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Jagakarsa is an urban area in South Jakarta, Indonesia, that uses groundwater for raw water because there are no clean water supply facilities. The significant increase in the need for clean water due to increasing urbanization threatens groundwater availability to maintain the balance of the surrounding environment. Natural conditions with a deep layer of clay and a dense built environment further increase runoff capacity because water has difficulty seeping into the soil. The intense extraction of groundwater without balancing groundwater recharge results in land subsidence. Until now, there has been no research on this issue. Thus, our research is necessary. This research aims to assess the potential of groundwater infiltration areas in Jagakarsa. Due to limited data, as a first step, we used a qualitative model with MCDM analysis (AHP and MIF methods) integrated with GIS to map potential groundwater recharge areas. The AHP method is explained in detail with a matrix system formula, readers can understand the calculation steps more easily. This study uses five influencing factors: geological formation, land use, slope, rainfall, and soil type. The results show that most study locations have low potential (AHP 74.49 % and MIF 75.25 %) for groundwater recharge. This groundwater recharge potential map was validated using groundwater level measurements. The accuracy of the AHP is 74.51 %, and the MIF method reaches 75.26 %. Therefore, further research is needed to obtain appropriate and effective technology for maintaining groundwater availability.

Preconception health is a significant contributor to pregnancy outcomes. However, the majority of women only improve their health status after receiving counseling at the first antenatal visit or during pregnancy. This shows the need to identify preconception health through premarital screening. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the characteristics of preconception health of prospective brides in Malang Regency using "Elsimil Application". The assessment was carried out using a quantitative descriptive method with a secondary data analysis. The total sampling method was used for sample collection and data used were obtained from prospective brides who completed the premarital screening questionnaire on Elsimil Application. The variables assessed were prospective brides’ preconception health with several sub-variables. These included age, BMI, Hb levels, upper arm circumference, and smoking behavior, which were collected using an instrument in the form of a checklist table. The results of the descriptive statistical analysis, which included the frequency and percentage, showed that a significant proportion of prospective brides had preconception health state at risk (61.1%). Consequently, this study recommended the importance of strengthening preconception health services by providing education, which comprised accurate information, accessibility, and required improvement, particularly for prospective brides and grooms in rural areas.

One of the main causes of flooding is the disruption of river flow due to silting or narrowing of the river basin. The high volume of water in the rivershed will overflow and cause flooding in the surrounding area of the river. The object of this research is the Tukad Biluk Poh River, a river in the Jembrana district, Bali, which has 28 km long and empties into the Indian Ocean. The study aims to measure a flood water level limit at the river bridge that crosses the National Highway Gilimanuk-Denpasar so flooding on that section can be avoided. This quantitative descriptive research analysis uses the Nakayasu HSS (Synthetic Unit Hydrograph of Nakayasu) method for a while in 2, 5, 10, 25, 50, 100, 200, and 1000 years. Next, a hydraulics analysis to determine the flood water level limit uses the HEC-RAS model and results in MAB heights for a similar period. The research results revealed the height at the pavement section and the bottom of the girder section. At the end of this paper, the height of bridge that needs to be elevated at the bottom of the bridge's upper structure and a guard height for a certain repeat time are discussed. Therefore, it is believed that the research outcome will make an important contribution to the local government in issuing the Tukad Biluk Poh rivershed policy.

