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Vernal keratoconjunctivitis (VKC) is a chronic, allergic inflammation of the tarsal and ⁄ or bulbar conjunctiva, that has a varied demographic profile.This study was conducted to know prevalence and presentation of VKC at tertiary eye care centre in South India. A cross-sectional study of VKC patients attending the cornea clinic in a tertiary eye care centre in Karnataka, south India from September 2018 to August 2020. Detailed history, ocular examination and corneal topography with pentacam of all the patients with VKC was done. Treatment protocol was followed as per disease severity. Out of 1684 patients, 1028 (61.05%) cases were male and 656 (38.95%) were female. Mean age of presentation was 7.1±4.2 years. Chronic perennial disease was seen in 960 cases (57%). According to disease severity index most cases n= 863 (51.25%) presented with moderate VKC. Personal or family history of associated allergy or atopy was documented in 286 (17%) patients. Keratoconus was the most common complication associated with VKC n=243 (14.42%). The major sight threatening complication causing blinding disease was shield ulcer n=21(1.24%). In our study, chronic perennial form of VKC was more common in tropical savanna kind of climate in south India. Keratoconus was a significant association with VKC that can be detected early by screening with pentacam. However, association of VKC with allergy or atopy was less significant in this study.

To study the prevalence, types and demographic profile of traditional eye medicine (TEM) use among corneal ulcer patients presenting to a tertiary eye care centre in South India.A cross-sectional study conducted on 432 new corneal ulcer patients at a tertiary eye care centre in South India from September 2018 to July 2019. Data collected included demographic profile such as name, age, sex, occupation, income, rural/urban residence, type of TEM use. Of the 432 new corneal ulcer cases, 32 used TEM. Most TEM users belonged to the age group 40- 60 years (n= 20; 62.5%). There was no difference in sex distribution. Majority of TEM users in our study resided in rural areas (n= 30; 93.75%), were involved in agriculture as occupation (n=28, 87.5%) and belonged to the lower socioeconomic status n=31(96.88%) as per Kuppuswamy classification. Profile of TEM used ranged from plant extract (n= 14; 43.75%), tongue cleaning (n= 5; 15.63%), oil (n= 7; 21.87%), breast milk (n= 4; 12.5%) and ash (n= 2; 6.25%). Use of traditional medicine is a prevalent practice in the study population. These findings offer a better understanding of health seeking behaviour of the study population which will lead to better planning, implementation and targeting of preventive and promotive eye services and awareness programmes.

The present investigation was conducted to examine the genetic diversity among 34 genotypes of finger millet, during Kharif-2019 in Randomized Block Design with three replications. The data were recorded on fifteen quantitative characters to study variability, heritability, genetic advance and genetic divergence. Analysis of Variance showed significant differences among 34 finger millet genotypes for all the characters under study at 1% level of significance. Thus, indicating that a good amount of variability thus revealed that these genotypes have been developed from different genetic background. On the basis of per se performance for different quantitative traits, genotype IE3473 was found to be the best genotype in Prayagraj agro-climatic conditions. High estimates of GCV and PCV were observed for harvest index. High heritability coupled with high genetic advance was recorded for harvest index, followed by biological yield per plant, test weight, days to 50% flowering, indicating the predominance of additive gene effects and the possibilities of effective selection for the improvement of these characters. Based on the relative magnitude of D2 value, the genotypes were grouped into seven clusters by Euclidean method of divergence study. Cluster I constituted maximum number genotypes with 18 genotypes. Maximum inter- cluster distance (D2) was observed between cluster VII and VI, suggesting that the genotypes from these clusters can be selected to yield superior segregants and further genetic improvement. Grain yield appeared to be the most important trait contributing maximum towards genetic divergence. This indicated that this attributes should form the criteria for selection of parents for hybridization programme.

Heavy metals are the most hazardous pollutants present in industrial and domestic wastewater. Wastewater containing heavy metal ions is considered as one of the serious environmental problem. Among all water contaminants, heavy metal ions such as lead, cadmium, zinc, nickel and mercury have high toxic and non- biodegradable properties and can cause severe health problems in animals and human beings. Several conventional methods exist for the removal of heavy metal pollutants from wastewater. Among these techniques, the adsorption process has come to the forefront as one of the major techniques for heavy metal removal from water/wastewater. This paper presents synthesis of Titanium dioxide nanoparticles coated sand and the removal of heavy metals using titanium dioxide nanoparticles coated sand.This review also presents an overview of the importance of nanotechnology in removing heavy metals from water/wastewater.

