Search

Waterlogged archaeological wood samples may degrade during long-term immersion in microbial-activity environments, which causes its biodegradation. Simultaneous dynamic vapor sorption (SDVS) and two-dimensional correlation infrared (2D COS-IR) spectroscopy reveal the degradation inhomogeneity of waterlogged fir wood from the Shengbeiyu shipwreck. The waterlogged and reference wood exhibit type II sorption isotherms. The equilibrium moisture contents of waterlogged archaeological fir wood from a decay region (WFD) were 22.5% higher than those of waterlogged archaeological fir wood from a sound region (WFS). WFD exhibits a higher measurable sorption hysteresis than WFS, implying greater variation in the surface moisture content in the WFD region compared to the WFS region, which may compromise the dimensional stability of the shipwreck. 2D COS-IR spectra confirmed the inhomogeneous degradation of the waterlogged wood via numerous mechanisms. The efficacy of SDVS and 2D COS-IR spectroscopy in the evaluation of the degradation state of waterlogged wood was demonstrated. This study verifies the existence of hygroscopic and chemical differences between visually similar samples from the same shipwreck.

By dissolving copper chloride in [Bmim]Cl (1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride), chloride ions can coordinate with copper ions and form [CuCl

Herbal powder preparations (HPPs) are common forms of traditional medicine made by blending the powder of two or more ingredients. The first step to ensure the safety and efficacy of HPPs is to confirm the prescribed ingredients and screen the abnormal ingredients. With the help of attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR FT-IR) imaging or mapping, the particles of different ingredients in an HPP sample can be measured individually. In this way, the overlapped absorption signals of different ingredients in the ATR FT-IR spectrum of the bulk sample can be isolated in the ATR FT-IR spectra of the microscopic particles, which leads to the substantial increase of the specificity and sensitivity of the infrared spectral identification method. The characteristic particles of each ingredient can be identified by the objective comparison of the microscopic ATR FT-IR spectra against the reference spectra based on the correlation coefficients. Since the ATR FT-IR imaging or mapping tests of HPPs are free of the separation preprocess, multiple organic and inorganic ingredients are able to be recognized by a single identification procedure simultaneously rather than by different separation and identification procedures. As an example, the ATR FT-IR mapping method was used in this research to successfully identify three prescribed ingredients and two abnormal ingredients in oral ulcer pulvis, which is a classic HPP for oral ulcer in traditional Chinese medicine. The results show the feasibility of the ATR FT-IR microspectroscopic identification method for the objective and simultaneous identification of the prescribed and abnormal ingredients of HPPs.

In view of the uncertainty and diversity of the metabolic grey prediction model in the prediction process, resulting in poor prediction effect, a metabolic grey prediction model based on big data and Internet of things technology is constructed. Establish the aerobic metabolic process of human telecontrol and put forward the detection index of aerobic metabolic cycle function in human telecontrol; on this basis, use the metabolic grey prediction model analysis algorithm to determine the active intrusion intention of complex network, establish the intrusion intention attack behavior set function, establish the internal operation architecture under the technology of big data and Internet of things, and realize the construction of metabolic grey prediction model. The experimental results show that the constructed model can realize data prediction, with high confidence level and good effect.

To reduce environmental pollution, the government has issued relevant laws and regulations, and more and more enterprises engage in remanufacturing and recycling used products. Trade old for new and trade old for remanufactured have become marketing means to promote product recycling. The extended warranty service is used to promote the recycling of waste products. To design an optimal extended warranty service strategy and analyze its environment impact in a remanufactured supply chain, game theory is used to model the competitive relationship between a manufacturer and an E-commerce platform. Considering whether the E-commerce platform provides extended warranty service, four models are constructed, and the extended warranty service strategy and its environment impact can be analyzed. The results show that, when the level of substitutability between remanufactured and new products meets a certain rage, new or remanufactured products with extended warranty service strategy can increase the demand for new or remanufactured products, respectively. In the four models, the changing trends of manufacturer’s profit, E-commerce platform’s profit and supply chain’s profit, consumer surplus, environmental impact and social welfare are the same, but only the thresholds are different. From the perspectives of supply chain member, supply chain system, consumer, environment and society, the new and remanufactured products with extended warranty service strategy is the best choice.

