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Periodontal disease is one of the earliest human diseases recognized to be associated with mixed-species biofilms. One of the microorganism involved in this biofilm include Candida species which have been invariably found in large quantities in subgingival area of patients having periodontal disease. This paper reviews the prevalence of Candida species in periodontal disease as well as their virulence factors and identification methods. Keywords: Candida species, Prevalence, Periodontitis.

Background: An efficient one-pot biocatalysed ultrasound assisted synthesis of dihydropyrimidinones/ thiones has been developed under solvent free conditions. Materials and Methods: The use of biodegradable, non toxic, agar-powder as a catalyst provide advantages like high yield, simple operation, mild reaction condition with short reaction time. 1,2,3,4- tetrahydropyrimidine-2-ones/thiones formed were characterized by mass and 1H NMR spectroscopy. Results: The dihydropyrimidinones substituted with electron donating groups like fluorine, hydroxy along with thienyl groups exhibited good antibacterial activity. The compounds exhibited favorable binding interactions with mycobacterium target protein H37Rv. Conclusion: 4-methoxy substituted dihydropyrimidinones derivative showed significant antituberculosis activity.

ntroduction: Periodontitis is a multifactorial disease, which, when not adequately treated, is followed with progressive attachment loss which leads to tooth mobility and eventually tooth loss. Periodontal regenerative surgery aims to regenerate and reconstruct the lost periodontal tissue. Regeneration with novabone putty has shown to be effective in reducing probing pocket depth, gain in clinical attachment level and increase in horizontal bone level. Aim: This interventional clinical trial was to evaluate the osseous regenerative potential of a calcium phosphosilicate bioactive glass NOVABONE TM in the treatment of horizontal bone defects. Materials and method: A total of 20 sites with horizontal bone defect was treated with open flap debridement with intra marrow penetration and novabone putty. Statistical analysis: Plaque index, gingival index and radiographic determination were analysed by paired t test. Probing pocket depth and clinical attachment levels were analysed by Wilcoxon Signed Ranks Test. Result: There was significant reduction seen in plaque index, gingival index, probing pocket depth and radiographic crestal level when compared between baseline and 12 months respectively (2.48 ± 0.44, 2.92 ± 0.39, 6.80 ± 0.89, 8.29 ± 0.87) and (1.89 ± 0.42, 1.92± 0.51, 3.00± 0.67, 5.48 ± 0.89) and significant gain in clinical attachment level from 4.40 ± 0.96 to 1.20 ± 0.91. Conclusion: The present study showed novabone putty significantly improved the clinical parameters in horizontal bone defects.

The title of the project is “Assessment of noise pollution at major hospitals in Trivandrum using GIS”. Noise pollution is one of the major problems faced today. It should be controlled and suitable remedial measures should be taken. The objectives of this study are to investigate the levels of noise pollution at some hospitals in Trivandrum city and to study the effects of noise pollution on the physiological and psychological reactions and annoyance response of medical care staff, patients and by standers. A questionnaire survey was conducted among the hospital staffs, patients and by standers using Google forms to identify the difficulties and effect of noise pollution in hospitals. The noise levels has been recorded using the soundmeter application which uses microphone feature of a smartphone and displays the measured data in decibels along with an easy to read graph of the noise levels. The noise levels are displayed in the Trivandrum Corporation map using GIS and suitable mitigation measures are suggested., {"references":["Anirban Kundu Chowdhury, Anupam Deb Sarkar and Shibnath Chakrabarty. Analysis of Day Time Traffic Noise Level: A Case Study of Kolkata, India. International Journal of Environmental Science and Research.2012.2(2,):114-118p.","Karthik K, Pratheeban P, Prasad Raju. H, Anuradha P. Development of Noise Prediction Models Using GIS for Chennai City. International Journal of Emerging Technology and Advanced Engineering, 2012.5(10).","Sampath. S., Das, Murali, S and Kumar, Sasi. Ambient Noise Levels in Major Cities in Kerala\",Journal of Indian Geo Physics Union.2004.8(4):293-298p.","Wazir Alam. GIS based Assessment of Noise Pollution in Guwahati City of Assam. International Journal of Environmental Sciences.2011.2(2):743-751p.","Akintuyi A.O., Raji S.A., Adewuni D., Wunude E.O. GIS- based Assessment and Mapping of Noise Pollution in Bariga area of Lagos State, Nigeria. 2015.","Ali A. Alesheikh., Nassiri P., Abbaspour M., Moattar F. Evaluation of Noise Pollution using GIS","Sukanta Chakraborty., Amarendra Jamatia., Sumanta Chakraborti. Assessment of Noise Pollution and Mitigation Measures in Bodhjaungnagar Industrial Growth Centre.","Yilmaz H. and OzerS.Evaluation and analysis of environmental noise pollution in the city of Erzurum, Turkey. International Journal of Environmental Pollution.2005.23(4):438-448p.","Silvia, R., Ricardo, H. and Luis, C. J. Evaluation and prediction of noise pollution levels in urban areas of Cdiz (Spain). Acoustical Society of America Journal. 2010.114(1):2439- 2439p.","Ali Asghar Alesheikh and Manouchehr Omidvari. Application of GIS in Urban Traffic Noise Pollution. International Journal of Occupational Hygiene.2010.2(2):79-84p.","Golmohammadi, R., Abbaspour, M., Nassiri, P., and Mahjub, H.A Compact Model for Predicting Road Traffic Noise. Iran Journal of Environmental Health Science &Engineering.6(3):181-186p."]}