BACKGROUND VAC AKA-negative pressure wound therapy “the VAC acts as a new step in the ‘reconstruction ladder’. The VAC enhances the tissue granulation, which makes it possible to use less complex reconstruction options, e.g., converting the wounds acceptable for the skin grafting, which otherwise would have required flap coverage.” MATERIALS AND METHODS The present study was conducted in the Department of Orthopaedics, S. V. R. R. G. G. Hospital, Sri Venkateswara Medical College, Tirupati, from January 2014 to September 2015. 34 patients were treated for various fractures with significant soft tissue loss during this period with the proposed method and were included in the present study. This is a prospective study with longitudinal follow up of patients throughout the study period. RESULTS In our study, a total of 35 patients were treated with custom made vacuum-assisted closure system. All of them were initially opined to be requiring flap cover surgery by plastic surgeon to fill for the soft tissue defect, however, with our method, out of 35, only 2 required flap cover and rest of them could be managed with a lesser invasive method of split skin grafting. Out of 35 patients, 33 were lower limb injuries and 2 have sustained upper limb injuries. Average number of dressing required were 2.69 and average duration for wound healing was 5.3 days. There were no significant complications in the present study. CONCLUSION Homemade VAC is a cost effective, equally efficacious and a valuable alternative modality of treatment in traumatic soft tissue defects with decreased morbidity, improved compliance and fruitful outcomes.

BACKGROUND Fractures of proximal femur and hip are relatively common injuries in elderly individuals constituting 11.6% of total fractures. The latest implant for management of intertrochanteric fracture is Proximal Femoral Locking Compression Plate (PF-LCP). In this study, we compare the clinical outcome of fractures treated by proximal femoral nail with that of proximal femur locking compression plate. MATERIALS AND METHODS The present study consists of 24 elderly patients of peritrochanteric factures of femur satisfying the inclusion criteria who were treated with PF-LCP or PFN in Department of Orthopaedics, S.V.R.R.G.G.H, Tirupati, during a period between December 2013 to October 2015. RESULTS 24 cases were treated with PF-LCP or PFN in a randomised pattern who satisfied inclusion criteria. Intraoperative complication were found to be more with PF-LCP in contrast to PFN. Postoperative rehabilitation was easier with PFN though not statistically significant functional and anatomical outcomes were found to be better with PFN. CONCLUSION Both PFN and PF-LCP have good effectiveness in the treatment of intertrochanteric fractures with the lateral unsubstantial femoral wall in the elderly patients. Each has its own advantages and disadvantages. Further studies with large number of patients and long-term follow up is needed to determine the optimal implant for the internal fixation of comminuted pertrochanteric femoral fractures.

Fractures of proximal femur and hip are relatively common injuries in elderly individuals . The incidence of peritrochanteric and intertrochanteric fracture is also increasing among young population, who sustain high energy trauma Rigid Internal fixation and early mobilization has been the standard method of treatment. A combination of orthopaedic surgery and early postoperative physiotherapy and ambulation is the best approach. The overall goal in the treatment of hip fractures is to return the patient to pre - morbid level of function. AIMS & OBJECTIVE : To analyse the anatomical and f unctional outcome of the treatment with LCP - Proximal femur. METHODOLOGY : The present study consists of 12 adult patients of peritrochanteric factures of femur satisfying the inclusion criteria , treated with Proximal Femoral Locking Compression Plate at S. V. R. R . Govt . General Hospital, Tirupati during the period of nov 2013 to Oct 2015. INCLUSION CRITERIA : Age >18years , comminuted trochanteric and sub trochanteric fractures , Signed written informed consent . EXCLUSION CRITERIA: Inter trochanteric fractures involving piriformis fossa , Compound fractures . Pathological fractures . Any displacement of a femoral neck fracture . A ssociated malignancy. RESULTS : Average age incidence in the present study was 62.7 years. , Predominantly males (75%) were affected. , Most cases occurred after a fall 10 (50%) cases which was statistically significant , Right side involvement was more common. , Average post - operative stay was 13.5 days. , Out of the 12 cases, evaluated using Salvati - Wilson scoring : 3 cases (25%) had good, 8 cases (66.67%) fair, 1 case (8.33%) had poor score , Average weight bearing time was14.5 weeks , Average union rate was 19.45 weeks.