Government’s green subsidy and retailer’s fairness concerns have great implications for enterprise’s operation strategy in the green supply chain (GSC). With the continuous deepening of retailer’s participation in supply chain management, the green services they provided by retailer have become a crucial role in promoting the terminal sales of green products. To further research the government subsidies and retailer’s fairness concerns on the optimal decisions of product pricing, green R&D, and service level, we construct four two-stage GSC models: no subsidy and fairness concerns, subsidizes manufacturer without retailer’s fairness concerns, subsidizes manufacturer with retailer’s fairness concerns, and subsidizes all members with retailer’s fairness concerns. The results show that subsidizes to manufacturers has significantly improved supply chain performance and environmental governance, but it exacerbates the unfair distribution of profits among members, and retailers’ fairness concerns drive them to offer lower green service level. With the green demand of consumers being unable to be fully satisfied, the consumer surplus and effectiveness of government environmental governance decrease accordingly. To eliminate the adverse effect caused by unfair distribution of profits, it is necessary to subsidize retailers so as to share their green service costs and increase their share of profits.

To meet the different needs of consumers in an E-commerce market environment, more and more enterprises have launched extended warranty services, which can reduce consumer risk and stimulate market demand in E-commerce supply chains. However, knowing who will launch the extended warranty services has become particularly important. To propose an optimal strategy of the extended warranty service provider and seller, three game models are constructed in an E-commerce supply chain consisting of a manufacturer and an E-commerce platform. In addition, this study investigated the effect of extended warranty strategy on consumers. The results show that when the extended warranty coverage and product failure probability are small, the extended warranty provided by the E-commerce platform can simulate the demand of products and extended warranty. The extended warranty provided by the manufacturer is the best choice for the manufacturer. On the other hand, the extended warranty provided by the E-commerce platform is always beneficial for the E-commerce platform and E-commerce supply chain system. The E-commerce platform should take some measures and control some parameters to make up for the losses of the manufacturer, so that the strategy of the extended warranty provided and sold by the E-commerce platform becomes the consistent choice of E-commerce supply-chain members, system, and consumers.

This article has been retracted, and the online PDF has been watermarked “RETRACTION”. The retraction notice is available at http://doi.org/10.3233/MGC-220954.

Analyzing the content of active components in Chinese medicines is crucial to evaluate their medicinal value and further promote the development of pharmaceutical technology. In this work, Cordyceps sinensis, a precious Chinese medicine, was characterized by time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (TOF-SIMS) to measure the content change of amino acids, nucleosides, mannitol and ergosterol with its growth cycle. Direct and sensitive detection of these active components in Cordyceps sinensis was realized by TOF-SIMS without tedious pretreatment process, such as repeated extraction and purification. Due to complex metabolic regulation, amino acids, nucleosides, mannitol and ergosterol showed different changing trends with growth cycle of Cordyceps sinensis. We found that the changing trend of the same active substance in different parts of Cordyceps sinensis varied dramatically. For instance, with the growth cycle of Cordyceps sinensis, the content of mannitol maintained steady growth in the stroma, while fell first and rose later in the worm body. In some growth stage, the content of mannitol in the worm body was about 10 times higher than that in the stroma. We provided a systematically analytical method and rich data base for further research of the extraction of active components and artificial cultivation of Cordyceps sinensis in this study. Meanwhile, TOF-SIMS is verified to be a sensitive, efficient and convenient method to characterize active components in traditional Chinese medicines.

Extra virgin olive oil has been one of the most common targets for economically motivated food adulteration. This research employed the hand-held FTIR spectrometer to develop the simple and portable screening methods for extra virgin olive oils adulterated with other cheaper vegetable oils. With the help of the ATR probe and chemometrics tools, oil samples can be measured directly without any pretreatment, then the spectra can be interpreted automatically to determine the possibility of adulteration and estimate the content of adulterant oil. A feasibility study of the hand-held FTIR screening method was carried out using olive oils adulterated with canola oil, peanut oil, corn oil, soybean oil, and sunflower oil. The SIMCA model using the hand-held FTIR spectra can identify different kinds of vegetable oils correctly and recognize olive oils with not less than 10% of adulterant oils. Meanwhile, the content of adulterant oil in the range of 5% to 45% can be estimated by the PLS model using the hand-held FTIR spectra within an error of 3%. This research shows the potential of the hand-held FTIR technique in the rapid and field screening of olive oils adulterated with some cheaper vegetable oils.This research provide a rapid and automatic detection method for olive oils adulterated with other cheaper vegetable oils. An oil sample can be measured directly within one minute, and the hand-held instrument can be used anywhere needed.

