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Amsterdam, a growing city of over 800,000 people in the Netherlands, is struggling to collect waste. While residents in most districts of the city use underground bins to deposit their garbage, the historic Centrum district continues to rely on curbside collection. As such, the streets around the UNESCO-World-Heritage canals are lined with garbage bags as trash trucks rumble down roads centuries old and ill-fitted for vehicles of such size. This paper assesses the viability of moving Centrum trash collection to the canals with a fleet of tug boats and floating dumpsters. It does so by using a combination of GIS tools and integer programming to determine the quantity and optimal collection locations while ensuring that an average Centrum resident walks no farther than denizens of the other Amsterdam districts. Additionally, it proposes a schedule for emptying floating dumpsters based on one comparable to the current truck system. The results of this paper suggest that mobile trash collection using the canals is a viable solution that could reduce noise, pollution, and congestion, thus improving the quality of Amsterdam’s historic cityscape.

Background: The European Commission (EC) has launched the European Green Deal communication, setting out the path for a fundamental transformation of Europe. Key element in this policy is a fully sustainable food system outlined in the farm-to-fork strategy. Such strategy requires a systems approach in which all aspects related to the production and consumption of sufficient and healthy food are considered, including economic, environmental (climate, ecosystems) and social aspects. Scope and approach: Here, we present the systems approach concept for food production, following the farm-to-fork principle as embraced by the EC, and elaborate on how digitalisation and Artificial Intelligence (AI) can solve the challenges that a sustainable food system imposes. Key findings and conclusions: We present a number of research and innovation challenges and illustrate these by some specific examples. It is concluded that AI and digitalisation show great potential to support the transition towards a sustainable food system. This development will impact the roles and interactions of the actors in the entire value chain from farmers to consumers. Policy recommendations are made for a successful future implementation of AI in sustainable food production.

In traditional parcel delivery operations, customers determine delivery locations and, hence, the performance of a transporter. We exploit this idea and show that customers can improve the efficiency of a transporter by giving the latter flexibility in choosing the delivery locations. Two possible policies to enable this flexibility are presented and evaluated. The first policy, conceptually similar to roaming vehicle routing, is related to the presence of alternative locations. The second policy is related to the possibility of aggregating/skipping some locations. We show that route optimization behind both policies can be modelled via the well-known generalized travelling salesman problem. Extensive computational experiments with real parcel delivery data are performed to evaluate the potential of the presented policies and to obtain insights for possible implementation in daily practice. The experiments show that under certain conditions, the two proposed policies can lead to 15 to 20% improvement in the route length and in extreme yet realistic cases up to 40 to 50%. Consequently, the concept of flexible delivery locations has potential for practice, especially in densely populated areas.

This study focuses on agrologistics and cold chain infrastructure of the major fresh fruit and vegetable value chains oriented towards export markets, transported by road, air, or sea. The 9 selected products included asparagus, avocado, banana, blueberry, ginger, mandarin, mango, pomegranate and table grapes. Information on the agricultural and logistics sector was collected by National Agrarian University La Molina (Universidad Nacional Agraria La Molina (UNALM)) between March and June 2022. Data were collected by conducting online interviews, field visits to agro-export companies (packing houses) located in the coasta regions of Peru, and gathering information from bibliographic sources and governmental and private entities.---Este estudio se centra en los factores agrologísticos y de la infraestructura de la cadena de frío de las principales cadenas de abastecimiento de frutas frescas y hortalizas orientadas a los mercados de exportación que están siendo transportadas por carretera, aire o mar. Los 9 productos seleccionados incluyeron espárragos, aguacates, bananos, arándanos, jengibre, mandarinas, mangos, granadas y uvas de mesa. La información del sector agropecuario y logístico fue recolectada por la Universidad Nacional Agraria La Molina (UNALM) entre marzo y junio de 2022. Los datos fueron recolectados mediante la realización de entrevistas en línea, visitas de campo a empresas agroexportadoras (empacadoras) ubicadas en las regiones costeras del Perú, y recopilando información de fuentes bibliográficas y de entidades privadas y gubernamentales.

