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The reliable and durable corrosion protection of structural materials, such as the AA2024-T3 aircraft alloy, is the subject of intensive research worldwide. This alloy, highly doped in its composition, inherently exhibits increased susceptibility to electrochemical corrosion compared to pure aluminum. Among the most promising and environmentally friendly primers are Anodic Aluminum Oxide (AAO) and Cerium Conversion Coatings (CeCC). Consequently, the combined AAO/CeCC coating primers are anticipated to offer superior protective properties. However, the optimal approach and conditions for CeCC formation on the AAO layer remain uncertain. This study presents a comparative characterization of cathodically deposited CeCC on pre-formed AAO on the AA2024-T3 alloy, revealing the opportunity for electrochemical CeCC formation and potential detrimental effects. The CeCC depositions were conducted at current densities ranging from 0 to 25 mA cm−2. The analysis included the following: (1) color characterization and contact angle measurements, (2) surface observations using optical metallographic, atomic force, and scanning electron microscopy, (3) element distribution using energy dispersion X-ray and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and (4) corrosion tests. These involved electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and potentiodynamic scanning after 24, 168, 336, 504, and 672 h of exposure to a 3.5% NaCl model corrosive medium. The result analysis has revealed that the most favorable current densities for CeCC deposition on the surface of anodized AA2024-T3 alloy fall within the range of 0 to 5 mA cm−2. Higher values adversely affect the surface properties of the specimens. These findings were corroborated by all the analytical techniques employed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Here, atmospheric pressure, Roll-to-Roll and non-thermal plasma treatment was utilized to modifying the surface characteristics of polyester fabric. Optical emission spectrometer (OES) of the plasma medium, revealed presence of N and O contained species such as N2, OH and CO that their emission lines were increased with the increase of plasma power. The results of AFM and SEM analysis showed the increased roughness in nano dimensions on the fabric surface. Also, ATR-FTIR analysis exhibited the higher peak intensities of C = O, NH and OH functional groups in the treated sample compared to the parent sample. Contact angle and capillarity tests revealed the increased wettability of fabric after plasma treatment that can be due to the increase of physical (confirmed by AFM and SEM) and chemical (confirmed by ATR-FTIR) changes in the fiber surface. By using the variance analysis of capillary results, the optimum (669/2 m min−1/26n) and average (461w/7m min−1/13n) condition of plasma treatment were determined. Finally, the treated sample absorbed antistatic solution at the much faster rate compared to the parent one which can be an advantage for better chemical treatment of fabrics. Moreover, the antistatic treatment of plasma-modified fiber led to change of its resistance from 9.9 × 1010 to 1.8 × 108 Ω. Also, the same values of surface resistance after 30 days, confirmed the good durability of resistance test. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polycrystalline magnesium aluminate spinel (PMAS) ceramics is a kind of transparent oxide ceramic with the advantages of high hardness, high mechanical strength, thermal stability and chemical corrosion resistance. The optical transmittance and infrared absorption edge of PMAS ceramic are better than that of sapphire and ALON in the mid-infrared band with the wavelengths greater than 4.5 μm, which makes it as an ideal material for manufacturing the optics used in the fields of transparent armor protection, infrared optical window and infrared missile dome. However, the hardness of PMAS ceramics is close to that of sapphire, and the brittleness is greater than that of sapphire, which brings great challenges to ultra-precision ductile grinding. In this paper, the surface characteristics and damage mechanisms in ultra-precision grinding of PMAS ceramics were systematically researched based on AE signals monitoring. Firstly, the effects of grinding depth, feed speed and grain size on the surface characteristics were studied in detail. Secondly, the influences of grinding depth and feed speed on the damage characteristics of PMAS ceramics were researched based on energy spectrum analysis of AE signals. Thirdly, the evolution mechanisms of material removal modes and damage characteristics were revealed based on time-frequency analysis of AE signals. Then, the damage types on ductile surfaces and initiation mechanisms of damage crack were investigated. Ultimately, the crack-free ductile surfaces and surface roughness (Sa) of 3 nm were achieved through ultra-precision grinding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper experimentally studied water jets issued vertically downward from rectangular nozzles into still ambient air. Two rectangular nozzles having the same aspect ratio but different cross-sectional areas were tested under different water flow rates. The water jet surface characteristics while falling were explored using a high-speed camera. The phenomenon of axis switching was observed under both rectangular nozzles. The magnitude of the jet surface fluctuation with falling distance was found to follow an exponential growth. The breakup length was found linearly increasing with the square root of the liquid Weber number. The diameters of the droplets released from jet breakup were analyzed and were mostly around 2 cm. Practical Applications: This investigation studied the characteristics of water jets issued from two rectangular nozzles, including the axis-switching phenomenon, surface wave disturbance, jet breakup length, and diameter of droplets. The outcomes of this study contribute to a better understanding of rectangular jet flows in practical applications. For example, the water flow discharged from spillway gates can be approximated as a large rectangular water jet, the breakup features of such water flows can be estimated, which are closely related to the total dissolved gas level downstream of the dam. Also, the flow inside a dropshaft can be approximated as a rectangular water jet. The results of jet breakup length in this study can provide design reference for noncircular jets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The anticorrosion and wear resistance, in addition to the biocompatibility are among the most important considerations in the selection of biomaterials for implants (prosthesis). It is toward this goal that titanium-based ceramic coatings were fabricated by a magnetron sputtering method. Surface characteristics, microstructures, anticorrosion behavior, calcium-phosphorus (Ca-P) layer ability formation, and antibacterial adhesion resistance were systematically investigated. Obtained results showed superior anticorrosion resistance in blood plasma of specimen coated with TiO2 (the corrosion current density (Icorr) = 0.02 µA/cm2) when compared to the specimen coated with TiN (Icorr = 0.81 µA/cm2). Moreover, the in vitro bioactivity test results carried out in Hank's solution and the anti-adhesion resistance against Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) and Escherichia coli (E. coli) bacteria, revealed a higher performance of the TiO2 surface when compared to TiN surface. The optimum performances (i.e., 7.3.103 CFU/cm2 versus S. aureus and 1.13.103 CFU/cm2 versus E. coli) were shown for TiO2 (O2 = 20%) coating characterized by fine grain microstructure, high wettability angle, and low defects density. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) wood is one of the most popular timber export products. However, its low durability can reduce the potential and utilization of the wood. Chemical modification is one of the solutions to overcome this drawback. Chemical modification using non-biocide materials such as glycerol and citric acid was carried out to improve the inferior properties of wood. The study aimed to observe the microstructure and evaluate the surface characteristics of glycerol and citric acid-modified scots pine wood. Scots pine wood was modified using glycerol and citric acid with weight percent gain (WPG) values of 20% and 46%. Surface characteristics were measured, including surface roughness, surface free energy (SFE), wettability, and bonding quality. The results show that chemical modification using glycerol and citric acid resulted in the structure of the pine wood being more filled and denser. The modification could also reduce the roughness of the wood surface, resulting in decreased SFE value, increased contact angle, and decreased wettability on the wood surface. It might cause a decrease in the bonding quality because the wood did not have the strength to mechanically lock with the paint. Glycerol and citric acid modified-scots pine wood can be considered for exterior application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the past decade, a lot of work has been reported on the use of polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) based thermoplastic composites as energy storage devices, and implant materials. But hitherto little has been reported on the dimensional stability and surface characteristics of 3D-printed PVDF composites after autoclaving for implant applications. In this study, the effect of autoclaving on surface characteristics (Shore-D hardness, surface roughness (Ra), morphological characteristics), and dimensional stability of 3D printed PVDF-hydroxyapatite (HAp)- chitosan (CS) composite has been reported for implant applications. The signal-to-noise (S/N) ratio approach was used to ascertain the best setting of process parameters for 3D printing by fused filament fabrication (FFF) process. This study suggests that the best setting for the FFF process, for the 3D printing of PVDF composite (90%PVDF-8%HAp-2%CS) are the nozzle temperature (NT) of 225°C, raster angle (RA) 0°, and printing speed (PS) 40 mm/s, resulting in Shore-D hardness 48.5 HD (before autoclaving) and 55.0 HD (after autoclaving), dimensional deviation 0.01 mm (after autoclaving). The results are supported by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Fourier transmission infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Stainless steel (SS) orthodontic brackets may have varying corrosion resistance when used with mouthwashes during orthodontic treatment. Studying their effects on orthodontic brackets will be beneficial. Aim: The study’s objective was to analyze the surface characteristics of SS orthodontic brackets and their resistance to corrosion, exposed to chlorhexidine and povidone-iodine mouth rinses – an in vitro and in vivo study. Materials and Methods: The in vitro test: MBT 0.022” slot SS orthodontic brackets were immersed in three groups – Group A – Modified Meyer-Fusayama artificial saliva (AS), Group B – Chlorhexidine, and Group C – Povidone-iodine mouthwash. The in vivo test: Brackets were conventionally bonded on the patient’s teeth and divided into Group I – control group, Group II – patients used chlorhexidine, and Group III used povidone-iodine mouth rinse. The corrosion resistance and surface characteristics of SS brackets were determined using scanning electron microscope (SEM), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Results: Higher corrosion resistance was obtained for brackets immersed in chlorhexidine mouth rinse. The polarization resistance value of the orthodontic SS bracket was 109 MΩ, 1383 MΩ, and 769 MΩ immersed in AS, chlorhexidine, and povidone-iodine mouth rinse, respectively. After surface chemical analysis, XPS data showed the largest intensity peak of metallic chromium (CrO) fresh sample and in the sample immersed in chlorhexidine mouthwash. According to SEM, brackets immersed in chlorhexidine showed a relatively smooth surface. Conclusion: In this study, chlorhexidine was found to be less corrosive followed by povidone-iodine.