The quality of Chinese medical herbs depends on their geographical origins. Combining support vector machine (SVM) with Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy is a fast, accurate and nondestructive technique to classify the herbal origins. It is time consuming to tune the key parameters of SVM elaborately. However, a special leave-one-out (LOO) error bound of generalization ability (i.e., the ratio of the number of support vectors to the number of training vectors) can be estimated through training binary SVM once. In this paper, averaging all LOO error bounds over binary SVM classifiers is defined as the LOO error bound for multiclass problem according to one-against-other technique. Using this error bound and grid search, we can estimate the regularization and kernel parameters in SVM efficiently. In our experiments, 269 spectral curves of Dahurian Angelica Root (Baizhi in Chinese) from four provinces in China are examined in detail using polynomial and RBF kernels. On eight testing subsets, the average error rate is 3.53%. For four geographical origins, the highest error rate 6.07% is obtained using Zhejiang's herb. These results demonstrate that for classifying the herbal origins our proposed method can effectively tune SVM parameters and achieve high classification accuracy simultaneously.

Techniques of infrared (IR) spectrophotometry, High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) and HPLC-mass spectrometry are employed in this study to reveal the changes of the components in Semen sinapis Albae during the Chinese traditional processing. While the degradation of proteins and polysaccarides can be observed, sinapine in this drug can be known to decompose immediately after 15 mins during processing. A new substance, which is produced, has been studied and identified as p-hydroxybenzoic acid.

In this review, the authors summarized the new technologies and methods for identifying traditional Chinese medicinal materials, including molecular identification, chemical identification, morphological identification, microscopic identification and identification based on biological effects. The authors introduced the principle, characteristics, application and prospect on each new technology or method and compared their advantages and disadvantages. In general, new methods make the result more objective and accurate. DNA barcoding technique and spectroscopy identification have their owner obvious strongpoint in universality and digitalization. In the near future, the two techniques are promising to be the main trend for identifying traditional Chinese medicinal materials. The identification techniques based on microscopy, liquid chromatography, PCR, biological effects and DNA chip will be indispensable supplements. However, the bionic identification technology is just placed in the developing stage at present.

This article aims to research the working life cycle of the new energy power device. The paper established a stochastic model to study the issue. This is useful to the process of power system applications.

OBJECTIVE To establish a rapid determination method of pinoresinol diglucoside in Eucommiae unloads by near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS). METHOD Forty-one samples of E. unloads were collected from three different producing areas and their main component, namely pinoresinol diglucoside, was determined by HPLC. Corresponding data of samples were collected from 12 000 to 4 000 cm(-1) by near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy. The spectral pretreatment was optimized by OPUS software and the calibration equations between the content of pinoresinol diglucoside and spectrum data were constructed by partial least squares regression. RESULT Available information could be extracted from spectra in the range from 7 502 to 4 597.6 cm(-1) after corrected by applying second derivative transformation and subtract a linear correction. Cross validation was used to prevent over-fitting. Good correlation existed between pinoresinol diglucoside content and NIR spectra ( R2 = 0.926 4, SEC = 0.029 and SEP = 0.066 2). CONCLUSION NIRS calibration equations developed in this study could be applied to the rapid analysis of the pinoresinol diglucoside content.

To study the genuine of 32 samples of Niuxi from 14 provinces, and compare some samples stored for different time to check the change in the coures of store.IR spectroscopy and Analyze Technology Auxiliary softeare.The coefficient correlations had certain difference among these Niuxi from different places. They were divided into two parts if r = 0.9840 the standerd: trueborn crude drugs (r0.9840) and non-trueborn (r0.9840). And we can know the change in medicinal materials according r.The method is operated simple and determined fast; the result is reliable; repetitiveness is good.

To identify the categories of Radix Rehmannia between the wild and the planting, different stored time, (gained in 2000,2002) , trueborn place (Henan) and no-trueborn places.FTIR combined compare software, and the data was dealt with the means of normalization in computer.The wild and the planting have evident difference. They can be identified for the different stored-time completely. The identification percentage between trueborn place and no-truedborn places is more than 90%.The method is fast, accurate.

A classifying method on bulk blue ballpoint pen ink has been studied by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. By using this method, a total of 108 blue ink samples have been divided into two groups depending on their main component. Spectral characteristics of these inks such as frequency and absorbance are described by way of artificial intelligence of pattern recognition, and 35 subgroups from the 108 inks are distinguished by their correlation coefficient (lambda). Under heat or exposure to ultraviolet light a mode of change in the age of the inks has been obtained. This approach has provided a reliable and nondestructive method for the characterization of bulk ballpoint writing ink, and more importantly, it might be a basis for dating of the blue ballpoint pen ink.

The purple membrane of Halobacteria halobium is one of the new photo-electric converting materials. Bacteriorhodopsin(BR), the integral protein in the purple membrane, functions as a light-driven proton pump. FUR-TRS difference spectroscopy is a useful technique for measuring the photoreactive proteins derived from Bacteriorhodopsin in the photocycle. This paper studies the influence of pH (at room temperature) on BR photocycle (M412 transient-state).