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The versatility of aza- and oxa-heterocyclic compounds has garnered significant attention in recent times. A large number of currently approved pharmaceutical products include nitrogen- and oxygen-containing heterocycles. Recent nanotechnological developments have propelled an upsurge in the applications of nanocatalysis for heterocyclic synthesis. Metal nanoparticles (MNPs) have emerged as promising catalysts for the synthesis of aza- and oxa-heterocycles owing to their unique physicochemical properties. Various MNPs including gold, silver, nickel and palladium have been evaluated for their catalytic activities in different reaction types, including cyclisation, coupling, hydrogenation and oxidative transformations. The MNPs have exhibited remarkable catalytic efficiency when utilised under optimal conditions. These catalysts have showcased high reusability and recyclability, yielding satisfactory amounts of the desired heterocyclic compound. The present work provides a detailed overview of recent advances in the area of MNP-assisted synthetic construction of aza- and oxa-heterocycles, published during the previous calendar year, 2022. The review serves as a valuable resource and also paves the way for future investigations in the development of novel catalytic strategies for heterocycle synthesis. 1 Introduction 2 Nanocatalysis 3 Aza- and Oxa-Heterocycle Synthesis Catalysed by MNPs 3.1 AuNPs 3.2 CuNPs 3.3 CoNPs 3.4 FeNPs 3.5 NiNPs 3.6 PdNPs 3.7 PtNPs 3.8 SiNPs 3.9 ZnNPs 3.10 Bimetallic NPs 3.11 Other MNPs 4 Summary and Outlook [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The DNA repair process protects the cells from DNA damaging agent by multiple pathways. Majority of the cancer therapy cause DNA damage which leads to apoptosis. The cell has natural ability to repair this damage which ultimately leads to development of resistance of drugs. The key enzymes involved in DNA repair process are poly(ADP-ribose) (PAR) and poly(ADP-ribose) polymerases (PARP). Tumor cells repair their defective gene via defective homologues recombination (HR) in the presence of enzyme PARP. PARP inhibitors inhibit the enzyme poly(ADP-ribose) polymerases (PARPs) which lead to apoptosis of cancer cells. Current clinical data shows the role of PARP inhibitors is not restricted to BRCA mutations but also effective in HR dysfunctions related tumors. Therefore, investigation in this area could be very helpful for future therapy of cancer. This review gives detail information on the role of PARP in DNA damage repair, the role of PARP inhibitors and chemistry of currently available PARP inhibitors.

Local plant species have been in use in variety of ethnomedicinal practices from the time immemorial among the people of various communities for treating various human diseases. This paper reports about the plant species used by Adi community in curing various human diseases and ailments. A study was conducted during 2008-2009 and further refined in succeeding years with the 12 purposively selected traditional knowledge holders (TKHs) of Adi tribe of East Siang district, Arunachal Pradesh, India. Data were collected using combined approaches of personal interview, participant observations and transect walks. It was observed that with Shannon-Weaver diversity index 2.73, there were 39 local plant species belonging to 25 plant families and used as ethnomedicinal practices by the TKHs. Most of the species (17) were used by Adi TKHs with their green leaf parts followed by root and fruits (5 each) to develop ethnomedicinal formulations. Out of these, several species namely Leucas aspera (Willd.) Link.; Plumeria rubra L.; Catharanthus roseus (L.) G. Don; Solanum torvum Swartz; Solanum khasianum C.B. Clarke; Oroxylum indicum (L.) Benth.ex Kurze; and Tinospora cordifolia (Thunb.) Miers) were found in use by Adis against asthma, bronchitis, cough, sinusitis, diabetes, malaria, typhoid and jaundice. The Adi TKHs maintain a rich cultural ethics, govern by their own world-view in continuing ethnomedicinal practices, and harvesting the species from various land use systems with the aim to sustain biodiversity and associated practices. The key findings indicated that, plant species used as ethnomedicines for some of the diseases and ailments by the Adi TKHs, can be undertaken for the long-term trial to find some natural remedies against few human diseases, including search of immune enhancer against COVID-19, provided TKHs of Adi community are partnered in ethically and culturally appropriate manner. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]