and elongation at break of TPU were 60% and 16% higher than that of pure TPU, respectively. Although the tensile strength and elongation at break decreased when GO addition exceeded 0.5 wt%, they were still higher than that of pure TPU. The glass transition temperature and thermal decomposition temperature of the material increased with the increase of GO addition, and the maximum increase was 1–7 °C. The energy storage modulus (E′) at low temperatures increased from 1848 MPa of pure TPU to 2353 MPa of GO 1 wt% GO was added. The TPU/GO composites with static resistance were synthesized by the in‐situ polymerization of MDI grafted onto GO tablets. The surface resistance of the TPU/GO was reduced from 1 × 1012 Ω to 6.67 × 109 Ω when 0.25 wt% GO was added, and to 3.33 × 107 Ω when 1 wt% GO was added. The antistatic properties of TPU were effectively improved. The tensile strength of TPU/GO reached 63.13 MPa when GO content was 0.5 wt%, which is 23.66 MPa higher than that of pure TPU. The elongation at break is increased by 105.1%. The thermal performance of TPU/GO was improved with the increase of GO content, while both the Tg and Td5% of TPU/GO increased by 1–7 °C. At the same temperature, the E′ of TPU/GO with 1 wt% GO addition reached 2353 MPa, which is 505 MPa higher than that (1848 MPa) of pure TPU. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Climate change has intensified urban heat risks through extreme heat and heat island effects. Using Fuzhou as a case study, we conducted assessments of heat risk and cool island quality to identify core heat risk sources (CHRSs) and core cold sources (CCSs). Based on the degree of resistance to surface heat transfer, we constructed a comprehensive resistance surface. This was followed by the construction of a composite cooling network using the minimal cumulative resistance and circuit theory models, along with the identification of key nodes to enhance the protection of cool island resources and ensure network stability. Our findings revealed that the central urban area had the highest heat risk, followed by the eastern coastal areas, showing a trend of further expansion towards the southeastern coast. Relatively high-quality cool island resources were distributed in the western mountainous area. We identified 21 CHRSs and 32 CCSs. The composite cooling network included 94 heat transport corridors and 96 cool island synergy corridors, with 148 cooling nodes and 78 barrier nodes. The average land surface temperature of transport and synergy corridors was 27.89°C and 25.34°C, respectively, significantly lower than the high-risk areas (31.14°C). Transport corridors enable heat transfer from CHRSs to CCSs, while synergy corridors can achieve further cooling by enhancing the synergy among cool islands. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Artificial Intelligence (AI) assumes a pivotal role in Earth science, leveraging deep learning's predictive capabilities. Despite its prevalence, the impact of AI on scientific discovery remains uncertain. In Earth sciences, the emphasis extends beyond mere accuracy, striving for groundbreaking discoveries with distinct physical properties essential for driving advancements through thorough analysis. Here, we introduce a novel knowledge-guided deep symbolic regression model (KG-DSR) incorporating prior knowledge of physical process interactions into the network. Using KG-DSR, we successfully derived the Penman-Monteith (PM) equation and generated a novel surface resistance parameterization. This new parameterization, grounded in fundamental cognitive principles, surpasses the conventional theory currently accepted in surface resistance parameterization. Importantly, the explicit physical processes generated by AI can generalize to future climate scenarios beyond the training data. Our results emphasize the role of AI in unraveling process intricacies and ushering in a new paradigm in tasks related to "AI for Land Surface Modeling." [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This review discusses the key factors influencing the exceptional thermal resistance and surface properties of silicone-containing composites. Silicone polymers, known for their excellent chemical and physical properties, are widely used in a number of innovative products. In order to make silicone composites suitable for innovative applications, it is essential to ensure that they have both very good thermal resistance and superhydrophobic properties. Identification of the key factors influencing these properties enables the use of these composites in coatings, electronics and photovoltaic panels. The discussion includes the role of organosilicon polymer structures and the incorporation of micro- and nanoadditives to enhance the performance of these materials. Different methods for the modification and production of silicone composites are analyzed, with an emphasis on achieving thermal stability and surface superhydrophobicity simultaneously. The review highlights the growing demand for silicone-based coatings due to technological advances and environmental concerns. Furthermore, the role of surface modification and hierarchical surface structures in achieving these unique properties is discussed, as well as the potential applications and challenges in the development of next-generation silicone-containing materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The resonance spectrum of the surface resistance derivative in organic conductors has been calculated numerically for the out-of-plane and in-plane magnetic field orientation. Not all but some of the resonances in a given series of transitions are present in the spectra. They are observed as maxima in the surface resistance derivative curve. For tilted magnetic fields, apart from the resonances for transitions between the adjacent surface states, there also appear resonances corresponding to the transitions between more distant surface states. The calculations allow for the obtain of additional information on the surface properties for fabrication of devices based on organic molecular conductors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Owing to high theoretical capacitance, nickel cobalt alkaline carbonate (NiCoAC) has attracted wide attention in electrochemical energy storage. However, the high surface ionic resistance and low bulk intrinsic activity result in NiCo‐AC being unable to exhibit fast electronic response frequency and charge storage. Herein, via precisely controlling gradient S‐doping, NiCo‐AC nanowire is in situ converted into core‐shell bimetallic oxysulfide (NiCo─O─S), with interior particularly presenting a granular due to the contraction of bulk structure, achieving the synergistic modification of surface and bulk. Specifically, owing to the lower band gap energy of metal sulfides, the derived shell optimizes OH− adsorption center from Ni to Ni─Co─Ni sites with higher binding energy, and the granular core facilitates further ion diffusion with enhanced charge accumulation. Hence, NiCo─O─S reflect higher redox activity than that of nickel‐cobalt sulfide (NiCo─S) and NiCo‐AC, with an ultrahigh capacitance of 3,298 F g−1 at 1 A g−1. The as‐fabricated supercapacitors display an outstanding energy density of 131 Wh kg−1 at 800 W kg−1 and present high capacitance retention of 98.5% and coulomb efficiency of 93.2％ under 12 000 charge‐discharge cycles. This study reflects a new insight into activating the intrinsic activity of nanomaterials to further develop high‐rate and stable electrodes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The integration and portable development of electronic devices urgently require flexible films with high thermal conductivity and