Background: Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is one of the frequent complications of type II diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in Jambi province. Controlling blood glucose and blood pressure does not guarantee DN prevention, since genetic factors may also contribute to this disease. Multi-ethnic studies showed that one of the strongest genetic factors associated with DN was single nucleotide polymorphism rs4343 of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) gene. Study regarding phenotype-genotype association of ACE rs4343 and DN has not yet been performed in Jambi Province, which is dominated by Malay ethnicity. This study was conducted to reveal the association between ACE rs4343 and the risk of DN in the Jambi-Malay population. Materials and methods: This was a cross-sectional study involving 75 subjects (44 with DN and 31 without DN) who suffered from T2DM and hypertension. DN was defined as albumin to creatinine ratio (ACR) ≥30 mg/g. Genotyping was performed with one-step tetra amplification refractory mutation system-polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using specific primer for ACE rs4343. Bivariate and multivariate analyses were performed to analyze the genetic risk for DN. Results: The bivariate analysis showed the proportion of DN subjects was higher than non-DN within the AG genotype (11:1) than within the AA (33:30) genotype. This difference was statistically significant (p=0.012; OR (95% CI): 10.00 (1.22-82.15)). Multivariate analysis showed that AG genotype (p=0.047; OR (95% CI): 10.04 (1.03-97.31)) and uncontrolled blood pressure (p=0.001; OR (95% CI): 6.72 (2.08-21.71)) were the risk factors of DN in the Jambi-Malay population. Conclusion: Polymorphism of ACE rs4343 is a risk factor of DN in the Jambi-Malay Population. Keywords: rs4343, angiotensin-converting enzyme gene, diabetic nephropathy, Malay, Jambi

Jagakarsa is one of the districts in South Jakarta that has a rainwater catchment area. Problems arise as a result of the high rate of population growth, which has an impact on changes in land use and increased surface runoff, causing flooding. On the other hand, the absence of clean water provision facilities from the government means that people use groundwater-drilled wells to meet their daily clean water needs. Sustainable groundwater consumption has an impact on land subsidence and vulnerability to groundwater availability. Therefore, it is necessary to carry out research. This research seeks to assess the potential for rainwater harvesting based on field observations. The research was carried out by analyzing rainfall data, field surveys, research program socialization, and community socio-economic analysis. Rainfall is high, with an annual average of 2809.7 m. 98% of respondents use drilled groundwater wells with a wells depth in the deep aquifer layer, and public interest in rainwater harvesting (RWH) technology is high. These show the potential for implementing RWH in the study location. This research is an initial study; for the integrated implementation of RWH, further research is needed after this study.

This study aims to shed some light on the significant impact of content videos in flipped learning classroom on students’ higher order thinking skills. The secondary aim of this study is to portray students’ perception toward the practice of flipped learning in assisting their higher order thinking skill development. A total of 36 elementary teacher education students at IAIN Surakarta are involved as participants in this pre-experimental study. Drawing on pre-test, post-test, and focus group discussion, the results of paired sample t-test show a significant difference on the students’ score of pre-test and post-test, meaning that flipped learning with content videos is effective to enhance the students’ higher order thinking skills. Furthermore, the focus group discussion reveals that the students positively perceive the practice of flipped learning instruction to enhance their higher order thinking skills. These results contribute to providing fruitful insights for teachers and school administrators as a teaching model to enhance students’ higher order thinking skills.

Nowadays plenty of hospitals still applying traditional approach on their performance, which emphasized on Balanced Scorecard method. This research purposely made to evaluate the performance of Balanced Scorecard method on dr. Etty Asharto Hospital in Batu. There are two aspects evaluated, finance and non finance aspect, using perspectives of the customers’; internal business process’; educational and developments’; lastly finance’s as in the Balanced Scorecard perspective. The research’s information was taken from the finance data collection from 2014 to 2018. this research using descriptive analysis where the researcher evaluate the performance on dr. Etty Asharto Hospital in Batu by giving score based on the criteria on the 4 Perspectives of Balanced Scorecard and then analyzed to determine whether the score is good, enough, or bad. The instruments of the research are interview, questionnaire, and literature review as the primer and secondary variety. The sample was taken from 152 customers and the staff of dr. Etty Asharto Hospital in Batu. Based on the result of the research, it can be concluded that the performance of dr. Etty Asharto in Batu was scored to be enough, analyzed from the 4 Perspectives of Balanced Scorecard method. the performance scoring using Balanced Scorecard method in dr. Etty Asharto Hospital could be enforced in the future because the method could provide more structured also could widely relate and present the 4 Perspective of Balanced Scorecard better.. DOI: 10.26905/ap.v6i2.4277