Objectives Good oral hygiene measures are important for successful orthodontic treatment. They involve various types of mouthwashes which have been reported to cause alteration of mechanical properties of archwires. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of a new kind of chlorine-dioxide-containing mouthwash on the mechanical properties and surface morphology of stainless steel orthodontic archwires against the already prevalent chlorhexidine mouthwash in the market. Method Group A – Chlorhexidine mouthwash 0.2% (study), Group B – Chlorine Dioxide mouthwash (study), and Group C – Artificial Saliva (control). 42 specimens of 5 cm long 19x25 inch SS archwires were immersed in each group equally. Post immersion, the frictional force was analyzed in the universal testing machine for each group using custom-made acrylic jigs for 10 specimens. The remaining 4 specimens from each group were sent for surface morphology evaluation using an atomic force microscope. Results Friction resistance evaluation for the archwires revealed a mean friction of 0.011 ± 0.0056 in Group A, 0.015 ± 0.0052 in Group B, and 0.010 ± 0.0067 in Group C. Results suggested that the static friction of Group C (control group) was found to be the least when compared with the experimental groups, although not producing statistically significant values. Surface roughness of archwires compared at a 10μm range revealed a mean roughness of 19.38 ± 0.82 in Group A, 25.39 ± 7.01 in Group B, and 16.65 ± 3.07 in Group C which shows there wasn’t any statistically significant difference in the mean roughness midst the three sets. Conclusion Chlorine dioxide and Chlorhexidine mouthwashes caused an increase in the frictional resistance of the archwires when compared to the control group. This increase was statistically insignificant. When measured at a range of 10μm the mean surface roughness did not statistically differ across the control and the experimental groups.