A versatile and environmentally benign protocol for the synthesis of 2, 3-dihydroquinazolin-4(1H)-ones has been successfully performed in water, using ZnFe2O4 catalyst from 2-aminobenzamide with different aromatic aldehydes.

The poly(2-chloroaniline) was prepared by in situ chemical oxidative polymerization method using ammonium thiosulphate as an oxidant and methanesulfonic acid as a dopant. The optical absorption spectra showed bands for π-π* transition of the benzenoid ring at 265 nm and at 350 nm for n-π* transition of the quinonoid ring. The broad band appeared around 550 nm was due to transition of electrons from the valance band to the conduction band, this also confirmed the good electrical conductivity of the polymer. The X-ray diffraction pattern showed characteristic diffraction peak at 2θ = 26° confirming a emeraldine salt form of the poly(2-chloroaniline). The electrical conductivity of the polymer measured by the two probe method at room temperature was 2.21×10−3 S/cm, which was found to be thermally activated. The linear increase in conductivity with increase in the temperature suggested the electron hopping mechanism. The methanesulfonic acid doped poly(2-chloroaniline) presents a linear dependency of ...

A chemical synthesis of poly-[1-(4-nitronaphthalen-1-yl)-2,5-di(thiophen-2-yl)-1H-pyrrole] and its optical, electrical, thermal, and ammonia gas sensing properties are well studied. The polymer showed maximum absorption bands at ~280 nm for π–π* transition of π-conjugated systems, and at ~660 and ~770 nm due to the polaron–bipolaron states, respectively. An increase in electrical conductivity with increase in temperature confirmed the thermally activated electronic conduction of the polymer. Thermogravimetric analysis showed that the polymer can withstand up to 435°C with a weight loss of just 10%. The polymer characterized for its ammonia sensing behavior showed linear increase in its resistance with increase in ammonia concentrations.

Seventeen (E)-1-(8-hydroxyquinolin-7-yl)-3-phenylprop-2-en-1 one derivatives were synthesized via aldol condensation of substituted benzaldehydes with quinoline chalcones starting from 8-hydroxy quinoline. Molecular docking studies were performed on COX-2 protein for analgesic activity and PDE 4 enzyme for anti-asthmatic activity. Docking studies for analgesic activity reveal that the compounds 2 , 4 , 12 , 14 , and 15 showed significant interaction in terms of hydrogen bonding, hydrophobic attachment and van der Waal interaction with COX-2. The docking studies and pharmacological screening indicate that substitution of hydroxyl and conjugated ketone groups on the aldehyde ring and the quinoline ring accelerates analgesia with better binding to active site. Eddy’s hot plate method was used to evaluate analgesic activity of the synthesized compounds. Compounds showed a substantial increase in reaction time when compared with standard pentazocin. Compounds 2 , 4 , 7 , 9 and 13 showed significant binding interactions with PDE 4 enzyme and hence were selected for evaluation of anti-asthmatic activity using the goat tracheal chain method. Studies reveal that substitution of the methoxy group at 4th & 5th positions for compounds 2 , 4 & 7 leads to significant percentage inhibition of histamine induced contraction. The synthesized compounds are thus found to be potent as analgesic and anti-asthmatic agents.

The reported methodology shows a considerable enhancement in the reaction rate along with a high ortho-selectivity, excellent yields and ease of operation.