Purpose: This study aims to determine the factors that cause inundation/flooding in Cemarajaya Housing, evaluate existing drainage channels and plan drainage channels for unbuilt blocks and analyze the capacity of the drainage system using the EPA SWMM 5.1 program. Design/methodology/approach: Based on the simulation results using SWMM, the subcatchment response shows that an average of 22.11 mm per subcatchment is infiltrated and the rest becomes runoff of 310.23 mm. Findings: The abrasion disaster that hit the north coast of Karawang, especially the village of Cemarajaya, had occurred from around 1990 to 2016 and the most severe occurred in three hamlets, so residents affected by the abrasion had to be relocated to a place far from the shoreline. The Department of Public Housing and Settlement Areas of Karawang Regency built a housing estate to relocate residents affected by the abrasion disaster. Research limitations/implications: In this housing, 299 units of infiltration wells were built because the calculated channel dimensions were not possible to build due to the limited land area of the road. Practical implications: The problem that occurs in the housing is that the area where the housing construction is located is in the yellow zone based on the Karawang City/Regency Sanitation Strategic (SSK) data in 2017, which is an area prone to inundation of 25% to 50%. Originality/value: This paper is originality Paper type: Research paper

Introduction. Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is associated with high mortality rates, mainly as a result of cardiovascular complications. Meanwhile, recent studies have suggested a role of a homodimer protein called activin A in chronic kidney disease-mineral and bone disorder (CKD-MBD) conditions that may exist in the vascular calcification and osteolytic process. Ultrasound examination of the carotid intima-media thickness (cIMT) is a noninvasive method to assess vascular calcification. This study aimed to analyze the relationship between the activin A serum level and cIMT in patients with CKD at Mohammad Hoesin Hospital, Palembang, Indonesia. Methods. We conducted a hospital-based, cross-sectional study of consecutive CKD patients at the Department of Internal Medicine, Mohammad Hoesin Hospital, from July to November 2019. The level of activin A was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Meanwhile, cIMT measurements were collected by B-mode ultrasound imaging. Results. A total of 55 patients with CKD were included in this investigation. The median serum activin A level in these patients was 236.17 (116.33–283) pg/mL, while the median cIMT was 0.8 (0.6–1.45) mm. A relationship between the serum activin A level and cIMT (r = 0.449; p=0.001) was observed. During multivariate analysis with linear regression, triglyceride p=0.049, phosphate p=0.005, and activin A p=0.020 serum levels were factors associated with cIMT. Conclusion. In this study, a relationship between the activin A serum level and cIMT in patients with CKD was identified. Vascular calcification should be screened for in all CKD patients by the measurement of cIMT.

Penelitian ini bertujuan agar dalam belajar mata pelajaran IPS bisa menyenangkan sehigga prestasi belajar siswa meningkat dengan menggunakan metode belajar kelompok.Bentuk Penelitian adalah Penelitian Tindakan Kelas yang terdiri dari 4 tahapan, yaitu perencanaan, pelaksanaan tindakan, observasi dan refleksi. Sebagai subyek adalah siswa kelas VI SD yang berjumlah 10 siswa.Berdasarkan penelitian ini di hasilkan bahwa pada siklus I siswa yang menjawab benar mencapai 60,00% dari 10 siswa yang mengikuti tes. Sementara siswa yang menjawab kurang tepatPersentasenya mencapai 26,67%. Sedangkan siswa yang menjawab "salah" Persentasenya 20,00%. Pada silkus II, siswa yang mencapat nilai 2, perolehan nilai hasil belajar siswa meningkat menjadi 66,67%. Sementara itu siswa yang menjawab "kurang tepat" menurun menjadi 22,22% sedangkan siswa yang menjawab salah menjadi 11,11%.Berdasarkan hasil penelitian tersebut dapat disimpulkan bahwa dengan implementasi belajar kelompok dapat meningkatkan prestasi belajar siswa pada mata pelajaran IPS kelas VI di Sekolah Dasar. This study aims to increase the student achievement by using group learning methods. Form of this research is a Classroom Action Research consisting of 4 stages, such as planning, action implementation, observation and reflection. As the subjects are the sixth graders of elementary school with 10 students. Based on this research, it is found that in the first cycle students who answered correctly reached 60.00% of the 10 students who took the test. While the students who answered less precise percentage reached 26.67%. While students who answered "wrong" Percentage 20.00%.In second syllus, the students who got the score 2, the value of the students' learning result increased to 66.67%. Meanwhile, students who answered "less precise" decreased to 22.22% while students who answered wrong to 11.11%. Based on the results of this study can be concluded that with the implementation of group learning can improve student achievement on the social studies class VI in elementary school