The shot peening procedure enhances the mechanical characteristics with the transformation of compressive residual stresses which helps in the increment of operational lifespan of the product. The study comprehensively analyzed the effect of consecutive shot peening procedures up to four peening passes with the coverage increases 100% on each peening pass up to 400% on the laser powder bed fused austenitic stainless steel and compared with the as-built condition focusing on surface characteristics, mechanical characteristics, and corrosion potential. Surface damage of the peened samples was found very minimal with the absence of visible scan tracks and unmelted powder particles due to the controlled peening parameters. The inducement of compressive residual stresses (−625 MPa) was observed to be higher at the fourth consecutive peening passes without strain-induced martensite, with an increment of hardness proportion of 29.12% with a depth of 1 mm, and increment of corrosion resistance across each peening pass. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the composite P(4ClAni)/CuO, which consists of Poly(4-Chloroaniline) P(4ClAni) and copper oxide (CuO) nanoparticles, was successfully synthesized utilizing a chemically oxidative polymerization approach to be applied in optoelectronics. Both FTIR and EDX analyses showed that CuO has been successfully integrated into the P(4ClAni) matrix. The SEM micrographs reveal uniform loading and distribution of CuO throughout the P(4ClAni) polymeric chains. The UV–Vis absorbance, the Urbach energy, the band edge and a number of carbon clusters were determined. The Tauc relationship was used to determine the band gaps, which revealed a decrease as the CuO concentration increased. The band gap drops from 3.84eV for P(4ClAni) to 3.09, 2.85, and 2.64eV, correspondingly for P(4ClAni)/CuO-1, P(4ClAni)/CuO-2, and P(4ClAni)/CuO-3. While, the Urbach tail is increased from 1.66eV for P(4ClAni) correspondingly to 1.81, 1.85, and 1.93eV. The results show composites made of P(4ClAni)/CuO have better optical characteristics than pure polymer P(4ClAni), suggesting that they can use these composites in optoelectronics devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

NdFeB is the highest output value permanent magnet material at present, which has extremely high magnetic properties and is widely used. In the production process of NdFeB, cutting is an indispensable process, and high precision as-cut surface characteristics can reduce the cost of subsequent processes. In this paper, the single factor sawing experiment of NdFeB was carried out by using the range of processing parameters in industrial production. The effects of workpiece feed speed, saw wire speed, workpiece processing size and diamond saw wire wear on sawing surface morphology, surface material brittleness removal ratio, roughness and waviness were studied. The research shows that the surface characteristics of the workpiece sawed in the stable wear stage of the diamond saw wire are the best. In all service stages of the saw wire, reducing the feed speed and workpiece processing size, and increasing the wire speed will reduce the surface roughness and waviness, reduce the number and size of pits, and reduce the proportion of brittle removal areas. The research results provide an experimental reference for the optimization of diamond wire saw cutting parameters of NdFeB. • Influence of wire wear on surface characteristics in NdFeB sawing is analyzed. • Cut surface characteristics in early service stage of saw wire are relatively poor. • Better surface characteristics are achieved in stable service stage of the saw wire. • Abrasives on saw wire surface are worn flat and fall off in its later service stage. • Increasing wire speed, decreasing ingot feed speed and size can improve the surface characteristics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Stainless steel (SS) orthodontic brackets may have varying corrosion resistance when used with mouthwashes during orthodontic treatment. Studying their effects on orthodontic brackets will be beneficial. Aim: The study's objective was to analyze the surface characteristics of SS orthodontic brackets and their resistance to corrosion, exposed to chlorhexidine and povidone-iodine mouth rinses - an in vitro and in vivo study. Materials and Methods: The in vitro test: MBT 0.022" slot SS orthodontic brackets were immersed in three groups - Group A - Modified Meyer-Fusayama artificial saliva (AS), Group B - Chlorhexidine, and Group C - Povidone-iodine mouthwash. The in vivo test: Brackets were conventionally bonded on the patient's teeth and divided into Group I - control group, Group II - patients used chlorhexidine, and Group III used povidone-iodine mouth rinse. The corrosion resistance and surface characteristics of SS brackets were determined using scanning electron microscope (SEM), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Results: Higher corrosion resistance was obtained for brackets immersed in chlorhexidine mouth rinse. The polarization resistance value of the orthodontic SS bracket was 109 MO, 1383 MO, and 769 MO immersed in AS, chlorhexidine, and povidone-iodine mouth rinse, respectively. After surface chemical analysis, XPS data showed the largest intensity peak of metallic chromium (CrO) fresh sample and in the sample immersed in chlorhexidine mouthwash. According to SEM, brackets immersed in chlorhexidine showed a relatively smooth surface. Conclusion: In this study, chlorhexidine was found to be less corrosive followed by povidone-iodine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the machining processes of Alloy 20 under different cooling conditions: Minimum Quantity Lubrication (MQL), Carbon Dioxide (CO2), and the hybrid MQL + CO2 approach. The research focuses on optimizing the cutting parameters, understanding the surface characteristics, analysing the tool wear patterns, and evaluating the chip formation. Face-centred CCD-based response surface methodology (RSM) is applied in order to identify the optimized cutting conditions. Surface roughness, tool wear, and chip morphology are examined through SEM imaging. Surface roughness characteristics reveal distinctive characteristics for each coolant condition: MQL cooling results in a relatively rough surface with tool nose degradation, CO2 cooling shows scratches on the surface and tool chipping, and MQL + CO2 cooling yields a smoother finish with close and continuous chip formation under the optimized conditions. This study contributes valuable insights into the complex interactions between cutting parameters and coolants, aiding in the optimization of machining processes for improved outcomes of the machining of Alloy 20. Based on the RSM outcomes, the optimal parametric settings obtained are Vc = 44 m/min, f = 0.04 mm/rev, and ap = 0.43 mm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In today’s textile industry, the comfort of a fabric often preponderates its importance in price. The concept of “fabric handle” - the tactile sensation experienced when touching a fabric – plays a crucial role in shaping consumer perceptions and product functionality. This fact greatly influences consumer perceptions of fabric quality during shopping and affects the functionality of textile products in everyday use. This study aimed to explore the comfort properties by using 10 different samples of knitted fabric. Ten single-knit jersey fabrics covering a wider range of commercial uses were used to objectively evaluate the fabric hand properties. The Kawabata evaluation system assessed the mechanical properties, including tensile strength and shearing resistance, bending rigidity, compressional performance, and surface characteristics determining fabric comfort. The material composition has been shown to affect the functional characteristics of fabrics to comply with consumer needs and preferences.