The Internet of Things (IoT) is a revolutionary technology that will change the way how supply chain organizes in the future. Traditionally fresh produce supply chains are regarded as different to manage due to the perishable nature of products with quickly decayed quality. This product nature requires a dynamic decision-making process in the supply chain based on real-time product quality into account to realize the so-call quality-controlled logistics. Traditional IT solutions in the fresh produce supply chain lack the capacities of instantaneous data collection, transmission and translation, which hampers the realization of quality-controlled logistics. However, the emergence of IoT technologies with remoting sensing provides a new opportunity for companies to monitor product quality in the supply chain and make quality-informed logistic decisions. In this research, we have investigated the relevant aspects of IoT applications in fresh produce supply chains toward quality-controlled logistics. Key components of this innovation such as sensor selections, quality-decay models, integrated information platform, digital twin realization as well as soft enablers are addressed. We conclude that IoT-powered quality-controlled logistics has huge potential for efficiency improvement in fresh produce supply chains and concrete user cases at the business scale should be developed to demonstrate the validity of this innovation.

Increased urbanization rates pose crucial challenges in terms of food systems’ sustainability, including urban food waste (FW). The global narrative around FW has focused mainly on Western countries, but recent evidence shows that FW is also a major issue in the developing world. The objective of this article is to define the characteristics and drivers of urban FW in low- and middle-income countries (LMIC). We firstly present a tailor-made three-step approach to identify urban FW hotspots in LMIC, understand the main drivers and design and implement prevention and reduction interventions considering LMIC food system characteristics. We then draw on results from four different urban FW case studies based in Nairobi (Kenya) and Dhaka (Bangladesh) and discuss their characteristics in light of the proposed approach. The case of Nairobi focuses on quantifying and understanding possible drivers of household FW in Kibera and characterizing FW disposal through a household survey (N = 774). The other three studies examine FW at retail, food service and institutional levels for onions, mangoes and beef in Dhaka. The results confirm that FW happens at the urban supply chain level, particularly among mobile vendors but also among households living below the poverty line. The article thus urges LMIC municipalities to consider urban FW strategies as a key action to tackle food security, environmental issues and FW management challenges.

Rising in the morning, slipping into my slippers, I call out ‘lights on’. My bedroom illuminates softly, screens slide upwards to reveal that breathtaking view over the city’s rooftops I never get bored of. Walking to the kitchen, my time-programmed coffee maker presents me with a local brew and signals it has ordered a new batch for refills. The homebaked fresh bread I pull from the refrigerator, with its spent brewers grain from the city’s brewery a few blocks away, tastes heavenly. The community hub vertical farm located on my building’s rooftop has provided other ingredients for my breakfast, including milk, vegetal butter, and various jams and leafy vegs. I’m ready to start the day...

Digital dietary coaches can supplement current approaches for guiding consumers towards healthier behavior. In addition to taking into account the individual client’s health status, digital coaches must also link to her or his personal preferences and habits and to any contextual factors such as location and time of the day. We address the question which food attributes are needed to generate an advice that is fully personalized and situational. In the first part of this study, we have made a systematic analysis of food item attributes and the way in which they are used in making food choices. We distinguish between (1) food attributes as such, (2) consumer attributes (preferences, profile, habits, etc.) and (3) context attributes(time, occasion, situation, etc.). One source for finding attributes is human behavior theory. In addition, we apply a more empirical approach by analyzing attributes that dietitians and food experts use in practice. In the second part of this study we have asked consumers to indicate which food selection criteria they use in practice. We list the sets of attributes and discuss how they can be used to automatically infer preferred food items from personal and situational data. Although fully automatic generation of food alternatives is not yet possible, dietitians and life style coaches can benefit from the data that is already available. A number of web services is currently under development to access the data programmatically, for example in dietary apps.