This study was conducted in class VIII C SMP 21 Pontianak City in 2015/2016. The study focused on the material report. Materi subject matter for the report is required to master this material student. Students so that they can write a trip report or reports on the observed results. they report should refer to the nature report. The fact write in school, students have difficulty writing reports. efforts to improve the ability of students to write a report done by the application of concepts and critical thinking questions. The focus of this research is how the application of the concept maps and critical thinking in improving report writing capability class VIII C SMP 21 years of 2015/2016? The scope of the research is focused on a few sub focus namely research, planning, implementation, and the result. The research method is descriptive and qualitative research design form of class action. Results of research learning planning cycle 1 (APKG1) values obtained 85.00 (very good), 2 cycles values obtained 97.50 (very good). Learning implementation using APKG2, the activities of teachers in the first cycle, the first and second meetings have been categorized Very Good, with a value of 87.20. Activities teachers teach when the second cycle, the first meeting and the second is better, with a value of 88.80. If the student activity cycled see first, first and second meetings are very active and are included active. Good Cycle. This second, first and second meeting, there was an increase in the student activity is said to be better than the first. Every cycle and every member of the group to work independently and be careful in teaching. cycle values of individual students: the average is 79.39. There is a group formed in learning activities. The final average group value 84.00. Second cycle. Values of individual students from three aspects, the average is 79.39. value incomplete 26.8%. group value Rate Average 88.00. 87.56 absorptive capacity. There was an increase in the average value of cycle 1 to cycle 2, at 4. But the value of the individual is constant.

Soybean crop area that is unstable causing the production of soybean in the District Grobogan as one of the centers in Central Java soybean fluctuated sharply. This study aims to 1) Review and analyze the factors that affect soybean supply in the District Grobogan and 2) Review and analyze the elasticity of supply in the District Grobogan soybean due to changes in the factors that influence it. He method used in this research is descriptive method. Determination of the study area is done by purposive technique with consideration of the area has the largest soybean yield compared to other districts, namely Grobogan district with 15,71 quintal per hectare productivity. Results of secondary data analysis states that the supply function model of soybean in the District Grobogan is Qt = bo + 13,544 Pt-1 to 0,098 Qt-1 + 1,404 At – Purea 24,119 – 3,077 + 7,191 Wt PSP36 with coefficient of determination 0,891 Calculated F value obtained at 15,030, which means that the variable price of soybeans a year earlier, the amount of soybean production last year, the total area harvested during the year, the price of urea fertilizer, the price of SP 36 on the year.