Graphene materials have great application prospects in the field of advanced heat transfer equipment for nuclear reactors due to their excellent thermal conductivity and chemical inertia. In order to explore the enhanced heat transfer performance of graphene materials, boiling deposition method to prepare graphene oxide nanocoatings was used in this paper. The working fluid concentrations of graphene oxide nanofluids are 0.001, 0.003 and 0.005 mg/mL, and the heating time is controlled at 1 hours and 2 hours. Six types of graphene oxide coatings were prepared on exposed copper surfaces through boiling deposition. The coating surface was observed through optical photography and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). By comparing and analyzing the influence of graphite oxide coating on surface morphology characteristics, it is found through optical photos that the deposition of graphene oxide on the copper surface shows an uneven spot like distribution. With the increase of nanofluid concentration and preparation time, the coverage gradually increases. When the preparation time is 2 hours, the graphene oxide coating completely covers the substrate copper surface. The deposition of graphene oxide on the copper surface exhibits an uneven spotted distribution. Through scanning electron microscopy analysis, it is found that the uneven spots are the vaporization core during boiling. By using X-ray energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) to scan the element content distribution in the spot area along a straight line, it is found that the carbon element content in the vaporized core is the lowest, and the carbon element content around it first increases and then decreases. These indicate that the deposition of graphene oxide nanofluid occurs through the phase transition at the bottom of the bubble, which is the reason for the non-uniform distribution of the deposition layer spots. Using the above graphene oxide coating for pool boiling experiments, it is found that when the coverage rate of graphene oxide coating is low, its impact on pool boiling heat transfer characteristics is minimal. When the coverage rate of the nano coating is high, it can significantly increase the critical heat flux, but the subsequent thickening of the coating has a smaller effect on improving the critical heat flux. Within the experimental range, the critical heat flux increases by 40% to 55% compared to the bare surface. Mechanism analysis finds that the sedimentary layer improves wettability and thermal conductivity, both of which jointly suppress the irreversible expansion of the evaporation drying area at the bottom of the bubble under high heat flux conditions, significantly increasing the critical heat flux density. Due to the similarity between the surface morphology of the coating and the exposed copper surface, the effect on the density of the vaporized core during pool boiling is relatively small, so the effect on the pool boiling heat transfer coefficient is relatively small.

In this paper, CO2 fracturing experiments were carried out in a conglomerate to analyze the fracture morphology, and fracture surface characteristics, and discuss the fracture self-support mechanism. Results indicate that compared to supercritical CO2 (SC-CO2) fracturing, SC-CO2 shock fracturing can break through the limitations of in situ stress to develop more complex fractures. The SC-CO2 shock fracturing induced rougher fracture surfaces. As a direct result, rougher fractures with larger apertures have greater permeability and conductivity, approximately three times that of SC-CO2 fracturing. This is because, under the influence of impact, shear misalignment allows rough fracture surfaces to self-support and exfoliated particles to act as proppant, allowing SC-CO2 fracturing to form self-supported fractures with greater aperture and permeability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the impact of surface modifications on additively manufactured CoCr and Ti6Al4V dental alloys, focusing on surface properties. Thin film carbon (C) and gold (Au) coatings, as well as alkali‐heat treatment, were applied to the high‐ and low‐polished specimens. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) showed that thin film coatings retained the underlying surface topography, while the alkali‐heat treatment induced distinct morphological changes. Energy‐dispersive x‐ray spectroscopy (EDS) analysis revealed that C‐coating enriched surfaces with C, and Au‐coating introduced detectable amounts of Au. Nevertheless, signs of coating delamination were observed in the high‐polished specimens. Alkali‐heat treatment led to the formation of a sodium titanate layer on Ti6Al4V surfaces, confirmed by sodium presence and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) results showing carbonate bands. Surface roughness measurements with atomic force microscopy (AFM) showed that C‐coating increased surface roughness in both high‐ and low‐polished alloys. Au‐coating slightly increased roughness, except for low‐polished Au‐coated Ti6Al4V, where a decrease in roughness was observed compared to low‐polished bare Ti6Al4V, likely due to surface defects present in the latter resulting from the additive manufacturing process. Alkali‐heat treatment led to a pronounced increase in roughness for both alloys, particularly for Ti6Al4V. Both thin film coatings decreased the water contact angles in all specimens in varying magnitudes, indicating an increase in wettability. However, the alkali‐heat treatment caused a substantial decrease in contact angles, resulting in a highly hydrophilic state for Ti6Al4V. These findings underscore the substantial impact of surface modifications on additively manufactured dental alloys, potentially influencing their clinical performance. Research Highlights: Thin film coatings and chemical/heat treatment modify the surface properties of additively manufactured dental alloys.The surfaces of the alloys get rougher and more hydrophilic after alkali‐heat treatment.Thin gold coatings exhibit potential adhesion challenges. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Existing research on pavement interlayer bonding has mainly focused on bonding materials and external factors, neglecting the upper and lower interlayer surface characteristics. This study aims to analyze the contact conditions between these surfaces, developing a numerical model to reveal their properties. Five double-layered asphalt systems, including dense-graded asphalt concrete (AC), open-graded friction course (OGFC), and stone mastic asphalt (SMA) mixes, were examined using a nondestructive interlayer separation method and 3D laser scanning. Three indices were proposed to assess interlayer surface characteristics in both 2D and 3D domains. Shear strength tests at room temperature were also conducted, revealing that AC-only systems had lower surface mismatch at the layer interface compared to SMA or OGFC mixes. The study concludes that surface mismatch decreases with greater differences in aggregate coarseness, and systems with significant mismatch gaps have lower shear strength. These findings provide valuable insights for designing durable pavement structures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of dental implants for prosthetic rehabilitation in dentistry is based on the concept of osteointegration. This concept enables the clinical stability of the implants and a total absence of inflammatory tissue between the implant surface and the bone tissue. For this reason, it is essential to understand the role of the titanium surface in promoting and maintaining or not maintaining contact between the bone matrix and the surface of the titanium implant. Materials and Methods: Five types of titanium discs placed in contact with osteoblast cultures of osteosarcomas were studied. The materials had different roughness. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) photos were taken before the in vitro culture to analyze the surfaces, and at the end of the culturing time, the different gene expressions of a broad pattern of proteins were evaluated to analyze the osteoblast response, as indicated in the scientific literature. Results: It was demonstrated that the responses of the osteoblasts were different in the five cultures in contact with the five titanium discs with different surfaces; in particular, the response in the production of some proteins was statistically significant. Discussion: The key role of titanium surfaces underlines how it is still possible to carry out increasingly accurate and targeted studies in the search for new surfaces capable of stimulating a better osteoblastic response and the long-term maintenance of osteointegration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The reliable and durable corrosion protection of commercially attractive aluminum alloys like AA2024-T3 is the subject of world-wide intensive scientific research. Thus, the quality of the preliminary treatments and the coating primers is of key importance in this field. In this aspect, Anodic Aluminum Oxides (AAO) and Cerium Conversion Coatings (CeCC) appear to be the most perspective approaches for the formation of coating primers. The present systematic study offers results of a comparative elucidation of the properties of CeCC deposited under different regimes on AAO formed on the AA2024-T3 aircraft alloy. The formation of CeCC was performed either spontaneously, or under different electrochemical regimes. The samples were subjected to analyses that included: (i) preliminary color characterization and contact angle measurements, (ii) surface observations by optical metallographic (OMM) and scanning electron (SEM) microscopy, (iii) element distribution by means of Energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) and X-ray Photoelectron (XPS) spectroscopy and (iv) corrosion tests. The latter were performed by applying Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) and Potentiodynamic Scanning (PDS) after 24 h of exposure to a 3.5% NaCl model corrosive medium (MCM). For completeness, the experiments were extended to 672 h of exposure for the samples with superior barrier ability. The analysis of results obtained from the employed analytical techniques has revealed that spontaneous and cathodic depositions at low current densities are suitable for formation of uniform CeCC layers. Conversely, the application of higher current densities and alternating current (AC) or anodic deposition regimes had adverse effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