insulation to overcome heat accumulation. The layered heterojunction composite films are prepared by the stacking technique for the first time. The morphology, structure composition and thermal stability of heterojunction films are studied. Compared with pure epoxy resin (EP), the heterojunction film still has good thermal stability at 600°C. At the same time, the plane heat conduction network constructed by the expanded graphite (EG) plane of the heterojunction film enables the film to dissipate heat effectively. In the simulation process of actual heat dissipation, the chip surface temperature can be reduced by 10°C. The thermal conductivity of the heterojunction film is 2.49 Wm−1 K−1 when the mass fraction of boron nitride‐ γ aminopropyl triethoxysilane (BN‐KH550) is 50 wt%. Compared with pure epoxy resin, the thermal conductivity is increased by 1464%. The boron nitride (BN) surface resistance of the heterojunction film is large, which can isolate the conductive path of the EG layer and provide effective electrical insulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A reasonable ecological security pattern can improve landscape connectivity, promote biological circulation, maintain ecological processes, and improve regional ecosystem service functions and human well-being. Accordingly, systematically and scientifically analyzing the spatiotemporal evolution characteristics of the regional ecological security pattern has essential theoretical and practical significance. This research proposed that the analysis framework of the ecological security pattern should include a complete system composed of ecological sources, resistance surfaces, and corridors. Thus, this research uses the ecological network method to systematically analyze the spatiotemporal evolution characteristics of the ecological security pattern in the Qinba–Dabie intersection zone in China, a complete natural ecological unit across administrative regions, from 2000 to 2020. Results revealed the following: (1) The distribution change law of the ecological sources in the study area was consistent with the distribution change law of their centrality. (2) In the northeast of the study area, the disappearance of the small ecological sources, which play a stepping stone role, led to a longer length and a weaker centrality of ecological corridors. (3) The resistance surface in the study area showed an overall growth trend, while the ecological corridor network showed an overall deterioration trend. Based on the results, this research suggests that the systematic analysis and targeted protection of ecological sources are the basis for maintaining the ecological security pattern, and targeted improvement of ecological resistance surface is the key to improving the ecological security pattern. Therefore, measures such as the protection of core ecological sources, the rational layout of ecological sources as stepping stones, and the improvement of resistance values at ecological key points should be paid attention to in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

By free radical polymerizing methylacrylylethyl trimethyl ammonium chloride (DMC), styrene (ST), and methoxy polyethylene glycol acrylate (MPEGA), a novel type of hydrophilic polymer antistatic agent (PDSM) was created. By utilizing FT-IR and 1H NMR, the structure and properties of the PDSM copolymer were investigated. By using the melt blending approach, composites made of ABS (acrylonitrile-styrene-butadiene copolymer)/PDSM were generated. The composites' mechanical characteristics and surface resistivity were measured. The results indicated that PDSM was evenly dispersed on the inner surface of ABS resin, resulting in a continuous conductive network, and serving the intended function of long-lasting antistatic. The surface resistance of ABS composites could be greatly decreased using the PDSM copolymer antistatic agent. Surface resistivity of ABS/PDSM composites were around 109-1010 Ω when the proportion of PDSM copolymer was up to 15 wt%. As MPEGA concentration increased, the surface resistivity of ABS/PDSM materials declined because MPEGA comprised hydrophilic ether bonds and flexible side chains. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ambient noise surface wave exploration is one of the fields of interest in geophysical research. Extracting dispersion curves and inverting the S-wave velocity structure from the dispersion characteristics is also of primary importance. The accuracy of dispersion curves has great significance for the subsequent inversion result and its interpretation. The phase-shift method is widely used in dispersion imaging of surface waves. This method possesses advantages on stability but also suffers a lot from low resolution and low noise resistance. Therefore, we propose an improved phase-shift method based on semblance coefficients. This method replaces linear stacking in the traditional phase-shift method by calculating semblance coefficients and, therefore, can effectively improve the resolution and noise resistance of surface wave dispersion spectrum imaging. Tests are implemented on both synthetic ambient noise data and field data recorded by a short-period dense seismic array located in the ChangbaiShan region to evaluate the proposed method. The dispersion spectrum imaging results of the model and field data show that the semblance phase-shift (SPS) method has better noise resistance and computational accuracy than the traditional phase-shift method. The inversion results indicate that it is possible to obtain a reasonable S-wave velocity structure by inverting the dispersion curves resulting from the semblance phase-shift method. By constructing a 3 km deep and 4.8 km long S-wave velocity image, the velocity structure and abnormal conditions beneath the array in the ChangbaiShan region are presented. The results indicate a significant low-velocity anomaly at a depth of 1 km. It is inferred that it may be a fluid-rich structure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To optimize the resistance performance of autonomous underwater vehicle (AUV) hull, many previous scholars mainly studied the geometric shape and materials of AUV, but lacked the research on the surface roughness effect on the hull resistance. In this paper, take the Myring-shaped AUV hull for example, the computational domain distribution, grid independence verification and turbulence model are analyzed and discussed in detail. A computational fluid dynamics (CFD) calculation model is systematically established to predict the resistance performance of AUV hull. The simulation results are in good agreement with the theoretical data, which proves the reliability of the CFD model. Subsequently, the surface roughness effect on the hull drag is studied. First, taking the hull surface roughness height K s as 0.8 μm—100 μm, the friction resistance, pressure resistance and total resistance changes of the hull with the surface roughness height K s are studied when the advance speed is 1.5 m/s. It is found that the total resistance is the lowest when K s is 27.5 μm. Second, taking the surface roughness height as 0.8 μm, 12.5 μm, 50 μm, 75 μm and 100 μm, the change of the hull resistance with the advance speed is analyzed. It is found that the hull resistance increases with the increase of the speed. Third, when the speed is 1 m/s, 2 m/s and 2.5 m/s, respectively, the change of the hull resistance with the surface roughness height is analyzed. The results show that the corresponding optimal surface roughness heights are 39 μm, 21.5 μm and 17 μm, respectively. Finally, the surface roughness effect on the resistance performance of a torpedo-shaped hull is analyzed. It is found that its optimal surface roughness height is very close to that of the Myring-shaped hull. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Stellite 6 is a superalloy primarily composed of cobalt, known for its exceptional resistance to corrosion and wear at elevated temperatures. The current investigation involved the application of a co-based Stellite 6 coating on SS 304 boiler heat exchanger steel using HVOF technology. The objective was to boost surface wear resistance against elevated temperature. Protective coatings are widely employed across various industries to enhance resistance to erosion and wear of engineering components. The corrosion behavior of coated and uncoated steel was assessed under various conditions, including impact velocity, impact angle, and time duration, using a high-temperature air-jet erosion tester. Microploughing, cracking cutting, and hard phase pull-outs were all erosion processes seen in the coatings. Among the samples that were tested, it was observed that the Stellite 6 coating applied on SS 304 exhibited the lowest erosion rate. This study aims to facilitate the selection and optimization of coating materials suitable for applications in industry that require enhanced resistance against erosion wear under high-temperature conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Soil moisture is one of the main factors influencing evapotranspiration (ET) under soil water stress conditions. The TSEBSM model used soil moisture to constrain soil evaporation. However, the transpiration schemes constrained by soil moisture require greater physical realism and the soil evaporation schemes parameters usually need calibration. In this study, the TSEBSM model was enhanced by incorporating Jarvis's canopy resistance which considered the influence of soil moisture on transpiration schemes. We assessed the new model (TSEBSM+) in the Heihe and Haihe basins of China. The TSEBSM+ model displayed a consistency to the TSEB in the ET estimation at the A'rou site, but approximately 30% and 35% reductions in RMSEs at the Huazhaizi and Huailai sites. It produced approximately 20% and 10% of the reductions in the ET RMSEs at the Huailai and A'rou sites compared to the TSEBSM model, but had a similar performance at the Huazhaizi site. Moreover, the TSEBSM+ model estimated ET in the Heihe River Basin with an RMSE of 0.58 mm·day−1, and it was sensitive to the soil moisture, particularly when the soil moisture was below 30%. In conjunction to soil moisture, the TSEBSM+ model could potentially be a more effective tool for monitoring the ET. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the effects of cutting speed and feed rate on the roughness parameters Ra, Rz, Rsk, Rku, Rpk, Rvk, and A2 were examined during machining with coated carbide tools in a dry environment. The authors introduced the Rvk/Rpk ratio, a coefficient that facilitates a simpler evaluation of surface wear resistance. Specifically, if this ratio is greater than 1, the surface is more wear-resistant, while values less than 1 indicate a higher tendency for surface wear. The Taguchi OA method was used to analyze and identify the significance of technological parameters on output characteristics. Based on the results, it was established that feed rate has the greatest impact on all output characteristics. The highest cutting force was measured at a cutting speed of 60 m/min and a feed rate of 0.15 mm/rev, attributed to the fact that at lower cutting speeds, the base material does not soften while the cross-sectional area of the chip increases. To achieve the lowest Ra and Rz surface roughness, a cutting speed of 100 m/min and a feed rate of 0.05 mm/rev are recommended. If the goal is to enhance surface wear resistance and improve oil retention capability, machining with a cutting speed of 80–100 m/min and a feed rate of 0.15 mm/rev is advisable, as the coarser machining increases both the Rvk/Rpk ratio and the oil-retaining pocket size, which together improve the wear resistance of the machined surface. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effective treatment of the surface electrode is the core technology of an ionic polymer–metal composite (IPMC), and its preparation significantly affects the driving performance of the IPMC. Copper, which is inexpensive and has excellent electrical conductivity, was selected as the surface electrode material, and copper electrode IPMCs (Cu-IPMCs) were prepared via magnetron sputtering. Orthogonal experiments were performed to optimize the parameters of the preparation process. The indices of the deformation angle and surface resistance were used, and the sample electrodes' surface morphology and elemental content were analyzed. The results showed that sputtering pressure was the major factor affecting two indices. The Cu-IPMC, prepared at a sputtering pressure of 0.9 Pa, sputtering time of 35 min, argon flow rate of 30 sccm, and sputtering power of 150 W, had a more minor surface resistance and a larger deformation angle under continuous direct current boosting. It required a sputtering time of 1.2 h, which was more than 10 times shorter than its chemically plated counterpart. It exhibited surface resistance in the 2–3 Ω/cm range, which was 23 times smaller than chemically plated platinum. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Methods used to quantify evapotranspiration (ET) from Sphagnum‐dominated peatlands often assume that soil moisture is not a limiting factor; actual ET (AET) equals potential ET (PET). However, soil moisture can become limiting as peatlands dry, lowering AET below PET and necessitating the use of a surface resistance term in AET estimations. Quantifying and calculating surface resistance is a challenge for the non‐vascular plant surfaces such as those dominated by Sphagnum moss. This paper explores and quantifies the ecohydrological processes that drive Sphagnum resistance to ET. It is hypothesized that a relationship exists between the Sphagnum moss resistance and the ratio of unsaturated to saturated hydraulic conductivity (K‐ratio) for boreal peatlands, where the K‐ratio is a proxy for the hydrophysical properties of the porous medium. An empirical relationship between Sphagnum moss resistance and the K‐ratio was developed from data collected from a boreal peatland and implemented in the cold regions hydrological model. Empirically modelled resistance values (0–800 s m−1) did not match well with estimates from inverting observations and the Penman–Monteith (PM) algorithm (0–5000 s m−1). Difficulties in validating resistance values were possibly due to lack of moisture limiting conditions although this is seemingly contradicted by the alpha value being less than 1. Priestley–Taylor (PT) and PM algorithms in CRHM were used to estimate AET and compared with each other and with observations from an onsite eddy covariance (EC) system. The PT algorithm, using a site‐specific alpha value (0.75) performed the best with a mean difference of 9.4% (±12.0%) when compared to EC measurements of AET. The PM algorithm consistently overestimated EC measurements with a mean difference of 68.4% (±50.0%), even with a moss resistance incorporated into its use. The performance of PM algorithm is impeded by the uncertainty in quantifying Sphagnum resistance. Reducing this uncertainty should be a focus of future studies, as it does not require the use of a site‐specific alpha value. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Here, atmospheric pressure, Roll-to-Roll and non-thermal plasma treatment was utilized to modifying the surface characteristics of polyester fabric. Optical emission spectrometer (OES) of the plasma medium, revealed presence of N and O contained species such as N2, OH and CO that their emission lines were increased with the increase of plasma power. The results of AFM and SEM analysis showed the increased roughness in nano dimensions on the fabric surface. Also, ATR-FTIR analysis exhibited the higher peak intensities of C = O, NH and OH functional groups in the treated sample compared to the parent sample. Contact angle and capillarity tests revealed the increased wettability of fabric after plasma treatment that can be due to the increase of physical (confirmed by AFM and SEM) and chemical (confirmed by ATR-FTIR) changes in the fiber surface. By using the variance analysis of capillary results, the optimum (669/2 m min−1/26n) and average (461w/7m min−1/13n) condition of plasma treatment were determined. Finally, the treated sample absorbed antistatic solution at the much faster rate compared to the parent one which can be an advantage for better chemical treatment of fabrics. Moreover, the antistatic treatment of plasma-modified fiber led to change of its resistance from 9.9 × 1010 to 1.8 × 108 Ω. Also, the same values of surface resistance after 30 days, confirmed the good durability of resistance test. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Zinc anodes are expected as a promising alternative to lithium‐based anodes in energy storage systems due to their low cost, high theoretical capacity, and environmental friendliness. However, the development of efficient and stable zinc anode requires a fundamental understanding of the interfacial processes occurring during zinc deposition and dissolution cycling. In this study, we employed electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance (EQCM) analysis to investigate the potential‐dependent formation and decomposition of surface films on zinc metal anodes in sulfate‐based aqueous electrolytes. Changes in frequency and motional resistance served as complementary descriptors, with motional resistance being a highly selective indicator for probing dynamic surface film formation driven by side reactions at the zinc anode. While the frequency change provided the overall changes in the mass of both zinc metal and surface films, changes in the motional resistance selectively reflected the amount and nature of the visco‐elastic interface that comprise the surface films. The two descriptors provide quantitative and complementary means to discover the complex interfacial processes such as the formation of surface visco‐elastic films, guiding to the development of more stable and efficient zinc‐based electrochemical systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to enhance the mechanical properties of hot-waxed wood by incorporating microcrystalline cellulose (MCC), thereby addressing the issue of inadequate surface durability. We investigated the effects of varying mass fractions (0%, 5%, 10%, 15%) of MCC on multiple surface properties of hot-waxed wood modified with natural wax and maleic anhydride-ethyl acetate copolymer-grafted Fischer-Tropsch wax. These properties encompass adhesion, hardness, abrasion resistance, impact resistance, surface roughness, gloss, and hydrophobicity. To gain deeper insights into the reinforcing role of MCC, analytical techniques such as Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray Diffraction (XRD), and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) were employed to comprehensively characterize the chemical structure, crystalline structure, and surface morphology of the samples. The results reveal that, upon the addition of 5% MCC, the hot-waxed wood treated with modified Fischer-Tropsch wax demonstrates a 41% increase in surface adhesive strength, an improvement in hardness from 2H to 3H, a reduction in surface impact resistance from grade 5 to grade 2, and a 72% decrease in wear mass. Additionally, it exhibits enhanced surface hydrophobicity and thermal stability, while preserving its decorative appearance. These findings endorse the use of MCC in hot-waxed wood, offering significant potential in fields like wooden architecture, indoor wooden decorative panels, and furniture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

42CrMo is an ultra-high-strength, low-alloy structural steel. To enhance its surface wear resistance and prolong the service life of components, surface strengthening techniques are commonly applied. In this study, a numerical model for the laser phase transformation hardening of 42CrMo was established. The temperature field and metallurgical transformations during the laser phase transformation hardening process were investigated through numerical simulation, and the morphology of the hardened layer after laser surface treatment was predicted. The effects of key process parameters on the temperature field and the characteristics of the hardened layer were identified. The optimal parameters for single-pass laser phase transformation hardening were found to be a laser power of 1200 W, a scanning speed of 20 mm/s, and a spot diameter of 6 mm. The accuracy of the simulation results was validated through laser phase transformation hardening experiments. The results indicate that under these optimal conditions—laser power of 1200 W and a scanning speed of 20 mm/s—the hardening effect is maximized. The surface hardness reaches a maximum of 782 HV0.2, with a cross-sectional hardness peaking at 875 HV0.2, which is three to four times higher than the base material's hardness, with an average surface hardness of 745 HV0.2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Earth plasters have several advantages. Nevertheless, they are vulnerable when in contact with liquid water. For that reason, they have low durability when applied as an outdoor coating or in indoor areas with potential contact with water. In this study, the influence of six different surface treatments (traditional and innovative, based on raw materials and on waste) applied on a pre-mixed earth plaster, applied by a roller (r) or as a spray (s), was assessed. The treatments were: limewash (L), beeswax (BW), linseed oil (LO), graphene oxide dispersion (GO), water from paper immersion (WP) and water from gypsum plasterboard paper immersion (WPG). The application of L, BW and LO, despite the color change, improved the water resistance and the surface performance of the earth plaster (less than 80%–86%, 93%–98% and 97%–99% of mass loss from surface cohesion, from water erosion by dripping action and from dry abrasion, respectively, compared to the reference untreated plaster). However, the application of BW and LO had a negative effect on the hygroscopic capacity of the plaster (less than 28%–38% of water vapor adsorbed after 24 h and the MBV decreased 29%–50% compared to the reference plaster). Finally, the application of the remaining surface treatments did not significantly improve the characteristics of the plaster, having even worsened it in certain cases (more than 42%–149% of mass loss from water erosion, compared to the reference plaster). These results demonstrated that, among the treatments analyzed, the L, BW and LO treatments are the best options to apply on an earth plaster. In particular, the application of BW and LO are recommended in situations where it is necessary to improve water resistance and surface performance, and the hygroscopic capacity is not a conditioning characteristic, such as outdoor applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Metal doping is an efficient approach to improve H 2 S gas sensing performances, but the metal-doped NiO is still faced poor recovery capability at low working temperature. Herein, Co-doped NiO@g-C 3 N 4 heterocomposites were constructed firstly via a simple solid phase reaction. Texture characterizations indicate that Co-doped NiO@g-C 3 N 4 heterocomposites with the architecture of hierarchical microspheres show high specific surface areas and rich surface oxygen vacancies. The gas-sensitive measurements exhibit that the response value of the heterocomposites with g-C 3 N 4 content of 30 wt% (Co-NiO@g-C 3 N 4 -3) increases to 45 toward 20 ppm H 2 S gas at 172 °C, which is about 1.8 times of Co-NiO (23), as well as response/recovery times decreased to ca. 100/130 s. Besides, excellent repeatability, stability and selectivity of Co-NiO@g-C 3 N 4 -3 sensors are obtained. The improved H 2 S gas sensing performances of Co-NiO@g-C 3 N 4 heterocomposites is mainly contributed to the formation of nano-heterojunctions, which promotes electron accumulation at nano-heterojunctions near Co-NiO, facilitates O 2 molecules adsorption on the material surface and accelerates the resistance change of the sensors, resulting the enhanced gas sensing performances. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cotton textiles play a universal role in everyday life, but they are prone to stain and serve as a primary channel for transmitting viruses and bacteria. The photocatalytic/antibacterial coatings are highly effective in addressing bacterial contamination on fabrics, although their efficacy diminishes with continuous use and washing. Here, insights are provided into the attachment of LiNbO 3 on cotton surfaces using eco-friendly chemical activators to promote resistance to washing cycles, self-cleaning, and bactericide textiles. LiNbO 3 nanoparticles were synthesized by low-temperature hydrothermal synthesis and directly applied to cotton fabric using immersion. The synthesized nanoparticles were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) N 2 adsorption, diffuse reflectance for band gap determination, and Raman spectroscopy. A simple and effective impregnation method was used, promoting an ester-bond attachment between the cotton surface and the activators. Microscopy analysis (SEM) confirmed the successful deposition of the nanoparticles on cotton fabric. The LiNbO 3 coating consisted of transparent layers and did not change the properties of cotton. Methylene blue stains are generally eliminated under UV light after 2 h using nanoparticles and activators. Antibacterial properties were evaluated under visible light through direct contact with bacterial suspensions and culturing. The coated cotton fabric that was activated with oxalic acid exhibited significant photocatalytic antibacterial activity against both Escherichia coli (gram-negative) and Staphylococcus aureus (gram-positive) bacteria, with bacterial reduction rate above 97 %, even after 10 washing cycles. This performance can be attributed to the effective coupling of LiNbO 3 with oxalic acid in the cotton's surface and its resistance to washing out. This study's novel synthesis and coating method offers an environmentally friendly, cost-effective, and straightforward approach for producing LiNbO 3 self-cleaning and antibacterial surface-activated cotton. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Accurate estimation of farmland evapotranspiration (ET) is crucial for agricultural production. The accuracy of the widely used Penman–Monteith (PM) equation for estimating crop ET depends on the quality of input data and their ability to accurately model the canopy resistance (r c). In this study, we evaluated the PM equation in estimating winter wheat ET using nine r c models, with both original and recalibrated parameters, including the Farias (FA), Monteith (MT), Garcίa-Santos (GA), Idso (IS), Jarvis (JA), Katerji-Perrier (KP), Stannard (ST), Todorovic (TD), and Coupled surface resistance (CO) models. We used long-term measurements (2018 to 2023) from the Bowen ratio energy balance method at both daily and seasonal scales. Parameterization was performed using data from the 2020–2021 growing season, while the remaining 4 years were used for verification. The results showed that the FA, KP, and ST models performed better in estimating daily ET with original parameters, achieving a root mean square error (RMSE) of 1.07–1.16 mm d−1 and a mean bias error (MBE) of −0.59–0.02 mm d−1. After parameterization, the performance of acceptable r c models based on RMSE (ranging from 1.07 to 1.22 mm d−1, averaged 1.16 mm d−1) ranked as follows on the daily scale: FA > CO > KP > ST > IS > GA > JA > MT. The r c models were more accurate in simulating ET on a seasonal scale than on the daily scale. Before calibration, the acceptable FA, KP, and MT models overestimated seasonal ET with the MBE ranging from 2.83 to 75.32 mm and RMSE from 29.79 to 82.38 mm. After correction, the suitable r c models based on RMSE values decreased by FA > CO > KP > IS > ST > GA > JA on the seasonal scale, which ranged from 29.79 to 76.35 mm. The performance of the revised r c models improved on both daily and seasonal scales, with RMSE reductions of 29.03% and 68.18%, respectively. Considering both the accuracy and calculation complexity, the FA and KP models were recommended to be used in the PM equation to estimate daily and seasonal ET in semiarid regions. The CO, GA, ST, IS, and JA models can also be used as alternatives, depending on the availability of meteorological parameters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In a sealed electromagnetic relay, the change in the surface roughness mainly depends on the collision wear between the contact and the moving reed and the ablation effect of the arc on the contact surface based on the strong correlation between the contact resistance and the surface roughness of the Ag-Mg-Ni contact. With a change in contact resistance, the contact temperature increase in a hermetically sealed electromagnetic relay (HSER) is greatly affected. Under extreme overload conditions, the contact surface is severely ablated by the arc, and the roughness increases rapidly with the number of cycles, which greatly affects the contact resistance of the contact surface and the reliability of the relay. A thermal model of a relay contact system based on the surface roughness of Ag-Mg-Ni contacts was established in this paper by analyzing the effect of an arc on the surface roughness of Ag-Mg-Ni contacts under heavy overload conditions. The arc image of the Ag-Mg-Ni contact was recorded using a double-axis arc photographing platform, and the moving track of the arc center under overload conditions was drawn. This paper explored the patterns of arc center movement on the contact surface and the effects of the arc on the surface roughness of the contacts by analyzing the probabilities of the arc center appearing in various locations. A mathematical model correlating the number of contact cycles with contact resistance was established. Subsequently, a finite element simulation model for the equivalent heat source of the contact was developed. The theoretical model error was less than 10%. The accuracy of the equivalent heat source model was verified by comparing the measured data with the simulation results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Solving the problem of poor weather resistance of Mn4+‐doped fluoride phosphors is pivotal for their application in white‐light‐emitting diodes (WLEDs). This study introduces a one‐step synthesis strategy for the phosphor T‐KSF:Mn (KSF:M = K2SiF6:Mn4+ and T = surface‐treated with NaClO) that involves the use of a NaClO solution as a treatment agent to augment the water resistance of this phosphor. The results of transmission electron microscopy, electron diffraction tomography, and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, analyses reveal the formation of an ultrathin composite shell (<5 nm) comprising