Menurut Ecoton (2014), di Kecamatan Driyorejo dan Wringinanom Kabupaten Gresik sepanjang kanan kiri Kali Surabaya terdapat lebih dari 1.000 bangunan permukiman, tempat usaha dan sarana umum yang dibangun secara permanen di atas sempadan Kali Surabaya. Sementara itu Dinas Pengairan Provinsi jawa Timur mengidentifikasikan di sepanjang Kali Surabaya yang melewati Kecamatan Wringinanom dan Driyorejo terdapat 1.191 bangunan yang dibangun di daerah sempadan sungai. Di antaranya adalah pembangunan gudang dan ruko City Nine di Desa Cangkir Kecamatan Driyorejo dan pembangunan perumahan yang menggunakan alat berat yang memakan sempadan Kali Surabaya di Desa Cangkir Kecamatan Driyorejo. Dalam Keppres Nomor 32 Tahun 1990 tentang Pengelolaan Kawasan Lindung; Peraturan Menteri Pekerjaan Umum No 63.PRT/1992 tentang Garis Sempadan Sungai, Daerah Manfaat Sungai, Daerah Penguasaan Sungai dan bekas Sungai; serta Peraturan Pemerintah Nomor 38 Tahun 2011 Tentang Sungai; dilarang membangun gedung di dalam daerah sempadan sungai, karena menyebabkan penyempitan sungai yang bisa berujung terjadinya bencana banjir. Pelanggaran terhadap pemanfaatan sempadan sungai terjadi karena lemahnya pengendalian dan pengawasan yang dilakukan pemerintah, dalam hal ini sebagai pengelola sempadan sungai adalah Balai besar Wilayah Sungai (BBWS) Brantas yang merupaan kepanjangan tangan dari Kementrian Pekerjaan Umum yang berwenang mengelola Kali Brantas dan Kali Surabaya. BBWS tidak aktif melakukan pemantauan terhadap pelanggaran dan tidak memiliki komitmen kuat dalam penegakan hukum secara tegas sehingga terjadi pelanggaran pemanfaatan sempadan sungai seperti sekarang. BBWS kurang koordinasi dan sosialisasi kepada Pemerintah Kabupaten atau Pemerintah Kota dan Pemerintah Desa yang dilalui Kali Surabaya sehingga seolah-olah Kali Surabaya menjadi kawasan tanpa pengelola. Pelanggaran terhadap pemanfaatan sempadan Kali Surabaya merupakan bentuk pelanggaran terhadap pemanfaatan ruang. Dalam Pasal 35 Undang-undang No. 26 Tahun 2007 tentang Pemanfaatan Ruang disebutkan bahwa pengendalian pemanfaatan ruang dilakukan melalui Peraturan Zonasi, perizinan, pemberian insentif/disinsentif, dan pemberian sanksi. Strategi pengendalian dan pengawasan sempadan sungai di Kecamatan Driyorejo dan Wringinanom dilakukan dengan menetapkan Rencana Detail Tata Ruang (RDTR) dan Peraturan Zonasi Kecamatan Driyorejo dan Kecamatan Wringinanom yang di-perda-kan. Pengendalian melalui perizinan merupakan filter berjenjang melalui penerbitan Izin Prinsip, Izin Lokasi, Izin Site Plan, Izin Mendirikan Bangunan, dan izin lainnya yang diperlukan, oleh Badan Penanaman Modal dan Perizinan Kabupaten Gresik yang berkoordinasi dengan Dinas Pekerjaan Umum dan Tata Ruang Kabupaten Gresik, Badan Pertanahan Kabupaten Gresik, dan instansi lain yang berkaitan. Pengendalian melalui pemberian disinsentif merupakan upaya untuk menghambat pemanfaatan ruang yang tidak dikehendaki perkembangannya. Pemberian sanksi berupa sanksi administratif mulai peringatan tertulis sampai pembongkaran bangunan.