OBJECTIVE: Although pure titanium (PT) and its alloys exhibit excellent mechanical properties, they lack biological activity as implants. The purpose of this study was to improve the biological activity of titanium implants through surface modification. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Titanium was processed into titanium discs, where the titanium discs served as anodes and stainless steel served as cathodes, and a copper- and cobalt-doped porous coating [pure titanium model (PTM)] was prepared on the surface of titanium via plasma electrolytic oxidation. The surface characteristics of the coating were evaluated using field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), atomic force microscopy (AFM), and profilometry. The corrosion resistance of PTM was evaluated with an electrochemical workstation. The biocompatibility and bioactivity of coated bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) were evaluated through in vitro cell experiments. RESULTS: A copper- and cobalt-doped porous coating was successfully prepared on the surface of titanium, and the doping of copper and cobalt did not change the surface topography of the coating. The porous coating increased the surface roughness of titanium and improved its resistance to corrosion. In addition, the porous coating doped with copper and cobalt promoted the adhesion and spreading of BMSCs. CONCLUSIONS: A porous coating doped with copper and cobalt was prepared on the surface of titanium through plasma electrolytic oxidation. The coating not only improved the roughness and corrosion resistance of titanium but also exhibited good biological activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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This study investigates the impact of the surface characteristics and the inner close-to-surface characteristics of die-cast Al-Si-Cu alloy on the anodizing process under steady-state voltage and current modes. Samples of industrial-pressure die-cast aluminium–silicon alloy AlSi12Cu1(Fe) underwent anodization in as-die-cast surface conditions and after surface-grinding operations with material removal of 0.1, 0.5, and 1 mm. After surface grinding operations, the anodic layer thickness was significantly greater when subjected to a steady-state voltage of 35 V compared to that formed under a steady-state voltage of 20 V, showing an increase in the range of 2 to 2.5 times more than the thickness at 20 V. Additionally, anodizing under steady-state current mode (1.6 A·dm−2) yielded thicker layers compared to steady-state voltage mode (35 V, 1.6 A·dm−2 max) across all surface states (as-cast, ground). SEM-EDS analysis with element mapping revealed the subsequent effects of element distribution on anodic layer growth and structure. Grinding prior to anodization resulted in larger cavity sizes and lengths, attributed to microstructural variations induced by grinding. Grinding also exposed areas with slower solidification rates, fostering a homogeneous Al phase that facilitated enhanced oxide growth. Moreover, the formation of oxide was directly correlated with the presence of alloying elements, particularly silicon particles, which influenced the presence of the unanodized aluminium regions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, we examined the chemical changes occurring in ground tire rubber (GTR) and on its surface as a result of gamma irradiation in water, with low doses of 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, and 30 kGy. To better distinguish the changes the radiation caused in the GTR and the surface activation of the GTR caused by the irradiated water, we also performed radiation treatments in an inert atmosphere. We mixed the treated GTRs with fresh rubber, and after vulcanization, investigated the mechanical properties and conducted dose optimization. The chemical changes occurring in GTR were characterized by Soxhlet-extraction and cross-link density measurements. Changes on the surface were investigated by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). In water irradiation, cross-link density decreased (∼10 %), while in an inert atmosphere, new bonds formed between the chains (∼10 %), with negligible degradation (∼2 %) in both cases. Based on the FTIR spectra, new oxygen-containing groups appeared on the GTR surface in water treatment, while this was not observed in a nitrogen atmosphere. The increase in surface oxygen content was confirmed by XPS, showing a ∼10 % increase as a result of water treatment, while it remained unchanged in the inert atmosphere. We achieved a 30 % increase in tensile strength (5 kGy) without a decrease in elongation properties and a 32 % increase in tear strength (20 kGy) for vulcanizates containing surface-activated GTR. Mechanical properties did not improve with treatments in an inert atmosphere. The oxidizing agents formed during the radiolysis of water activated the surface of the GTR, helping to establish a better connection with the matrix.