This study focuses on agrologistics and cold chain infrastructure of the major fresh fruit and vegetable value chains oriented towards export markets, transported by road, air, or sea. The 9 selected products included asparagus, avocado, banana, blueberry, ginger, mandarin, mango, pomegranate and table grapes. Information on the agricultural and logistics sector was collected by National Agrarian University La Molina (Universidad Nacional Agraria La Molina (UNALM)) between March and June 2022. Data were collected by conducting online interviews, field visits to agro-export companies (packing houses) located in the coasta regions of Peru, and gathering information from bibliographic sources and governmental and private entities.---Este estudio se centra en los factores agrologísticos y de la infraestructura de la cadena de frío de las principales cadenas de abastecimiento de frutas frescas y hortalizas orientadas a los mercados de exportación que están siendo transportadas por carretera, aire o mar. Los 9 productos seleccionados incluyeron espárragos, aguacates, bananos, arándanos, jengibre, mandarinas, mangos, granadas y uvas de mesa. La información del sector agropecuario y logístico fue recolectada por la Universidad Nacional Agraria La Molina (UNALM) entre marzo y junio de 2022. Los datos fueron recolectados mediante la realización de entrevistas en línea, visitas de campo a empresas agroexportadoras (empacadoras) ubicadas en las regiones costeras del Perú, y recopilando información de fuentes bibliográficas y de entidades privadas y gubernamentales.

The Internet of Things (IoT) is a revolutionary technology that will change the way how supply chain organizes in the future. Traditionally fresh produce supply chains are regarded as different to manage due to the perishable nature of products with quickly decayed quality. This product nature requires a dynamic decision-making process in the supply chain based on real-time product quality into account to realize the so-call quality-controlled logistics. Traditional IT solutions in the fresh produce supply chain lack the capacities of instantaneous data collection, transmission and translation, which hampers the realization of quality-controlled logistics. However, the emergence of IoT technologies with remoting sensing provides a new opportunity for companies to monitor product quality in the supply chain and make quality-informed logistic decisions. In this research, we have investigated the relevant aspects of IoT applications in fresh produce supply chains toward quality-controlled logistics. Key components of this innovation such as sensor selections, quality-decay models, integrated information platform, digital twin realization as well as soft enablers are addressed. We conclude that IoT-powered quality-controlled logistics has huge potential for efficiency improvement in fresh produce supply chains and concrete user cases at the business scale should be developed to demonstrate the validity of this innovation.

Food losses and waste (FLW) is a significant issue that affects food security, climate change, and resource efficiency. To address this, FLW reduction can be achieved through prevention and valorization strategies, which require quantification of FLW streams. While FLW quantification is a new field with several challenges, there is a growing interest in quantifying FLW at the city or metropolis level, e.g., as seen in Amsterdam's efforts to become a circular city.This paper presents an initial study that quantifies food losses and waste (FLW) along the food supply chains in Amsterdam Metropolitan Areas, identifying hotspots for FLW, the associated nutrients, and its contribution to climate change (i.e. greenhouse gas emissions associated with the FLW). The study provides valuable insights for city managers to improve FLW prevention and valorization, and the methodology developed can be applied to other metropolises. Overall, this research makes an important contribution to FLW quantification and management.

How can we accelerate the transition towards a circular bio-economy and translate dreams into practice? There is a pressing need to swiftly say goodbye to the linear society as it exists today and move towards a circular one. To underpin this transition with action, we need to use the circular bio-economy principles of Safeguard – Avoid – Prioritise – Recycle – Entropy as guidance. Applying these principles requires calls for a fundamental change, including policies, technologies, organizations, social behaviours and markets, into account when we (re)design elements of our agri-food system. This will only work if we change together and if we utilise scale to optimally value our precious resources.

De totale omvang van voedselverspilling in Nederland in 2020 was 2.811 kiloton, oftewel 161 kilogram per hoofd van de bevolking. Dit is een hogere omvang in vergelijking met eerdere rapportages, over 2019 was 88-136 kilogram per hoofd van de bevolking gerapporteerd. Over 2020 wordt voor het eerst de geharmoniseerde Europese definitie van voedselverspilling gebruikt om de omvang voor Nederland te bepalen. Het grotere volume is een gevolg van de verandering van de definitie van voedselverspilling van de tot nu toe in Nederland gehanteerde definitie naar de definitie vanuit de Europese Unie.

