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Gelatin is a protein extracted from animal collagen tissues in animal skin, bones, ligaments, or connective tissue. Gelatin is highly digestible, so that it is potentially used as a raw material for making edible films. The edible film is a thin layer made for coating or placed on top or between edible food components or can be consumed. In producing edible films made from hydrocolloids, the quality of the films is often fragile, therefore requiring additives that act as plasticizers. A plasticizer is a liquid with a high boiling point that will give soft and flexible properties when mixed with a polymer. The polyol group, including glycerol, sorbitol, and polyethylene glycol (PEG), is commonly used as plasticizers for edible films. The main research results showed that different plasticizers had a significant effect on the physical characteristics of edible films, namely the water vapor transmission rate, but had no significant effect on the tensile strength, thickness, elongation, and chemical characteristics of edible films, namely water content. The best edible film made from Grouper skin gelatin was obtained at a concentration of 1% glycerol plasticizer with physical and chemical characteristics, including the tensile strength of 12.07 MPa, elongation of 67.33%, the thickness of 0.11 mm, water vapor transmission rate of 167.50 g/m2/day, and water content of 13.22%. The amino acid profile analysis results showed that the highest amino acid content of the edible film was glycine at 185,559.12 mg/kg. In comparison, the lowest amino acid was L-Tyrosine at 2,893.97 mg/kg.

Efforts in pioneering lobster cultivation require information on the maintenance of spiny lobsters (Panulirus versicolor), especially the specific feed doses required for their growth. This study aims to obtain information about the ideal feed dose for spiny lobster (Panulirus versicolor) growth and survival. The samples included spiny lobsters (Panulirus versicolor), which were obtained from the fishermen’s catch and lands on Osi Island, West Seram Regency, Maluku Province. Each tank consisted of 8 samples with an initial weight between 600-650 gr. This research was conducted for six months, and utilized specific doses of feed as a treatment: A: 3%, B: 5%, C: 7% of the tested lobster's bodyweight. Furthermore, the physical boundaries measured include Specific Growth Rate (%), absolute growth, and water quality maintenance. The results showed that lobsters fed with a dose of 5% had a significant weight gain compared to the 3% and 7% doses. Therefore, the SGR was higher for lobsters fed at a dose of 5% (5.83%), followed by the ones treated with 7% (5.64%) and 3% (4.42%). In comparison, for the absolute growth average, the best treatment dose was 5% (75.82gr), followed by that of 3% (69.97gr) and 7% (57.55 gr). From the results, it can be concluded that a feed dose of 5% of body weight provides a relatively high growth rate compared to other treatments. Therefore, the optimal feed dose for the cultivation of spiny lobster (Panulirus versicolor) is 5%.

The components for wound closure consist of albumin, collagen, omega 3, and omega 6. Black cumin oil (habattussauda or Nigella sativa) has been known to contain much of oleic and linoleic fatty acids, the kind of fatty acids available abundantly in nature. Albumin from cork fish (Channa striata), collagen from the skin of grouper fish, omega 3 from flaxseed oil, and omega 6 from black cumin oil are used as active ingredients in making ointments to speed up the process of wound closure. An ointment is a thick substance, usually containing medicine, that is put on the skin where it is sore or where there is an injury, to cure it. The results from phase 1 of the study showed that different concentrations of black cumin oil affected the quality of the albumin ointment in terms of pH, viscosity, omega 3 content, protein content, fat content, water content, fatty acid profile, and zinc content. The best albumin ointment was produced at the 5 mL concentration of the black cumin oil with the following results: 6.9 pH, viscosity 16844 cP, 17.33% omega 3, 2.73% protein content, 87.92% fat content, and 5.5% water content. The best ointment produced was then used in an experiment on mice. Observations on day 3, 5, and 7 showed the fastest wound closure process using the albumin ointment with 75% wound closure happened on day 7.

Gelatin is a polymer of amino acids that is found in collagen in the tissues of the skin and bones of animals. The use of gelatin from pigs and cows faces the problems of halal or religious issues, and mad cow disease respectively. The aim of this research is to find out the best concentration of Epihinephelus sp. skin gelatin on the physical and organoleptic qualities of marshmallows. This research involves the process of extracting gelatin using citric acid from Epihinephelus sp. skin as the source, and the gelatin was utilized in the creation of marshmallows at 6%, 8%, and 10% concentrations. The results of the research indicated that marshmallows from Epihinephelus sp. skin gelatin possess physical characteristics of 53.62 N chewiness, 72.93% elasticity, and 0.93 g/ml density, as well as organoleptic hedonic characteristics of 3.47 texture, 3.43 taste, 3.27 aroma, and 3.50 color.

