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The automatic recognition of emotion in speech can inform our understanding of language, emotion, and the brain. It also has practical application to human-machine interactive systems. This paper examines the recognition of emotion in naturally occurring speech, where there are no constraints on what is said or the emotions expressed. This task is more difficult than that using data collected in scripted, experimentally controlled settings, and fewer results are published. Our data come from couples in psychotherapy. Video and audio recordings were made of three couples (A, B, C) over 18 hour-long therapy sessions. This paper describes the method used to code the audio recordings for the four emotions of Anger, Sadness, Joy and Tension, plus Neutral, also covering our approach to managing the unbalanced samples that a naturally occurring emotional speech dataset produces. Three groups of acoustic features were used in our analysis: filter-bank, frequency, and voice-quality features. The random forests model classified the features. Recognition rates are reported for each individual, the result of the speaker-dependent models that we built. In each case, the best recognition rates were achieved using the filter-bank features alone. For Couple A, these rates were 90% for the female and 87% for the male for the recognition of three emotions plus Neutral. For Couple B, the rates were 84% for the female and 78% for the male for the recognition of all four emotions plus Neutral. For Couple C, a rate of 88% was achieved for the female for the recognition of the four emotions plus Neutral and 95% for the male for three emotions plus Neutral. For pairwise recognition, the rates ranged from 76% to 99% across the three couples. Our results show that couple therapy is a rich context for the study of emotion in naturally occurring speech.

In this paper we attempt to establish a theory of negative (quasi) probability distributions from fundamental principles and apply it to the study of the double-slit experiment in quantum mechanics. We do so in a way that preserves the main conceptual issues intact but allow for a clearer analysis, by representing the double-slit experiment in terms of the Mach-Zehnder interferometer, and show that the main features of quantum systems relevant to the double-slit are present also in the Mach-Zehnder. This converts the problem from a continuous to a discrete random variable representation. We then show that, for the Mach-Zehnder interferometer, negative probabilities do not exist that are consistent with interference and which-path information, contrary to what Feynman believed. However, consistent with Scully et al.'s experiment, if we reduce the amount of experimental information about the system and rely on counterfactual reasoning, a joint negative probability distribution can be constructed for the Mach-Zehnder experiment., Comment: 24 pages, 4 figures, submitted to a volume in honor of Patrick Suppes edited by Jean-Yves Beziau and Decio Krause

In this paper we analyze the existence of joint probabilities for the Bell-type and GHZ entangled states. We then propose the usage of nonmonotonic upper probabilities as a tool to derive consistent joint upper probabilities for the contextual hidden variables. Finally, we show that for the extreme example of no error, the GHZ state allows for the definition of a joint upper probability that is consistent with the strong correlations.

The activity of collections of synchronizing neurons can be represented by weakly coupled nonlinear phase oscillators satisfying Kuramoto's equations. In this article, we build such neural-oscillator models, partly based on neurophysiological evidence, to represent approximately the learning behavior predicted and confirmed in three experiments by well-known stochastic learning models of behavioral stimulus-response theory. We use three Kuramoto oscillators to model a continuum of responses, and we provide detailed numerical simulations and analysis of the three-oscillator Kuramoto problem, including an analysis of the stability points for different coupling conditions. We show that the oscillator simulation data are well-matched to the behavioral data of the three experiments.

We show that some N-particle quantum systems are holistic, such that the system is deterministic, whereas its parts are random. The total correlation is not sufficient to determine the probability distribution, showing a need for extra measurements. We propose a formal definition of holism not based on separability., Comment: 6 pages, LaTeX (RevTex 4), no figures

We discuss some issues about probability in quantum mechanics, with particular emphasis on the GHZ theorem. We propose the usage of nonmonotonic upper probabilities as a tool to derive consistent joint upper probabilities for systems where only contextual hidden variables are possible., Comment: LaTeX2e, 13 pages, to appear in the proceedings in honor of Arthur Fine

This paper has been withdrawn., Comment: This paper has been withdrawn

The purpose of this article is to formulate a number of probabilistic hidden-variable theorems, to provide proofs in some cases, and counterexamples to some conjectured relationships. The first theorem is the fundamental one. It asserts the general equivalence of the existence of a hidden variable and the existence of a joint probability distribution of the observed quatities, whether finite or continuous., Comment: 20 pages latex. To appear in Nuovo Cimento. Presented Sept. 17, 1996 in Florence at a symposium in honor of Giuliano Toraldo di Francia. Significant additions and corrections have been made. Additional conditions on the existence of joint probability distributions as well as theorems on mapping from higher spin systems to two state variables

We use a local theory of photons purely as particles to model the single-photon experiment proposed by Tan, Walls, and Collett. Like Tan et al. we are able to derive a violation of Bell's inequalities for photon counts coincidence measurements. Our local probabilistic theory does not use any specific quantum mechanical calculations., Comment: LaTeX, 11 pages, one figure (in LaTeX), submitted to Foundations of Physics Letters

We show one can use classical fields to modify a quantum optics experiment so that Bell's inequalities will be violated. This happens with continuous random variables that are local, but we need to use the correlation matrix to prove there can be no joint probability distribution of the observables., Comment: LaTeX, 10 pages, one figure (in LaTeX)

In previous works Suppes and de Barros used a pure particle model to derive interference effects, where individual photons have well-defined trajectories, and hence no wave properties. In the present paper we extend that description to account for the Casimir effect. We consider that the linear momentum $\sum\frac{1}{2}\hbar {\bf k}$ of the vacuum state in quantum electrodynamics corresponds to the linear momentum of virtual photons. The Casimir effect, in the cases of two parallel plates and the solid ball, is explained in terms of the pressure caused by the photons. Contrary to quantum electrodynamics, we assume a finite number of virtual photons., Comment: LaTeX file, 11 pages, no figures. Key words: photon, trajectories, QED, Casimir effect, quantum vacuum