Fractures of proximal femur and hip are relatively common injuries in elderly individuals. Incidence has increased primarily due to increasing life span and more sedentary lifestyle brought by urbanization. In younger population, Inter trochanteric fractur e is usually the result of high - energy injury, such as motor vehicle accident or fall from height. All treatment modalities are aimed at preventing malunion and deformity. This study consist of 56 cases of comminuted intertrochanteric fractures & sub troc hanteric fractures , selected randomly and treated by PFN (intramedullary device) and evaluation of their clinical outcome. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The present study consists of 56 elderly patients with intertrochanteric & sub trochanteric fractures of femur who were treated with PFN in Department of Orthopaedics S.V.R.R.G.G.H, Tirupati during the period of O ct 2010 to S ep 2015. This study was carried out to study the results of intertrochanteric & sub trochanteric fracture s treated with PFN. All the 56 patients were followed up at regular interval. Inclusion Criteria included Adult Patients with comminuted trochanteric & sub trochanteric fractures . Exclusion Criteria include , Open fractures , Pathological fractures , Pediatri c fractures , Patients associated with polytrauma . CONCLUSION From the study, we consider PFN as better option in the treatment of comminuted intertrochanteric & sub trochanteric fractures but is technically difficult procedure and requires more expertise . As learning curve of PFN procedure is steep, with experience gained from each case operative time , radiation exposure and intraoperative complications can be reduced in each case of PFN

INTRODUCTION: Patella is an important component of the extensor mechanism of the knee. A patella fracture constitutes 1% of all skeletal fractures resulting from either direct or indirect trauma. Any improper and inadequate treatment would inevitably lead to a disability which would be most perceptibly felt in a country like India, where squatting is important activity in daily life. The goal of treatment is to regain the continuity of the extensor mechanism and congruity of patellofemoral a rticulation so that the normal function of the knee can be restored. Several techniques have been described for internal fixation of fractures of patella. The ideal fixation for the fracture patella is that it should be strong enough to allow early mobiliz ation, reduce posttraumatic stiffness and perhaps help the healing of the articular surface . AIMS: To analyze the functional outcome of displaced transverse fractures of the patella treated by Modified Tension Band Wiring principle (Muller) using A. Dutta & S. K. Gupta Scoring System. To extend the application of Modified Tension Band wiring for minimally comminuted fractures of patella and assesses the results. CONCLUSION : The present study shows that modified tension band wiring (Muller) is an effective p rocedure in the management of displaced transverse patellar fractures, with excellent to good results. Minimally comminuted patellar fractures also yielded excellent to good results with Modified tension band wiring as an extended application. The results in the present study are comparable to other modifications of Tension Band Wiring principle. The surgery of Modified Tension Band Wiring gives rigid fixation and helps in early mobilization. Regular and scheduled post- operative physiotherapy plays an impor tant role in the functional outcome.

Fracture of forearm bones is one of the most common injuries seen in day to day practice. The forearm, in combination with the proximal and distal radioulnar joints, allows pronation and supination movements that are important to all of us in the usual act ivities of daily living. The forearm fractures constitute of 31% of upper extremity fractures . The present study was undertaken in a series of 24 cases (12 cases in each group) to analyse the comparative study of dynamic compression plating (DCP) and locki ng compression plating (LCP) in forearm bone fractures in patients more than 50 years. AIMS AND OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY : To study the functional outcome of diaphyseal fractures of both bones forearm in adults surgically treated with Locking compression pla te and Dynamic compression plate in the age group of more than 50 years. SUMMARY : In the present study 24 cases of diaphyseal both bones forearm fractures were treated with LCP and DCP, 12 in each group in the age group of more than 50 years. The mean age group of patients was 64.9 years for LCP and 64.25 years for DCP group. Road traffic accidents were the main cause of fractures. Fractures occurred predominantly in the male population. Surgery was performed within 2 to 10 days after injury. Radiological u nion was seen at an average of 13.83 weeks in LCP group and 15.33 weeks in DCP group. Overall functional results were almost same in both the groups. Excellent in 17 cases (9 in LCP, 8 in DCP), Good in 5 cases (2 in LCP, 3 in DCP), Fair in 2 cases (1 in each group)