Kerandang fish (Channa pleurophthalmus Blkr) is one of the potential fish from the Channidae family in Central Kalimantan. The potential of Kerandang fish has so far not been much researched/ explored, causing a lack of scientific information about secondary metabolites found in charcoal from waste of Kerandang fish (Channa pleurophthalmus Blkr). The aim of this study is to find out and obtain an overview of the content of the secondary metabolites contained in charcoal from waste of Kerandang fish (Channa pleurophthalmus Blkr), namely scalp, scales, dorsal fin, pectoral fin, pelvic fin, anal fin and caudal fin, which could potentially be used in the field of health/ pharmaceutical as a cure for allergies (local wisdom). The results of this study are expected to provide useful information about groups of the secondary metabolites in charcoal from Kerandang fish (Channa pleurophthalmus Blkr) which has the potential to be anti-allergic. The study is carried out by screening and identifying the secondary metabolites using a color test, which includes the following parameters: flavonoids, alkaloids (meyer, dragendorf, bouchardat), tannins, terpenoids (steroids, triterpenoids), polyphenols and saponins. The data obtained are presented in a table form and analyzed descriptively. The extraction is carried out by maceration method using 70% ethanol solvent. The screening and identification show that the secondary metabolites contained in the ethanol extract of charcoal from waste of Kerandang fish (Channa pleurophthalmus Blkr) with color test are as follows: (-) flavonoids, (-) alkaloids, (-) tannins, (-) terpenoids, (-) polyphenols, and (+) saponins. Saponins are found in ethanol extract of charcoal from waste of Kerandang fish (Channa pleurophthalmus Blkr), which are characterized by the formation of permanent foam.

The larvae of Anisakis were living parasites and made marine mammals, birds and reptiles the definitive host. Identification of Anisakis larvae using morphological observation methods will be difficult, especially if there are only a few samples that can be identified. PCR is an identification method using DNA from a small sample quantity and can provide DNA sequence samples. This study aimed to determine the type and infection level of Anisakis sp. at skipjack tuna (Katsuwonus pelamis) from the Oeba Fish Auction (TPI) Kupang City morphologically and molecularly. Morphological analysis results of 30 Anisakis larvae showed the body parts of Anisakis larvae, namely the head, digestive tract, and tail. The infection of Anisakis nematodes in skipjack tuna found five individual nematodes in muscle tissue, 59 individuals in stomach tissue, and 1991 individuals in internal organs. Alignment results between isolates At1 and At2 against isolates A. typica comparing (outgroup), isolate At1 and At2 have high homologs. Based on the results of the study concluded that the type I Anisakis isolated from skipjack tuna (Savu Sea) was Anisakis typica.

The production of Tilapia increased the impact on the increase of fish waste, such as viscera. One of the efforts to overcome and reduce fishery waste are by using them optimally. One of the efforts is hydrolysis technology, which can produce extracts that have bioactivity. This research aimed to find out and obtain an overview of the chemical components in the protein hydrolyzate extract from viscera of Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). The screening was performed for flavonoids, alkaloids (Meyer, Dragendrof, Bouchardat), tannins, terpenoids (steroids, triterpenoids), polyphenols, and saponins. The color intensity or the precipitate formation was used as analytical responses to these assays. The results of screening and identification showed the presence of chemical components of alkaloids, tannins, triterpenoids, polyphenols, saponins from the protein hydrolyzate extract of viscera of Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus), on the other hand, flavonoids and steroids were not detected. These chemical components have the potential bioactivity as antioxidants, anti-nociceptive, anti-inflammatory, anti-HIV, anti-fungal, cardioprotective, immunoregulative, anti-malarial, anti-inflammatory, Cerebro-protective, anti-mutagenic, vaso-relaxing, anti-bacterial, anti-anxiolytic, analgesic, anti-nociceptive and anxiolytic. The extract has the potential to be developed in the field of health as pharmaceutical or nutraceutical products.