The surfaces of natural (NZ) and zeolite/iron oxyhydroxide composite (ZFe) samples were analysed by means of inverse gas chromatography (IGC) using the adsorption data of organic non-polar and polar probes, in the infinite and finite-dilution regimes, in the temperature range 483–513 K. The dispersive components of the free energy of adsorption, γS, determined by the Gray method, decreased with increasing temperature for both zeolites. The specific interactions were characterised by the specific free adsorption energy change, ΔGa S, the specific enthalpy change of adsorption, ΔHa S, as well as the donor and acceptor interaction parameters (KA, KD) and the basic character of the NZ and ZFe was evidenced. The adsorption isotherms of n-hexane, benzene, chloroform and tetrahydrofuran (THF) were determined under finite surface coverage and used to estimate the specific surface area and the adsorption energy distribution. The adsorption capacity of the ZFe was higher than for NZ for all the investigated adsorbates. The specific surface areas and pore size distributions were also determined using nitrogen adsorption–desorption isotherms, i.e., the BET method. It was observed that the nature of the adsorbate and the properties of the solid surface of the initial and modified samples governed the uptake of adsorbates.

This study was designed to observe the effects of temperature, impregnation time, and stirring rate on the structure of potassium ion-impregnated calcium oxide prepared from potassium hydroxide and waste eggshell-derived calcium oxide. A total of 18 reactions were carried out in different environments to impregnate K+. The catalyst products were analyzed using Infrared spectroscopy (IR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), and Energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX). The XRD and EDX results indicated that at higher temperatures calcium hydroxide tends to form as well a greater incorporation of K+ ions is achieved. Moreover, stirring speed was observed to affect the growth of specific phases in both calcium oxide and calcium hydroxide crystals. However, the impregnation time variation did not show any significant effect. The prepared catalysts were applied to the transesterification reaction using waste cooking oil as the fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) source, achieving a maximum of 98.28 % conversion to FAME calculated from 1H-NMR spectra. This indicates that tailoring of the catalyst may be carried out by changing these parameters in order to achieve a desired catalyst or sorbent structure which in turn may significantly improve catalytic efficiency.

This study aims to investigate the influence of post-polymerization (post-curing) conditions on surface characteristics, flexural properties, water sorption and solubility, and cytotoxicity of additively manufactured denture base materials. The tested specimens were additively manufactured using digital light processing and classified into different post-curing condition groups: submerged in water (WAT), submerged in glycerin (GLY), and air exposure (AIR). An uncured specimen (UNC) was used as a control. The surface topography and roughness were observed. The flexural strength and modulus were determined via a three-point bending test. The water sorption and solubility were subsequently tested. Finally, an extract test was performed to assess cytotoxicity. Different post-curing conditions had no significant effects on the surface topography and roughness (Sa value). Various post-curing conditions also had no significant effects on the flexural strength. Notably, the flexural modulus of the WAT group (2671.80 ± 139.42 MPa) was significantly higher than the AIR group (2197.47 ± 197.93 MPa, p = 0.0103). After different post-curing conditions, the water sorption and solubility of the specimens met the ISO standards. Finally, all post-curing conditions effectively reduced cytotoxic effects. Post-curing with different oxygen levels improved flexural properties, and flexural modulus significantly increased after the specimens were submerged in water. In addition, water sorption and solubility, and cytocompatibility were optimized by post-curing, irrespective of the post-curing conditions. Therefore, the water-submerged conditions optimized the flexural modulus of the 3D-printed denture base materials. • The underwater method of post-curing resulted in the highest flexural modulus. • Flexural strength was not significantly affected by different oxygen content. • Different post-curing conditions did not induce cytotoxicity. • The underwater method is a promising post-processing procedure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The primary cause of tool failure in rough cutting is the severe tool-chip friction brought on by chip adhesion and abrasive wear. To address the problem, the influence of combinations of micro-textures and AlCrN coating, and the sequence of their combinations on tool surface characteristics and cutting performance in dry cutting AISI 304 were investigated. The results of wettability and indentation tests indicate the micro-textures reduce the contact angle of the tool surface (by 13.26%) and increase the contact area between micro-textures and the coating, resulting in a better adhesive strength (grade HF3) for the first micro-textured and then AlCrN-coated tool (TCT). The results of cutting experiments demonstrate that the TCT's cutting performance is improved as the cutting speed increases between 50 and 141 m/min, with the highest reductions in main cutting force and radial cutting force reaching 27% and 38% at 141 m/min. The TCT's micro-textures reduce tool-chip contact area, while the intact AlCrN coating film decreases chip adhesion and improves the wear resistance of cutting tools. This study is expected to be applied to further improve the tool performance under dry and rough cutting conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The pursuit of effective therapeutic strategies for tissue damage has prompted extensive scholarly investigations worldwide. Tissue engineering has emerged as a prominent approach, particularly through the utilization of artificial scaffolds that closely resemble the natural extracellular matrix (ECM). These scaffolds exhibit multi‐scale topological structures and surface physicochemical properties, which significantly influence cellular behavior, thereby attracting considerable attention from numerous researchers. This comprehensive review is concentrated on the primary techniques employed in the fabrication of biodegradable polymer scaffolds possessing oriented porous structures, and the most recent advancements in tissue engineering research are presented. Significantly, the profound influence of scaffold surface characteristics is underscored on cellular behavior, elucidating the superiority of oriented pore structures over disordered ones in mimicking the distinctive attributes of the ECM. Enhanced cell adhesion, proliferation, and tissue differentiation represent notable advantages associated with oriented porous scaffolds. Additionally, the critical interplay between scaffold structure, performance, and functionalization is emphasized, highlighting the imperative to optimize the clinical application of tissue engineering scaffolds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to discover the surface characteristics of cyclonic plasma‐deposited films and the effect of nitrogen gas addition. The influence of nitrogen gas addition on the surface characteristics of organosilicon films in hexamethyldisilazane (HMDSN) and HMDSN/nitrogen (HMDSN/N2) cyclonic plasmas at atmospheric pressure was evaluated. It was found that the addition of nitrogen gas is a crucial factor affecting organosilicon film growth in the plasma cyclone in one atmosphere. SEM, AFM, and ATR‐FTIR results indicated that on adding nitrogen gas, the surface morphology became rougher, the peak corresponding to the Si–O–Si group was detected at approximately 1050 cm−1, the degree of porosity was relatively low, and the proportion of the SiCHx group decreased. In general, the surface energies of the films deposited in the HMDSN discharge and the HMDSN/N2 gas mixture discharge exhibited similar features. SEM and AFM evaluations showed high roughness values of 44.5 nm for the film formation in the HMDSN/N2 gas mixture discharge, while the films grown in the HMDSN discharge exhibited a relatively flat surface with a roughness of 24.5 nm. Based on ATR‐FTIR detection, cyclonic plasma‐deposited films deposited in the HMDSN discharge obtained organic moieties, while the films generated in the HMDSN/N2 gas mixture discharge exhibited strong Si–O–Si absorption signals. A possible nano‐organosilicon film growth that prevails in atmospheric pressure plasma deposition is proposed based on atmospheric‐pressure plasma chemistry, nitrogen gas addition, and experimental observations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The biocompatibility of the SS316L makes it an alluring alternative for orthopaedic and other biomedical applications. In such applications, surface characteristics of the materials are key considerations for bacterial adhesion at the surface of the metallic implant. Therefore, the current study focuses on the investigation of surface roughness and microhardness of SS316L in the electric discharge machining process using adequate electrode/tool material. Machining is performed with brass, copper, and aluminum electrodes to limit the surface roughness and enhance the microhardness of machining surfaces. Besides this, process variables including peak current, pulse off time, pulse on time and spark voltage are also optimized to obtain superior surface characteristics. Results show that adequate surface roughness of 1.08 μm can be attained with the aluminum electrode while brass electrodes offered increased microhardness of 1270.6 HV of machined surfaces. Microstructural analysis shows that aluminum electrode yields shallow and small-sized craters and few micro-cavities while brass electrode generates high peaks and valleys on the machined surface due to the deep craters, micro cracks, and cavities. The composite desirability function approach suggests that aluminum electrode along with the optimal setting of process variables such as peak current = 25 A, pulse off time = 50 μs, pulse on time = 55 μs and spark voltage = 2 V offers reasonable values of surface roughness 4.09 μm and microhardness 1051.2 HV after trading off.