AIM: To assess and compare the visual outcome of primary and secondary implantation of scleral fixated posterior chamber intraocular lens (SFIOL). METHODS: This is a retrospective study of 45 eyes of 44 patients who had undergone SFIOL procedure from July 2008 to February 2014. SFIOLs were implanted as a primary procedure or as a secondary procedure and the results which included the visual outcome in the tw o groups were compared and analyzed. RESULTS: There were 18 and 27 eyes in which SFIOL was implanted as primary and secondary procedure, respectively. Follow up ranged from 3 - 24 months. Mean log MAR post - operative best corrected visual acuity in primary pr ocedure was not significantly different (0.39(SD=0.21)) from that of secondary procedure (0.42(SD=0.25)) (p = 0.64). Post - operative best corrected visual acuity of 6/18 or better was achieved in 66.67% and 70.37% in primary SFIOL and secondary SFIOL group, respectively. In primary group 12 eyes (66.67%) had early complications as compared to 9eyes (33.33%) in the secondary group (p = 0.03). Late complications were observed in 5 eyes (27.78%) of primary SFIOL and 1 eye (3.70%) of secondary SFIOL. CONCLUSION: Secondary implantation of SFIOL seems to have a lower early complication rate than primary implantation although the final visual acuity and late complication rate are not significantly different. Hence, SFIOL offers a novel approach towards visual rehabi litation of aphakic patients who have zonular dehiscence or lack capsular support

INTRODUCTION: Majority of the time the patient of Diabetes presents with complications like Myocardial infarction, heart failure, being end stages of cardiovascular 2 disease associated with other macro and microvascular complications. If patients are screened at an early stage of Diabetes before the onset of symptoms the cardiovascular complications can be delayed and mortality can be reduced . There are only few studies in India done to screen asymptomatic diabetic individuals for cardiovascular compli cations. This study is done in view of screening the asymptomatic individuals in our area to prevent complications. With the available infrastructure, ECG, 2D ECHO were done in 50 patients who met inclusion, exclusion criterias, the changes were noted and the cardiac status was evaluated. AIM AND OBJECTIVES : “To study the asymptomatic cardiac changes in type2 Diabetes patients”. To observe the ECG changes in patients of type2 Diabetes without any symptoms of cardiac disease. To evaluate the ECG changes along with 2DECHO findings in asymptomatic cardiac patients of type 2 Diabetes. To study the correlation between these two investigations and evaluate the cardiac status of the individual. CONCLUSIONS : M ost of the patients in study group belong to 5 th decade , Males with Diabetes were almost double that of females , Most of the patients had duration of Diabetes as 5yrs , Less than half of patients had family history of Diabetes , Half of the group had alcohol, smoking habits , More than half of patients were overweight , Only 20% had good control of Diabetes , Total cholesterol is above normal in almost all of the patients, LDL is elevated in half of the patients, triglycerides in most of them, there is significant dyslipidemia in patients of Diabetes , Only 6 had normal ECG. Rest of them have LVH, ischemia , 18 patients had changes in echo including LVD, regional and global hypokinesias , t hus the present study shows patients with type 2 Diabetes particularly of longer duration in 4 th - 5 th decade are recommended to undergo evaluation for cardiovascular changes even though they are asymptomatic

Thirty eight rice genotypes were evaluated at Field Experimentation Centre, Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding,Allahabad School of Agriculture, SHIATS, Allahabad in Randomized block design with three replications during kharif-2009.The experiment was conducted to study the 12 quantitative traits to examine the nature and magnitude of variability, heritabilityand genetic advance. The mean sum of square for all the 12 characters were significant indicating the presence of substantialamount of variability. High estimates of heritability coupled with high genetic advance as per cent of mean was observed forharvest index (99.66, 78.57) followed by number of spikelets per panicle (99.66, 69.05), number of panicles per hill (99.61,53.56) and number of tillers per hill (99.81, 51.68). High estimates of heritability coupled with moderate genetic advance as percent of mean was observed for flag leaf width (65.17, 20.33) followed by days to 50% flowering (99.30, 22.54), panicle length(97.30, 31.32) and biological yield per hill (99.97, 34.59).