K2SiF6 and KNaSiF6 on the surface of T‐KSF:Mn. The fluorescence intensity of the treated phosphor is 1.09 times that of the untreated phosphor, and its internal quantum efficiency reaches 82.72%. Even after 60 days of testing in a harsh hydrolysis environment, the fluorescence intensity of T‐KSF:Mn remains at 86.24%. At 150 and 200 °C, the integrated fluorescence intensity of T‐KSF:Mn surge to 256.84% and 292.29% of its initial value at 30 °C, respectively, demonstrating a substantial negative thermal quenching (NTQ) effect. Furthermore, the results of aging tests conducted at 85 °C and 85% relative humidity substantiate the effectiveness of the aforementioned strategy in considerably enhancing WLED stability under practical conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In addressing issues related to defects in laser quenching technologies, this study undertakes surface passivation treatment on 2205 duplex stainless steel. The investigation explores the impact of different laser parameters on the corrosion resistance of the passive film on the steel surface. The findings may provide theoretical references for the laser passivation treatment and corrosion resistance mechanism of steel surfaces. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Comprehensive studies on aridity, reference evapotranspiration (ETo) and their driving variables are lacking in the context of the Indian region. This study comprehensively analyzes the spatio-temporal trends in aridity, ETo and the driving variables across different zones over the Indian subcontinent under historic and future climate change. ETo is estimated based on the Penman-Monteith (PM) and a modified PM method incorporating CO2 levels (PM-CO2) that takes into consideration the influence of CO2 on surface resistance. Additionally, the partial least squares regression (PLSR) is employed to assess the relative contributions of the different climate variables to ETo trends and investigate the existence of the "evapotranspiration paradox" over the Indian region. The findings reveal that a substantial portion of the subcontinent has experienced a decline in annual ETo (70%) and aridity over the historical period. Under climate change projections ETo diverge considerably based on PM and PM-CO2 approach with PM projecting higher ETo across the region. Contribution analysis outcomes show temperature and net radiation are the most influential factors affecting ETo variability under both the historic and future periods. Furthermore, results also show the existence of the "evapotranspiration paradox" over majority of the region under historic conditions which is found to be diminishing under future climate change. The paradox in the historic period is explained by reductions in net radiation and wind speed dominating the increases in temperatures across the region. Outcomes from the study have implications towards future irrigation water usage and drought projections over the Indian subcontinent. Highlights: Decreasing ETo trends across majority of study area over the historic period. Temperature and net radiation are the primary drivers of ETo variability under both historic and climate change scenario. 'Evapotranspiration Paradox' exists under historic period and is found to be diminishing under climate change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the results of studies on the characteristics and properties of coatings on titanium alloy Ti6Al4V obtained by electrospark deposition with a tungsten-free hard alloy based on TiCN with a metal solder of 30% Ni and Mo. The coatings are applied on an apparatus with a vibrating electrode with a pulse energy of up to 0.07J. Through profilometric, light microscopic, SEM, EDS, XRD, and tribological studies, the influence of the energy parameters of the modes on the changes in the relief, topography, structure, composition, nano- and microhardness, friction coefficient, and wear resistance of the modified surfaces has been clarified. It was established that the increased content of Ni and Mo compared to that of the classic hard alloys of the KNT16 type allows the production of coatings with a thickness of up to 30 μm, with synthesized new intermetallic phases and crystalline-amorphous structures and improved adhesion to the titanium substrate. The conditions under which the most favorable composition and structure were obtained and the maximum increase in the microhardness and wear resistance of the modified surfaces were defined, respectively up to 3.5--4 times compared to those of the untreated titanium alloy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Consideration is given to the state of the art in the production of materials of carbon felt-based gas diffusion layers. It is shown that the nature of a hydrophobic polymer (polyvinylidene-fluoride, PVDF, and polytetrafluorethylene, PTFE) has no crucial effect on the water contact angle (limiting wetting angle), however, it is of fundamental significance in terms of regulation of the macroporous structure and surface electrical resistance of the obtained materials. Thus, polytetrafluorethylene concentrates predominantly in the near-surface layers while polyvinylidenefluoride spreads uniformly through the thickness of the carbon support. Furthermore, the concentration of an impregnating solution of PTFE (fluorine plastic) suspension makes it possible to regulate efficiently the surface properties of felts, which can be directly used in the development of gas diffusion layers of fuel cells. On the whole, the use of viscose fiber-based carbon felts allows the production of gas diffusion materials with a level of surface electrical resistance below 1 Ω/m2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Extremely low field emergence rates for canola are primarily attributed to soil compaction from field traffic during and after planting. This study aimed to determine the critical compaction level for canola emergence across different soil types. A laboratory experiment was conducted using sandy loam, silt clay, and clay soils, compacted to five levels (zero to four) using Proctor hammer drops after sowing canola (Brassica napus L.). The lab results were validated through two years of field experiments in sandy loam, applying four compaction levels (zero to three) using a tractor. Soil properties (bulk density and surface resistance) and canola growth parameters (plant emergence rate, count, height, and above-ground biomass) were measured. Zero compaction resulted in lower bulk density and surface resistance across all soil types. Laboratory results showed maximum emergence rates of 95% for sandy loam, 100% for silt clay, and 60% for clay, while field emergence rates were 63% and 87.59% in the first and second years, respectively, both at zero compaction. Recommendations include light or no compaction for sandy loam, and zero compaction for silt clay, while clay soil did not achieve the 80% emergence target at any compaction level. These results can assist agricultural producers in optimizing their seeding equipment setup and managing field traffic for canola production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Arid Zone Research / Ganhanqu Yanjiu is the property of Arid Zone Research Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Drainage & Irrigation Machinery Engineering / Paiguan Jixie Gongcheng Xuebao is the property of Editorial Department of Drainage & Irrigation Machinery Engineering and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In this study, ultrathin CuAl layered double hydroxide (LDH) nanosheets were successfully deposited on sepiolite clay (SPC) support and used as an effective electrocatalyst for fabrication of a new non-enzymatic