The triangle of dairy intensification, commercialisation and market formalisation is promoted to address the challenges of food and nutrition security (FNS) and climate change. This article questions the need for formalisation to reach intensification and commercialisation objectives in Kenya. Moving beyond the binary perception of milk markets as either ‘formal’ or ‘informal’, we investigate a repertoire of milk-collection practices and address the following question: ‘What enables diverse intermediary practices to ensure a consistent flow of milk from grass to glass?’ Sampling, data collection and analysis were guided by a qualitative research design for an empirical exploration of the practices of owner-operated (N = 13) and corporate (N = 4) milk collectors. Iterative analysis of observations revealed three main themes constituting milk-collection practices: (1) buying milk, (2) managing milk (quantity and quality measurement) and (3) selling milk to the next buyer. These practices were enabled and sustained by the diverse options available for each aspect of milk collection, and by the capacity of collectors to accommodate variety in their practices. We invite scholars and practitioners to conduct deeper explorations of how to accommodate events in practice to enhance the success of ambitions relating to FNS and climate change through pathways of intensification and commercialisation.

Digital dietary coaches can supplement current approaches for guiding consumers towards healthier behavior. In addition to taking into account the individual client’s health status, digital coaches must also link to her or his personal preferences and habits and to any contextual factors such as location and time of the day. We address the question which food attributes are needed to generate an advice that is fully personalized and situational. In the first part of this study, we have made a systematic analysis of food item attributes and the way in which they are used in making food choices. We distinguish between (1) food attributes as such, (2) consumer attributes (preferences, profile, habits, etc.) and (3) context attributes(time, occasion, situation, etc.). One source for finding attributes is human behavior theory. In addition, we apply a more empirical approach by analyzing attributes that dietitians and food experts use in practice. In the second part of this study we have asked consumers to indicate which food selection criteria they use in practice. We list the sets of attributes and discuss how they can be used to automatically infer preferred food items from personal and situational data. Although fully automatic generation of food alternatives is not yet possible, dietitians and life style coaches can benefit from the data that is already available. A number of web services is currently under development to access the data programmatically, for example in dietary apps.

Searching text or documents in large unstructured and semi-structured data sources is not trivial. A search engine is supposed to make more search efficient and effective. It supports to build a query that can be applied automatically to extract the information that complies with the user’s intention. Controlled vocabularies and ontologies help improving the search and make it domain-aware. In this document, we explain the notion of a controlled vocabulary, its construction methods and its use in smart search engines. Manual construction of controlled vocabularies and ontologies can be achieved using several existing tools,which require specific technical skills. Therefore, we refer to the ROC+ tool, developed within WFBR, which helps domain researchers build a controlled vocabulary in a faster and easier way. Another application, namely the TALK tool, was developed to start a discussion on a specific term in multidisciplinary teams. It proposes automatically generated associated terms, which can then be exported in a machine processible nformat as input for ROC+. We also briefly mention the use of NLP technology in text mining, where domain related concepts can be automatically extracted from pdf documents. Finally, some example of controlled vocabularies developed within WFBR are listed for further reference.

De totale omvang van voedselverspilling in Nederland in 2020 was 2.811 kiloton, oftewel 161 kilogram per hoofd van de bevolking. Dit is een hogere omvang in vergelijking met eerdere rapportages, over 2019 was 88-136 kilogram per hoofd van de bevolking gerapporteerd. Over 2020 wordt voor het eerst de geharmoniseerde Europese definitie van voedselverspilling gebruikt om de omvang voor Nederland te bepalen. Het grotere volume is een gevolg van de verandering van de definitie van voedselverspilling van de tot nu toe in Nederland gehanteerde definitie naar de definitie vanuit de Europese Unie.