The present paper investigates the possibility of increasing the porous and surface characteristics of eggshell powders. For this purpose, the collected waste eggshells were washed, dried at 90°C, crushed mechanically and sieved into a particle size smaller than 0.315 µm. The resulting powder was chemically modified by immersion in 1M solutions of HCl and NaOH. After the treatment with the above reagents, the surface-treated eggshells were characterized by a combination of XRD, FT-IR, BET and SEM analyses. The XRD diffraction data and FT-IR spectra confirmed that the untreated eggshells were composed mainly of calcium carbonate in the form of calcite. After treatments on the surface of the particles were carried out, calcite did not undergo structural changes. From the N2 adsorption-desorption isotherms it was found that all of samples have nonporous or macro porous structures.

Objective: Adlay has been reported to prevent osteoporosis, and promote osteoblast cell proliferation and in vitro calcification. However, it has never been used on modified titanium (Ti) surfaces. Hence, the aim of this study was to ameliorate Ti surfaces, by coating with adlay seed extract via the polyelectrolyte multilayer (PEM) film technique. Material and Methods: Adlay seed extract solution containing 150, 300, 600, or 1500 μg/ml concentrations was coated on Ti discs using a layer-by-layer technique to fabricate PEM films (Ti_Adlay surface). The surface characterizations; including atomic force microscope analysis, contact angle analysis and energy dispersive X-ray analysis were evaluated. The osteoblast cell proliferation on its modified surface was also examined. Results: Adlay seed extract could increase surface irregularity, roughness, hydrophilicity and carbon composition of Ti surface in all Ti_Adlay groups. At 24, 48 and 72 hours of incubation, the osteoblast cells morphology was similar in all groups. At 24 hours, the viable cell numbers on all Ti_Adlay groups were statistically lower than the uncoated Ti group, while no significant difference was found after 48 and 72 hours of incubation. Conclusion: Adlay PEM coating on Ti surface could improve the surface properties of Ti in terms of surface roughness, hydrophilicity and surface chemistry. Even though Ti-Adlay surfaces showed no toxic effect on MC3T3-E1, it was unlikely

Purpose: This study aims to investigate the influence of the build angle on the surface characteristics, accuracy, and dimensional stability of digital light processing (DLP) printed resin bases. Material and methods: Rectangular and complete denture base samples were fabricated at 0, 45, and 90-degree angles (n = 5 for rectangular samples; n = 10 for maxillary and mandibular denture base samples) using a DLP printer. Surface morphology and roughness were assessed using a profilometer, followed by measuring hydrophilicity with a contact angle meter. Accuracy (trueness and precision) and dimensional stability were evaluated at intervals of 1, 3, 7, 14, 28, and 42 days after base printing using best-fit-alignment and deviation analysis in 3D software. Statistical analysis was performed using one-way ANOVA for surface characteristics (α = 0.05), multi-way ANOVA for accuracy and dimensional stability data, and Tukey's test for post-hoc comparisons. Results: The 0-degree group exhibited significantly lower mean roughness (1.27 ± 0.19 μm) and contact angle (80.50 ± 3.71°) (P

Porous carbon materials have been widely used to remove pollutants from the liquid-phase streams. However, their limited pore properties could be a major problem. In this work, the effects of post-washing methods (i.e., water washing and acid washing) on the textural characteristics of the resulting biochar and activated carbon products from pineapple peel biomass were investigated in the carbonization and CO2 activation processes. The experiments were set at an elevated temperature (i.e., 800 °C) holding for 30 min. It was found that the enhancement in pore property reached about a 50% increase rate, increasing from 569.56 m2/g for the crude activated carbon to the maximal BET surface area of 843.09 m2/g for the resulting activated carbon by water washing. The resulting activated carbon materials featured the microporous structures but also were characteristic of the mesoporous solids. By contrast, the enhancement in the increase rate by about 150% was found in the resulting biochar products. However, there seemed to be no significant variations in pore property with post-washing methods. Using the energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) and the Fourier Transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analyses, it showed some oxygen-containing functional groups or complexes, potentially posing the hydrophilic characters on the surface of the resulting carbon materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Agricultural residues are the most available biomass resources in the world and can be exploited to produce various activated carbons at low cost. The textural properties of activated carbon, including surface area, pore size, pore size distribution, and certain surface functionalities are the main factors in the application of bio‐based electrode materials for energy storage devices and electrochemical catalyst for CO2 reduction reactions, gas adsorption and separation, in water and wastewater treatment. This paper reviews the physical characteristics of activated carbons produced from various biomass resources using different methods. The effects of different activation methods, sources of biomass, and other parameters on the surface properties such as specific surface area and pore volume of activated carbon are discussed. The differences in the characteristics of activated carbon made from different agricultural biomass resources under the same parameters are evaluated. Eventually, the application of abundant agricultural residues for fabricating supercapacitors' electrode materials is also discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