glucose sensor. According to a series of electrochemical results, the growth of CuAl LDH on SPC decreases the charge-transfer resistance in the surface of modified carbon paste electrode (CPE). At an optimum potential of + 0.40 V, the CuAl LDH/SPC modified CPE depicted a wide linear range over a concentration of 0.1 to 1450 µM with a detection limit of 0.03 µM (S/N = 3). Significantly, the established assay demonstrated a strong resistance to interference from common substances such as fructose, valine, ascorbic acid, urea, L-cysteine, and uric acid. The suggested assay was successfully employed to detect glucose in sport drinks with satisfactory results. The modified electrode with CuAl LDH/SPC presents improved electro-catalytic properties, operating at a lower working potential. It demonstrates rapid response, high stability, and reproducibility in the oxidation of glucose. These features make it a promising candidate for the development of non-enzymatic glucose sensors in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to their durability and esthetic appeal, porcelain tiles have become a staple in modern construction and interior design. However, the persistent challenge of mitigating slip hazards, particularly in moist conditions, remains a critical concern for pedestrian safety. This study investigates the slip resistance performance of porcelain tiles, focusing on the influence of varying surface textures. The study clarifies the intricate relationship between surface texture and slip resistance through comprehensive dynamic friction tests involving four distinct porcelain tile samples and three different shoe samples conducted under arid, damp, and lathered conditions. Whereas dry conditions showcase robust traction, moist environments underscore the significance of surface textures in enhancing grip. Moreover, the study introduces an operational scale of surface roughness, delineating optimal texture boundaries for maximal slip resistance. The implications of these findings extend beyond mere material characterization, offering actionable insights for architects, designers, and safety professionals to enhance pedestrian safety in diverse settings. By bridging the gap between material science and real-world safety concerns, this research paves the way for innovative porcelain tile designs that prioritize safety without compromising esthetic appeal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Creating an ecological security pattern is crucial for balancing the sustainable development of areas where human activities and the natural environment intersect. Using Hefei, an internationally recognized Wetland City, as a case study, we extracted ecological sources through ecological service function (ESF) analysis and morphological spatial pattern analysis (MSPA) core area connectivity analysis. Based on these ecological sources, we developed an ecological resistance surface system and identified ecological corridors and nodes using circuit theory. The findings are as follows: Ecological source areas: The primary ecological sources in Hefei are located in the water bodies, forested areas, and scattered grasslands in the central and eastern parts of the city. This ecological source area covers 978.96 km2, which constitutes 8.55% of the city's total area. Ecological corridors: Hefei contains 43 ecological corridors with a total length of 940.3 km, averaging 21.87 km each. These corridors are crucial for maintaining ecological connectivity and facilitating species movement. Ecological nodes: There are 13 significant ecological nodes in Hefei, including 6 ecological obstacle points and 7 ecological pinpoints. These nodes play a vital role in supporting ecological processes and ensuring habitat connectivity. Evaluation metrics: The α and β values for the source identification method that integrates MSPA with ecological service functions were 2.15 and 0.8, respectively, which are higher than those of the control group. Conversely, the γ-value was 0.18, lower than that of the control group. These results indicate that the combined ecological source extraction method provides significant advantages in terms of ecological corridor integrity, connectivity, and ecological flow management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The growing need for sustainable materials in engineering applications has led to increased interest in the use of waste-derived ceramics as reinforcing fillers in polymer composites. This study investigates the mechanical and tribological performance of epoxy composites reinforced with Yttria-Stabilized Zirconia (YSZ) waste ceramics, focusing on the effects of varying ceramic content (0–40 wt.%). The results demonstrate that while the tensile strength decreases with increasing ceramic content, the wear resistance and surface hardness improve, particularly at 20 wt.% YSZ. These findings are highly relevant for industries such as automotive, aerospace, and industrial manufacturing, where the demand for eco-friendly, high-performance materials is growing. This work aligns with the journal's focus on sustainable engineering by offering new insights into the practical application of waste materials in high-performance composite systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To facilitate the transformation of ecological resource advantages into economic benefits in the border areas of Inner Mongolia, China, this study focuses on Chen Barag Banner (County) and employs the minimum cumulative resistance model (MCR) to identify resistance surfaces, key areas, and potential routes for greenway construction. Addressing the challenges associated with integrating ecological resources, underdeveloped and unused landscapes along the border, and the lack of connectivity in open spaces, the study conducts an analysis and revision of data to determine organizational forms, such as connection relationships, radiation ranges, and spatial structures. An optimal path is then selected, leading to the development of a planning scheme for the Chen Barag Banner ecotourism greenway route. The findings reveal that: (1) The comprehensive resistance of Chen Barag Banner's cost surface is currently high in the southeast and low in the northwest. Areas characterized by flat terrain, convenient transportation, and abundant ecological resources are more suitable for greenway construction. (2) By selecting routes that are proximate to river systems and resource points while optimizing for the lowest cost path, the attractiveness and utilization rate of greenways can be enhanced. Constructing greenway lines along existing road systems reduces construction complexity, minimizes ecosystem disruption, and aligns with user behavior patterns. (3) Implementing a ring layout improves resource connectivity by organizing dispersed ecotourism resources and extending their influence to surrounding areas, thereby fostering regional tourism development. Through the systematic analysis of ecotourism resources and potential routes, the study proposes a macro-level ecotourism greenway route selection scheme described as "one vertical, two belts, and one ring." This approach establishes a mechanism for greenway route selection in border areas, offering a practical pathway for the integration of ecotourism resources and the development of greenway routes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Occupancy models were originally developed to better understand species distribution while accounting for imperfect detection. Because species distribution is not only shaped by habitat quality but also by the ability of individuals to reach suitable habitats, spatial dynamic occupancy models have been proposed to extend the original