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"It is time, in the West, to defend not so much human rights as human obligations." (1) I. STATUS AND CONTRACT Wrenched from their context, the concepts in Sir Henry [...]

The paper focuses on intergenerational support relations between grandparents and their grandchildren in Germany, and how they have changed from 1996 to 2002. The paper begins with a brief review of the literature on functional aspects of the grandparent-grandchild relationship, after which the research hypotheses about intergenerational support in the relationship are elaborated. Following a description of the data source, the German Ageing Survey, and its samples and measures, the evidence on the patterns of grandparents' provision and receipt of intergenerational support to and from their grandchildren are presented and compared with parent-child support patterns. The analysis also considers variations by age groups and birth cohorts and changes over time. The main empirical finding is that there was a greater likelihood of financial transfers to grandchildren in 2002 than six years earlier. Nevertheless, the grandparents' relationships with their grandchildren remained imbalanced or asymmetrical, at the older generation's expense. It was found that financial and instrumental support patterns between grandparents and grandchildren were best explained using an 'intergenerational stake' hypothesis rather than one of 'intergenerational solidarity'; the latter is more consistent with parent-child support patterns. KEY WORDS--grandparents, intergenerational relations, intergenerational solidarity, intergenerational stake, informal support, Germany.

Mediation and parent education are increasingly common support services provided to divorcing families. Although there is accumulating evaluation evidence, important questions remain. In this study we surveyed mediators, parent educators, attorneys, and judges in one state to identify the types of evidence that may be useful in further evaluation efforts and to obtain their professional judgements regarding the effectiveness of these programs. Most programs only obtain minimal evaluation, but professionals had helpful ideas about types of evidence that would be helpful. Judges, parent educators and mediators perceived the programs as more useful and effective than attorneys. Results are discussed in terms of ways to strengthen evaluation efforts of mediation and parent education programs for divorcing families.