Setelah terbit Peraturan Daerah Kota Surabaya Nomor 10 Tahun 2009 tentang Perubahan Atas Peraturan Daerah Kota Surabaya Nomor 8 Tahun 2006 Tentang Penyelenggaraan Reklame dan Pajak Reklame, serta Peraturan Walikota Surabaya Nomor 79 Tahun 2012 tentang Tata Cara Penyelenggaraan Reklame, pemasangan reklame di koridor utama Kota Surabaya tampak lebih teratur. Namun demikian masih dijumpai penempatan reklame yang tidak sesuai dengan ketentuan peraturan yang berlaku. Salah satunya adalah pemasangan reklame di sepanjang koridor Jl. Kertajaya mulai perempatan Jl. Menur sampai viaduct Gubeng Terowongan. Masalah yang diidentifikasikan adalah, penempatan reklame yang melebihi batas persil; melebihi ketinggian bangunan reklame tersebut berada; reklame yang proporsinya lebih besar dibandingkan bidang reklame tersebut berada; jarak antara penempatan reklame yang satu dan reklame lainnya sangat berdekatan; dan reklame pada kaki viaduct kereta api. Studi ini bertujuan untuk menemukenali penyimpangan penempatan reklame, yang dilakukan melalui evaluasi kondisi faktual pemasangan reklame di sepanjang koridor Jl. Kertajaya terhadap aspek hukum; dalam hal ini terhadap Peraturan Daerah Kota Surabaya Nomor 10 Tahun 2009 tentang Penyelenggaraan Reklame; Peraturan Walikota Surabaya Nomor 79 Tahun 2012 tentang Tata Cara Penyelenggaraan Reklame; dan Peraturan Pemerintah No. 56 Tahun 2009 tentang Penyelenggaraan Perkeretaapian. Studi ini masuk dalam kategori doctrinal research melalui pendekatan kasus (Marzuki; 2005) dengan cara mengevaluasi kondisi lapangan terhadap ketentuan undang-undang, peraturan pemerintah dan peraturan lain yang berlaku. Berdasarkan hasil studi ditunjukkan bahwa (1) terdapat tujuh reklame billboard di atas tiang yang melebihi Garis Sempadan Pagar atau batas persil; (2) terdapat satu reklame videotron yang berada di dalam Rumija Kereta Api; (3) terdapat dua reklame pada bangunan yang melebihi Garis Sempadan Bangunan; dan (5) terdapat delapan reklame billboard yang dipasang melebihi tinggi bangunan; terdapat satu reklame tanpa materi; terdapat empat spot yang jarak penempatan reklamenya berdekatan; dan satu reklame pada pos polisi lalu lintas yang melebihi luas bidang reklame.

Perumahan yang dibangun pengembang mulai dekade delapan-puluhan, pada awalnya dibangun sesuai dengan ketentuan tata ruang Kota Surabaya. Namun demikian dalam pengembangannya sesudah ditempati penghuni, rumah-rumah tersebut mengalami banyak perubahan; salah satunya adalah perluasan ke arah depan yang melebihi Garis Sempadan Bangunan (GSB). Perluasan yang tidak sesuai dengan rencana tata ruang kota merupakan pelanggaran GSB yang menyebabkan pemunduran bangunan menjadi tidak rapih; berkurangnya halaman depan dan ruang terbuka di dalam kaveling; serta membahayakan pengguna jalan yang akan berbelok karena pandangannya tertutup bangunan pada kaveling pojok. Masalah yang mendasar adalah, perubahan dan penambahan luas bangunan yang dilakukan pemilik rumah melanggar peraturan tentang GSB, baik peraturan pada tingkat undang-undang, peraturan pemerintah, keputusan menteri maupun peraturan walikota. Tujuan studi ini adalah mencari penyelesaian secara hukum terhadap pelanggaran GSB yang telah ditetapkan dalam peraturan perundangan dan rencana tata ruang melalui pendekatan kasus dengan cara mengevaluasi kondisi empiris lapangan terhadap peraturan mengenai GSB.Usulan penyelesaiannya adalah (1) pelanggaran yang dilakukan sesudah diberlakukannya Perda Kota Surabaya No. 7 Tahun 2009 tentang Bangunan, yaitu pengenaan sangsi administrasi; (2) pelanggaran yang dilakukan sebelum diberlakukanya Perda Kota Surabaya No. 7 Tahun 2009 tentang Bangunan, ada dua penyelesaian, yaitu (a) pelanggaran yang dilakukan pemilik bangunan yang mengajukan pembaruan IMB atau pemutihan IMB, sangsinya adalah membayar denda atas pelanggaran dan mengembalikan posisi GSB sesuai ketentuan yang berlaku; (b) pelanggaran yang dilakukan pemilik bangunan yang tidak melakukan perubahan apapun, tidak dikenakan sangsi apapun tetapi bisa digugat jika atas pelanggaran tersebut menimbulkan kerugian pada orang lain, atau dikenakan disinsentif berupa denda yang diberlakukan setiap tahun.