Searching text or documents in large unstructured and semi-structured data sources is not trivial. A search engine is supposed to make more search efficient and effective. It supports to build a query that can be applied automatically to extract the information that complies with the user’s intention. Controlled vocabularies and ontologies help improving the search and make it domain-aware. In this document, we explain the notion of a controlled vocabulary, its construction methods and its use in smart search engines. Manual construction of controlled vocabularies and ontologies can be achieved using several existing tools,which require specific technical skills. Therefore, we refer to the ROC+ tool, developed within WFBR, which helps domain researchers build a controlled vocabulary in a faster and easier way. Another application, namely the TALK tool, was developed to start a discussion on a specific term in multidisciplinary teams. It proposes automatically generated associated terms, which can then be exported in a machine processible nformat as input for ROC+. We also briefly mention the use of NLP technology in text mining, where domain related concepts can be automatically extracted from pdf documents. Finally, some example of controlled vocabularies developed within WFBR are listed for further reference.

Food losses and waste (FLW) is a significant issue that affects food security, climate change, and resource efficiency. To address this, FLW reduction can be achieved through prevention and valorization strategies, which require quantification of FLW streams. While FLW quantification is a new field with several challenges, there is a growing interest in quantifying FLW at the city or metropolis level, e.g., as seen in Amsterdam's efforts to become a circular city.This paper presents an initial study that quantifies food losses and waste (FLW) along the food supply chains in Amsterdam Metropolitan Areas, identifying hotspots for FLW, the associated nutrients, and its contribution to climate change (i.e. greenhouse gas emissions associated with the FLW). The study provides valuable insights for city managers to improve FLW prevention and valorization, and the methodology developed can be applied to other metropolises. Overall, this research makes an important contribution to FLW quantification and management.

Rising in the morning, slipping into my slippers, I call out ‘lights on’. My bedroom illuminates softly, screens slide upwards to reveal that breathtaking view over the city’s rooftops I never get bored of. Walking to the kitchen, my time-programmed coffee maker presents me with a local brew and signals it has ordered a new batch for refills. The homebaked fresh bread I pull from the refrigerator, with its spent brewers grain from the city’s brewery a few blocks away, tastes heavenly. The community hub vertical farm located on my building’s rooftop has provided other ingredients for my breakfast, including milk, vegetal butter, and various jams and leafy vegs. I’m ready to start the day...

Since COVID-19 outbreak, States adopted different combinations of measures to restrain its spread that affected individual behaviors and the already fragile local and global food systems. The aim of this research is to contribute to the scientific debate around food systems sustainability through the analysis of behavioral shifts in household food waste drivers, specifically occurring during the recent global pandemic. A survey was developed based on an extended version of the Motivation-Opportunity-Ability (MOA) approach. A representative sample of 3000 respondents in Italy and in the Netherlands (1500 per country) completed this survey in May 2020, while lockdown to mitigate the first wave of COVID-19 outbreak was active in both countries. A cluster analysis based on individual food-waste- related behaviors identified four homogenous groups of consumers in the Italian sample and five in the Dutch sample. The comparative analysis of these groups led to the identification of several communalities in behavioral patterns, both within and between the two countries. Results suggest that in both countries, self-reported quantities of household food waste actually decreased, with a stronger reduction reported by Italian consumers. The MOA approach allowed to explain this perceived reduction as largely depending on the increase of opportunity to dedicate more time - to food-related activities as compared to the pre-COVID-19 period, with positive consequences on food management ability. These findings assist in drafting recommendations for tailored interventions to reduce the amount of domestic food waste and preserve positive behaviors emerged during lockdown, that could be continued in the absence of crisis.

How can we accelerate the transition towards a circular bio-economy and translate dreams into practice? There is a pressing need to swiftly say goodbye to the linear society as it exists today and move towards a circular one. To underpin this transition with action, we need to use the circular bio-economy principles of Safeguard – Avoid – Prioritise – Recycle – Entropy as guidance. Applying these principles requires calls for a fundamental change, including policies, technologies, organizations, social behaviours and markets, into account when we (re)design elements of our agri-food system. This will only work if we change together and if we utilise scale to optimally value our precious resources.