The direct high-yield synthesis without solvent and catalyst, under mild conditions, of eleven novel mono substituted ferrocenylmethyl ethers and amine derivatives from ferrocenemethanol and vicinal oxygenated alcohols and amines is here reported. The peculiar ability of these classes of non acidic compounds to favor the dehydrative nucleophilic substitution is attributed to the presence of vicinal oxygen atoms to the reactive group able to build a hydrogen bonding network with the reactant. The role of carbon dioxide and hexafluoroisopropanol was investigated to support the hypothesis that a template catalysis effect is occurring. The in vitro anti-fungal activity of some of these derivatives was tested on two plant fungi, Botrytis cinerea and Penicillium species, with moderate activity.

Two new schiff bases (E)-(4-chlorophenyl)-(4-chlorobenzylidene)acetohydrazide and (E)-(4-chlorophenyl)-(1-methoxynaphthalen-2-ylmethylene)acetohydrazide and their metal complexes were synthesized. All of the synthesized imines and their metal complexes were characterized and screened for antimicrobial activity., European Chemical Bulletin, Vol 5, No 10 (2016): European Chemical Bulletin

A highly efficient three-component one step system for the synthesis of 2-amino-4H-chromens is developed. Excellent yields were obtained simply by mixing malononitrile, aromatic aldehyde and α-napthol in lemon juice as a catalyst of natural origin and solvent, avoiding using hazardous organic solvents. The main advantages of this method are its green method character, short reaction time and simple workup procedures and the lack of using any metal containing catalysts.

A simple and green one pot protocol for the synthesis of pyranopyrazole using ultrasonication waves in aqueous medium has been developed. An advantages of this method are it provides operational simplicity and environment friendly green approach.

Knoevenagel condensation of pyrazole aldehydes with malononitrile is selectively carried out using ammonium carbonate as mild, cheap, efficient and selective catalyst, in aqueous media at ambient temperature. This method is green and providing expeditious way for Knoevenagel condensation of pyrazole aldehyde.

Background and aims: Samples of endemic endangered frog species, Pseudophilautus wynaadensis, were assessed with the aid of mitochondrial DNA markers in order to study the pattern of intra specific genetic variation of samples lying south of Palghat gap of the Western Ghats, India. Materials and methods: Partial mitochondrial CO1 and 16S gene sequences were obtained for 21 specimens. Results: Phylogenetic analysis revealed that samples from either side of Palghat gap belonged to a single species. The population of frogs south of Palghat gap showed high haplotype diversity and low nucleotide diversity. The relative gene heterogeneity statistics were low and the gene flow estimates were very high. The AMOVA results showed that 96.05% of the total variations were within the populations. Conclusion: It was concluded that high genetic diversity with relatively little geographic differentiation was found in the populations of P. wynaadensis lying south of Palghat gap.

A simple, more facile and green approach for the synthesis of poly(o-toluidine) (POT) has been described, by using oxidative emulsion polymerization in a heterogeneous phase by using ammonium persulfate as an oxidant and organic acids as dopant, acids used such as tartaric, oxalic and citric. The effect or influence of these dopants on conductivity, morphology of the nano structure of POT and physical properties are well studied and found that it depends on the nature and type of the functional organic acid dopants. By using this synthetic approach we have obtained POT nanostructures of uniform granular morphology, with average 40–100 nm particle size doped with oxalic or citric acid, whereas in tartaric acid doped POT fibrilar morphology with 40–60 nm size nano fibers was ascertained. These compounds were characterized by UV-Visible, FT-IR, SEM, and XRD. Electrical conductivity studies of these materials were also carried out and found increase in conductivity with citric acid and oxalic acid doped POT a...

Recently, the use of ionic liquids (ILs) attracted an increasing interest in the field of organic synthesis because of its mild reaction condition, negligible vapor pressure, solvating ability, and easy recyclability. ILs are used as green reaction media due to their unique chemical and physical properties such as non-volatility, noninflammability, thermal stability, and controlled miscibility. Today, they have a wider scope, playing significant role in reactions as a solvent as well as catalyst. Several reactions have been recently reported using ILs as reaction media and rate enhancers. In chemical and pharmaceutical industries, there is always a demand for the development of more environmental friendly organic reaction methodologies using nonhazardous catalysis. Organic transformations using IL are gaining much attention due to simplified product isolation, mild reaction conditions, and high selectivity. ILs have received great attention in the past few years due to their broad range of potential uses and minimized use of hazardous chemicals by replacing the traditional organic solvents.