TB6 titanium alloy has the characteristics of high strength, high fatigue life, and low stiffness, making it a favored choice for critical load-bearing components in helicopters and large passenger aircraft. However, it is difficult to realize efficient and high-quality processing of TB6 by using traditional mechanical cutting technology because of its inherent characteristics. Electrochemical jet machining technology can dissolve materials through electrochemistry, which has prominent advantages such as no cutting force and high processing flexibility, making it a promising method for achieving efficient and high-quality TB6 titanium alloy processing. This paper focuses on the electrochemical dissolution behaviors of TB6 titanium alloy, as well as the electrochemical jet machining characteristics. The current efficiency and polarization curves of TB6 titanium alloy in different solutions were tested at different temperatures. The phenomenon of bubble generation and black product falling during the test was captured. The surface dissolution process of TB6 titanium alloy at different current densities was investigated through scanning electron microscope pictures. Finally, the electrochemical jet machining experiment was conducted. The surface characteristics of the micro-grooves obtained by electrochemical jet machining, including morphology, cross-sectional profile, and surface roughness, were explored. The research findings revealed that, at high current densities exceeding 200 A/cm2, electrochemical dissolution exhibited greater uniformity while stray corrosion was significantly reduced. Excellent surface quality with a minimum surface roughness of Ra 0.373 μm was achieved in electrochemical jet machining of TB6 titanium alloy with 20 wt% NaCl solution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Surface characteristics of dissimilar metal joints interface play a crucial role on its functional performance. In this study, the microstructural, metallurgical and corrosion behavior of the microwave processed and TIG welded bimetallic joints interface surfaces were investigated. Metallurgical and mechanical properties of the joints interface surfaces were studied using SEM/EDS, XRD and microhardness techniques. The hot corrosion behavior study of both joints was carried out at elevated temperature in actual environment of biomass fuel-fired boiler as well as in simulated boiler environment. The after-corrosion behavior of both joints was analyzed using SEM and XRD methods. TIG-welded samples exhibited more loss in weight during both actual and simulated corrosion environments. The depletion of chromium from substrates in the actual corrosion environment proved that chromium is involved in controlling corrosion rates by forming the protective oxides during corrosion cycles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using lightweight systems and friction reduction approaches are two main contributors towards modern and efficient powertrains in the automotive industry. New materials and processes are required to achieve the demanding and ever-increasing performance requirement of automotive systems. Nanostructure induced by severe plastic deformation methods involves bimodal microstructures and hence, shows exceptional mechanical characteristics which can be exploited for automotive application. Through this study, samples were prepared using pure copper, aluminum alloy (series 7000) and were processed to attain bulk nanostructured samples using a Single Step High Pressure Torsion technique with appropriate dimensions applicable as the rolling elements of automotive bearings. The induced nanostructures resulted micro hardness and frictional characteristics of the bulk samples were assessed using transmission electron (TEM) and atomic force (AFM) microscopies as well as microhardness evaluations. The results revealed that a fully refined nanostructured samples were achieved with 90% increase in the hardness at the outer diameter of the sample. The AFM measurements indicated that the friction coefficient of nanostructured copper and aluminum samples were ~ 25 and ~ 45% less than that of both the unprocessed samples, respectively. Characteristics of treated samples suggest that these processes can be potentially used in demanding conditions of rolling element bearings with reduced weight and frictional losses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the impact of the surface characteristics and the inner close-to-surface characteristics of die-cast Al-Si-Cu alloy on the anodizing process under steady-state voltage and current modes. Samples of industrial-pressure die-cast aluminium–silicon alloy AlSi12Cu1(Fe) underwent anodization in as-die-cast surface conditions and after surface-grinding operations with material removal of 0.1, 0.5, and 1 mm. After surface grinding operations, the anodic layer thickness was significantly greater when subjected to a steady-state voltage of 35 V compared to that formed under a steady-state voltage of 20 V, showing an increase in the range of 2 to 2.5 times more than the thickness at 20 V. Additionally, anodizing under steady-state current mode (1.6 A·dm−2) yielded thicker layers compared to steady-state voltage mode (35 V, 1.6 A·dm−2 max) across all surface states (as-cast, ground). SEM-EDS analysis with element mapping revealed the subsequent effects of element distribution on anodic layer growth and structure. Grinding prior to anodization resulted in larger cavity sizes and lengths, attributed to microstructural variations induced by grinding. Grinding also exposed areas with slower solidification rates, fostering a homogeneous Al phase that facilitated enhanced oxide growth. Moreover, the formation of oxide was directly correlated with the presence of alloying elements, particularly silicon particles, which influenced the presence of the unanodized aluminium regions.

Titanium meshes are widely utilized in alveolar bone augmentation, and this study aims to enhance the properties of titanium meshes through heat treatment (HT) and the synergistic finishing technology of electric field and flow field (EFSF). Our findings illustrate that the titanium mesh exhibits improved mechanical properties following HT treatment. The innovative EFSF technique, in combination with HT, has a substantial impact on improving the surface properties of titanium meshes. HT initiates grain fusion and reduces surface pores, resulting in enhanced tensile and elongation properties. EFSF further enhances these improvements by significantly reducing surface roughness and eliminating adhered titanium powder, a byproduct of selective laser melting printing. Increased hydrophilicity and surface-free energy are achieved after EFSF treatment. Notably, the EFSF-treated titanium mesh exhibits reduced bacterial adhesion and is non-toxic to osteoblast proliferation. These advancements increase its suitability for clinical alveolar bone augmentation.