The current health status of the general public can substantially benefit from a healthy diet. Using a personalized approach to initiate healthy dietary behavior seems to be a promising strategy, as individuals differ in terms of health status, subsequent dietary needs, and their desired behavior change support. However, providing personalized advice to a wide audience over a long period is very labor-intensive. This bottleneck can possibly be overcome by digitalizing the process of creating and providing personalized advice. An increasing number of personalized advice systems for different purposes is becoming available in the market, ranging from systems providing advice about just a single parameter to very complex systems that include many variables characterizing each individual situation. Scientific background is often lacking in these systems. In designing a personalized nutrition advice system, many design questions need to be answered, ranging from the required input parameters and accurate measurement methods (sense), type of modeling techniques to be used (reason), and modality in which the personalized advice is provided (act). We have addressed these topics in this viewpoint paper, and we have demonstrated the feasibility of setting up an infrastructure for providing personalized dietary advice based on the experience of 2 practical applications in a real-life setting.

One way to mitigate the negative impacts of climate change, is for society to move towards a biobased economy, where fossil resources are replaced by biobased ones. This replacement requires the development of biobased supply chains that differ significantly from the conventional supply chain. For example, seasonality and variability of the feedstocks create specific challenges for biobased systems and call for customized solutions for the design and operation of biobased chains. As a result, the modelling efforts to support decision-making processes for biobased logistics and supply chains have some different requirements. This paper presents a systematic literature review on logistics and supply chain modelling studies for the biobased economy published in a period of 2011–2020. The literature analysis shows that most modelling studies for the biobased economy are strategic optimization models aiming to minimize economic impact. As biomass source, forest and agricultural residues are mostly used, and fuel and energy are the most common biobased applications. Modelling strategies, biomass sources and applications are however diversifying, which is what we encourage for future research. Also, not only focusing on economic optimization but also optimizing social and environmental performance is an important future research direction, to deal with the sustainability challenges the world is facing.

Objective:A high-fibre diet is associated with a lower risk for diseases. However, few adults meet the dietary fibre recommendation. Therefore, the effects and acceptance of an algorithm-generated personalised dietary advice (PDA) compared with general advice (GA) on fibre intake were investigated.Design:A 6-week, single-blind randomised controlled trial with a 3-month follow-up.Setting:PDA was based on habitual intake and provided fibre-rich alternatives using a website; GA contained brochures. Dietary intake was assessed at baseline, week 1, week 6 and 3-month follow-up. Both groups evaluated their advice at week 6. All participants had access to PDA from week 7 until 3-month follow-up.Participants:Two groups of healthy adults: PDA (n 34) and GA (n 47). For 3-month follow-up analysis, participants were re-divided into visitors (n 52) and non-visitors (n 26) of the PDA.Results:At week 6, energy intake remained stable in both groups, but fibre intake per 1000 kcal increased non-significantly in both groups (PDA = Δ0·5 ± 2·8; GA = Δ0·8 ± 3·1, P = 0·128). Importantly, a significantly higher percentage of PDA participants adhered to the recommendation compared with week 1 (PDA = 21 % increase; GA = 4 % increase, P ≤ 0·001). PDA participants evaluated the advice significantly better compared with GA participants. At 3-month follow-up, fibre intake increased compared with baseline (visitors = Δ2·2 ± 2·6, P < 0·001; non-visitors = Δ1·5 ± 1·9, P = 0·001), but was insignificantly different between groups. Visitors had a decrease and non-visitors had an increase in energy intake (visitors =Δ − 132 ± 525; non-visitors = Δ109 ± 507, P = 0·055).Conclusions:The algorithm-generated PDA was well accepted and stimulated adherence to the recommendations more than GA, indicating to be a suitable and cost-efficient method for improving dietary fibre intake in healthy adults.