The objectives of this study were to determine the physicochemical characteristics, sensory acceptability and microbial quality of fermented fresh water fish (Betok-Anabas testudineus Bloch) locally known as Wadi Betok, which was prepared by using 15% w/w salt and addition of palm (Arenga pinata) sugar (0, 5, 10 and 15% w/w) and lime (Citrus aurantifolia) juice (0, 2, 4 and 6% w/w). An interaction effect of combination of palm sugar and lime juice added was observed and no significance different were found in aw value, but there were siginificant different (P < 0.05) in pH value, salt, protein, moisture and ash contents and TVB-N value among those treatments. The addition of 15% palm sugar and 6% lime juice had aw 0.85, moisture content 30.01% and protein content 23.42%. Sensory evaluation showed that samples prepared using 15% palm sugar and 6% lime juice were acceptable by panelists although combination of 15% palm sugar and 4% lime juice had a higher sensory score. The addition of 15% palm sugar and 6% lime juice reduced the TPC (0.39 x 106 cfu/g) but increased the Lactic Acid Bacteria count (2.93 x 106 cfu/g). It can be concluded that addition of 15% palm sugar and 6% lime juice in preparation of salted fermented fresh water fish obtained the best sample from its physicochemical characteristic, microbial quality and acceptability by the panelists. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Palliative care is an important approach for nurses to improve the quality of life of patients holistically and mitigate suffering among the patients in critical condition and near to death. This article provides an Islamic perspective about nurses' roles in palliative care, which can be applied worldwide, especially in Muslim-majority countries. Understanding Islamic beliefs will help nurses provide professional and culturally sensitive nursing care. In its principle, Islam always respects the process of life until death comes. So, the application of Islamic values in palliative care will make the patients accept their ill condition completely, keep being close to Allah SWT (God), and die peacefully. The concepts of illness, death, early action on the dead, and palliative care application in nursing are explained in this article to open up new ideas rather than provide definitive answers. We hope that this perspective will highlight healthcare policymakers the need to integrate Islamic values in nursing practice., Competing Interests: The authors declare that there is no conflict of interest., (© The Author(s) 2021.)

Background and Aim: The study about the antiallergenic properties of inedible fish body parts is still limited. Therefore, this study aimed to characterize the charcoal from the body parts of Kerandang fish ( Channa pleurophthalmus Blkr) and identify its antiallergenic properties., Materials and Methods: This study used some non-edible body parts extracted from the Kerandang fish (i.e., the scalp, scales, and dorsal, pectoral, ventral, anal, and caudal fins) using a maceration method with different solvents (ethanol, ethyl acetate, and chloroform). The identification of active compounds in the extract was carried out using liquid chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS) analysis, while the antihyaluronidase activity was determined using the antihyaluronidase test. The highest charcoal antihyaluronidase activity-extract was applied to ovalbumin-induced mice for 7 days with various doses (10, 15, and 20 mg/kg). The specific immunoglobulin E (IgE) was measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay on day 8., Results: Our LC-HRMS analysis showed that the active compound of charcoal in the caudal fins of Kerandang fish was hexadecanamide. The highest inhibition (IC 50 ) of hyaluronidase was found in the ethyl acetate extract of fish caudal fins at a concentration of 4 mg/mL. We found that 15 mg/kg body weight of charcoal of fish caudal fins suppressed IgE expression in male mice., Conclusion: Our findings indicate that the charcoal of non-edible body parts of Kerandang and one of its constituent, hexadecanamide, may have strong antiallergic effects., (Copyright: © Aryani, et al.)

Background and Aim: Anisakis is a global challenge for a fish product which may lead to a decrease in economic value and consumers' preference. Skipjack ( Katsuwonus pelamis ) in Kupang, Nusa Tenggara Timur, Indonesia, have important economic value for local fisheries. Anisakis typica is one of the Anisakis species which potent to induce an allergic reaction. However, the study about A. typica involved in the dendritic cells (DCs), T helper 1 (Th 1 ), T helper 2 (Th 2 ), and regulatory T cells (Tregs) is still limited. This study aimed to analyze the dynamic changed of the immune system including DCs, CD4 + T cells, and Tregs after 1 week of A. typica sensitization., Materials and Methods: Twenty-four male Balb/C mice were randomly divided into four groups (n=6), mice treated with crude A. typica extract (CAE) 50, 75, and 100 mg/kg BW, respectively. CAE was given orally per day for a week. At the end of the experiment, the animals were sacrificed and the spleen was collected. DCs were labeled as CD11c + interleukin-6 + (IL-6 + ); CD4 + T cells were distinguished as Th 1 (CD4 + interferon-γ + [IFN-γ + ]) and Th 2 (CD4 + IL-4 + and CD4 + IL-5 + ); Tregs were labeled as CD4 + CD25 + CD62L + . The expression of each cell was determined by flow cytometry., Results: Our result described that CAE elicits CD11c + IL-6 + , CD4 + IFN-γ + , CD4 + IL-4 + , and CD4 + IL-5 + and reduces CD4 + CD25 + CD62L + significantly (p<0.05) in dose-dependent manner in mice after A. typica infection., Conclusion: The Th 1 /Th 2 ratio after A. typica crude extract treatment exhibits a mixed pattern rather than the classical model allergy to food antigens. Our study is expected as a basic understanding of the changes in immune response after A. typic a infection., (Copyright: © Haryadi, et al.)