Sumur-sumur minyak di Desa Wonocolo Kecamatan Kadewan Kabupaten Bojonegoro, telah dieksplorasi lebih dari satu abad yang lalu oleh Dordtsche Petroleum Maatschappij. Sumur-sumur tua tersebut banyak yang dinyatakan telah habis, tetapi kenyataannya tidak. Puluhan titik sumur peninggalan Belanda tersebut ternyata masih aktif yang menandakan masih adanya cadangan minyak di kawasan tersebut. Cadangan minyak tersebut sejak tahun 1945 dikelola oleh pemerintah dan sebagian dikelola warga secara tradisional. Minyak yang ditambang oleh masyarakat disetor ke KUD Bogo Sasono dan disetor ke PT Pertamina EP Cepu. Tetapi sejak tahun 2005 mulai masuk orang-orang dari luar Desa Wonocolo yang membeli minyak mentah langsung dari penambang dengan harga lebih tinggi dari harga yang ditetapkan KUD Bogo Sasono. Karena sejak Nopember 2006 tidak ada lagi warga yang menyetor minyak mentah ke KUD Bogo Sasono, maka penyetoran minyak mentah ke PT. Pertamina EP Cepu terhenti. Ditinjau dari aspek hukum, penambangan dan dijual kepada pihak lain untuk kepentingan individu adalah melanggar peraturan perundangan yang berlaku. Studi ini bertujuan untuk merumuskan penyelesaian sengketa pengelolaan sumur tua antara warga setempat dan KUD Bogo Sasono selaku mitra kerja PT Pertamina EP Cepu, sesuai dengan ketentuan peraturan perundangan yang berlaku. Studi ini merupakan doctrinal research dengan pendekatan kasus (Marzuki; 2005). Usulan penyelesaiannya adalah: (1) melakukan sosialisasi peraturan perundangan yang terkait dengan kegiatan penambangan yang boleh dilakukan secara formal dan informal melalui kepala desa yang pada dasarnya harus menyadarkan warga setempat agar tunduk pada hukum; (2) menyelesaikan sengketa antara warga setempat dan KUD Bogo Sasono selaku mitra kerja PT. Pertamina EP Cepu melalui penyelesaian di luar pengadilan; (3) melakukan negosiasi biaya ongkos angkut berdasarkan pertimbangan kepentingan masyarakat luas, bukan sekelompok masyarakat; (4) melakukan penegakan hukum terutama untuk memutus jalur penambang ke pihak luar.

Utilization of cacao pod shells waste into charcoal briquettes is a way to find an alternative energy that can be produced within household scale. The aim of the research is to produce charcoal briquettes from cacao pod shells and its characterization. Research was designed with two factors, which is charcoal size (30, 50, and 70 mesh) and the percentage of starch used (3, 5, and 7%). Charcoal briquette produced then tested its physical and chemical properties. In general, charcoal briquettes from cacao pod shells with a mesh of 30 and 7% starch gives the best results. This charcoal briquette have a moisture content of 6.52%, ash content 16.73%, density 0.96 g/cm3; levels of volatile matter 20.18%, bonded carbon content 56.58%, and calorific value 4163.11 cal./g. Most of the parameters have not been meet the quality standards for charcoal briquettes of the SNI, Japan, England, nor American.