In this article we explore the quantitative challenges posed by the intended circular biobased economy. To do this, we present the relative sizes, in terms of mass and energy, of the agro-food and fossil production system, and the interrelations in the system of transformation to food, feed, materials, and energy. We deduce that the flows in the fossil system are of a comparable magnitude to the agricultural / biomass production in terms of mass and energy. This implies that replacing a significant fraction of fossil-derived products by biobased products will be a huge challenge. Solving this challenge will require both efficiency improvements and circular innovations. The analysis reveals major inefficiencies in the current system. In terms of mass, the pathways from agricultural production to food seem quite inefficient, on average less than 10%. This suggests space for efficiency improvement. The relatively low efficiency of livestock production confirms the relevance of diet change. Likewise, enhanced utilization of side streams appears significant. However, we show that in the current system of linear chains, such solutions are insufficient to provide an alternative to the current volume of fossil use. We argue that, next to biobased solutions, multifunctional use and recycling will be essential if we want to maintain current living standards and reduce dependence on fossil feedstock. We reflect on this consideration, and define four different cycles in the combined biomass / fossil system. These circles may be optimized and extended to improve the circularity of our carbon-based production systems and to fight climate change.

Dit rapport kwantificeert mogelijkheden om de afhankelijkheid van soja-producten import voor veevoer (momenteel ongeveer 1800 kton/j sojaproducten per jaar, met daarin ongeveer 720kton eiwit) te verlagen, op basis van binnenlandse productie, met behoud van het huidige volume voedseleiwit productie. Veel ‘nieuwe bronnen’ worden als veelbelovend beschouwd voor verbetering van eiwitproductie. Met ‘verbeteren’ worden echter verschillende vormen bedoeld, zoals verhoging van voedingswaarde voor mens of dier, verbeteren van inzetbaarheid voor voeding of veevoer, ontwikkeling van een aantrekkelijk ‘niche’ product of verhoging van het bulk productiepotentieel. Voor de meeste opties is niet evident hoe groot de daadwerkelijke volume-potentie is, op welke termijn de ontwikkelingen opgeschaald kunnen zijn en welke technische ontwikkelstap en investeringen nog nodig zijn. Dit rapport geeft inzicht in die kwesties waardoor een realistisch perspectief op de mogelijkheden voor bulk productie ontstaat. In deze studie is naast de effecten van inzet van ‘nieuwe bronnen’ voor veevoer ook gekeken naar effecten op eiwitbehoefte als de (voornamelijk plantaardige) nieuwe eiwitbronnen direct worden ingezet voor voeding. Daarvoor hebben we gebruik gemaakt voor een omrekening van voedereiwitten naar voedseleiwitten: we schatten dat 1kg plantaardig voedseleiwit 5 kg veevoeder eiwit verdringt. De resultaten beschrijven primair de volume-potentie om afhankelijkheid van eiwitimport te beperken met instandhouding van totale productie voedingseiwit in Nederland. Hier en daar worden ook duurzaamheidseffecten genoemd en mogelijkheden en belemmeringen van 'nieuwe' eiwitbronnen en circulaire benutting van reststromen, maar die opsomming is niet compleet. De auteurs zijn zich ook bewust dat verschillende opties ook maatschappelijke aanpassingen vragen, maar ook die kwesties vallen buiten de scope van deze kwantitatieve studie. De potenties zijn kwantitatief ingeschat op basis van typische rendement-schattingen (volgens recente literatuur) en beschikbaarheid van biomassabronnen en productiemiddelen in Nederland (afgeleid van literatuur en percentages van landbouwarealen in Nederland). Dit onderzoek is uitgevoerd in opdracht van en gefinancierd door het Ministerie van Landbouw, Natuur en Voedselkwaliteit. De resultaten worden samengevat in onderstaande tabel en de daaropvolgende constateringen en aanbevelingen.

Food loss and waste is a major problem: An estimated one-third of all food produced worldwide is lost or wasted somewhere between farm and fork. Mitigating food loss and waste is an important pathway towards accessible and healthy diets, more sustainable production and consumption, and more economic possibilities for actors in the food chain. General recommendations abound on how to achieve this, but implementation of these ideas in real-world food systems is rarely straightforward. In this volume, experts from numerous domains explore how high-level FLW recommendations can be translated into concrete actions, solutions, and pathways. The chapters highlight (new) scientific insights and practice-oriented research pointing the way forward from what should happen to how it can be done in order to achieve more sustainable food systems.