framework by defining that site colonisation was a function of the Euclidean distance to occupied sites. However, not all sites in the landscape are equally accessible due to the presence of barriers, that of corridors, etc. To account for connectivity between sites, the Euclidean distance has recently been replaced by a least‐cost path distance, which explicitly accounts for landscape resistance, but assumes that individuals will follow the optimal route.To relax this assumption, we first developed a new spatial occupancy model that incorporates commute‐time distance derived from circuit theory to model accessibility across sites. This distance has the advantage of modelling movement as a random walk and accounting for the fact that colonisation could be achieved from multiple paths. Our approach allows for the explicit estimation of landscape connectivity from detection/non‐detection data and a direct measure of connectivity uncertainty.We implemented the model in the Bayesian framework using the nimble R package, which allows useful R connectivity functions to be called from within the model. Second, we carried out a simulation study to assess the performance of our model by considering four scenarios depicting an increasing level of landscape resistance. Third, to illustrate our new approach, we studied the recolonisation of two carnivores in France.We quantified the degree to which rivers facilitate Eurasian otter (Lutra lutra) colonisation and highways impede Eurasian lynx (Lynx lynx) colonisation. Overall, spatial occupancy models provide a flexible framework to accommodate any distance metric designed to align with species dispersal ecology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Surfactant monolayers modify the surface tension of fluid surfaces, and they confer to the surfaces a resistance to mechanical perturbances, such as compression or dilatation. The resistance can be characterized by elastic and viscous moduli, that affect the phenomena involving the motion of liquid surfaces such as wetting, two‐phase flow, foaming and emulsification, rheology and stability of foams and emulsions. Some of these phenomena, for instance coalescence of bubbles or drops, are extremely rapid, and although coalescence seems correlated with the elastic compression modulus, no quantitative comparison has been made. Indeed, this modulus is frequency dependent, and cannot be measured by most conventional devices at the short timescales during which coalescence events occur. In this paper, we first review the current understanding on foam and emulsion stability, highlighting the role of surface rheology in the stability of these systems, important for their formulation. We present tension measurements for various surfactant systems, nonionic and cationic, at oil–water interfaces. We show calculations of the high frequency elastic modulus using the Gibbs adsorption equation and compare the results to previous measurements at air–water interfaces. The moduli measured imposing a rapid expansion of the monolayers are consistently smaller, in particular at oil–water interfaces. We discuss the possible origin of the differences between the two types of interfaces. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Riblet surface is a biomimetic surface that not only has the ability to reduce surface drag resistance of mechanical products in fluids, but also improves surface hydrophobicity. Therefore, studying its manufacturing technology has practical significance for solving its engineering applications. In order to grind the riblet surface on the cylindrical workpiece, an innovative hob-grinding strategy for reducing drag on cylindrical riblet surfaces using superhard grinding wheels with spiral abrasive pattern has been developed. To achieve this strategy, firstly, based on the analysis of the geometric topology features of the riblet surface, an engineered CBN grinding wheel with spiral arrangement of abrasive particles was designed based on the principle of gear hobbing machining. Then, the relationship between hob-grinding parameters and abrasive particle arrangement parameters on the parameters of the ground riblets was analyzed, and the process measures to increase the number of riblets on the cylindrical surface, the ratio of the height to spacing of riblets, and the impact on the surface geometry of the riblets were explored. Finally, the surface of the cylindrical riblet surface was ground through experiments, and under the conditions of this experiment, a riblet surface was obtained that its spacing, height, and ratio of the height-spacing were 93.85 µm, 14.65 µm, and 0.156, respectively. The research results indicate that using this strategy can grind the cylindrical riblet surface, and the proposed process strategy of increasing the number of riblets and the ratio of the height to spacing is feasible. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aluminum alloy 7075 is utilized widely across marine, aerospace, and automotive sectors. However, its surface wear resistance has hindered its application in certain tribological environments. Addressing this challenge, the current study examines a hybrid laser method to increase surface wear resistance by combining two techniques: ultrafast laser texturing and laser‐based surface hardening. Ultrafast laser processing is conducted using 3 W laser power, 100 kHz pulse repetition rate, 4 mm s−1 scanning speed, and three different scan patterns. After the texturing operation, laser‐based surface hardening is then performed on these textures using a continuous wave laser. The laser heat treatment is conducted using laser powers of 400 and 500 W with three different scan speeds of 1, 2, and 3 mm s−1. Microhardness evaluations show a notable increase in hardness, with the hardest sample exhibiting a 17.8% increase compared to the pristine sample. The laser‐textured and laser heat‐treated samples exhibit a significant reduction in the average coefficient of friction and wear volumes compared to samples that were laser‐textured but not laser heat‐treated. The investigated laser processing strategy offers a promising approach for surface modification, enhancing both mechanical properties and wear resistance of aluminum alloy 7075 surfaces. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The distribution of species and the way that lineages are structured are the result of intrinsic historical processes of the species and their relationships with landscape features. Paleosuchus palpebrosus is one of the smallest crocodilians in the world and has a wide geographic distribution in South America, occurring in different habitats. Here, we analyzed mitochondrial cytochrome b sequences of 227 individuals, investigated how elements of landscape heterogeneity impact genetic differentiation, and evaluated the evolutionary and phylogeographic history of the species. Thus, we hypothesized that landscape structures, such as aridity and slope, should act as resistance surfaces to population connectivity, while rivers could mediate the dispersion of the species as a conductor of the gene flow. The analyses recovered three main lineages of P. palpebrosus. While most of the observed genetic variation was explained by geographic resistance distance, river connectivity had a smaller contribution for the observed variation. We also found a recent history with limited genetic divergence throughout the wide distribution of the species. Our findings highlight the main drivers for the evolutionary history of the species and how landscape features can shape the diversification, especially if we consider rivers as a facilitator of gene flow. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]