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The presence of microplastic particles in agroecosystems has profound implications for soil quality, crop yield, and soil biota. Earthworms are widely recognized as valuable soil bioindicators due to their abundance, fast reproduction, and easy manipulation. The aim of this study was to observe Eisenia fetida avoidance behavior and changes in biomass and mortality rate in soil samples spiked with polyethylene microplastic particles. Three types of soil sampled from the agricultural fields (“Banat 1”, “Banat 2”, and “Bačka”) were tested, as well as three microplastic concentrations (0.1, 0.2, and 0.3%). The calculated avoidance percentages ranged from 18.67% for “Banat 1” and 23.70% for “Banat 2” to 27.40% in the case of “Bačka” soil samples. Generally, E. fetida specimens avoided the sections with plastic in all bioassays: 38.42% of the earthworms were in the chamber section that contained microplastics, as opposed to 61.58% in the control section. The changes in the earthworms’ post-test biomasses were directly proportional to the number of surviving earthworms, with the highest loss in “Bačka” soil samples with 0.3% MPs (−53.05%). The highest mortality rate (46%) was noted in “Bačka” soil samples spiked with the highest concentration of microplastic particles.

The rural development of the territory of Zlatibor district, based on the agrarian economic foundations of sustainable development, becomes imperative for the overall economic development of the city Užice, as well as the district. The formulation of the paper corresponds to current problems in the field of rural development. In accordance with the defined topic, the goal of this work is to show the achieved level of development of the rural area. The paper presents the problems of the agricultural sector of the local community and provides guidelines and opportunities for further long-term development of agriculture and the rural area of Užice, which contribute to the development of the local economy and society as a whole. Economic, ecological, socio-demographic, developmental and other indicators within the framework of sustainable development of rural areas. The importance of competent institutions and organizations at the level of the city of Užice in solving important problems and creating favorable conditions for the development of agriculture and rural development is emphasized. Rural areas represent a large part of the territory of the Zlatibor district, so the development of this area is a very important segment of the overall development plan of the city of Užice. The rural area of Užice has significant natural resources for agricultural and rural development. However, rural areas cannot be developed without a strategic plan and assistance from the Republic of Serbia. The support of the state and competent institutions, the local self-government itself, is of fundamental importance in creating a more favorable socio-economic environment for rural development.

In presently, industrial hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) represents a controversial plant that is not researched enough. The aim of the study presented in this paper is to show that marketing of the rural areas can be done through the cultivation of industrial hemp. Hemp has a huge marketing potential which can be a tool of rural development in Serbia. Concrete results are given from the point of the view of three groups: people who reside in cities, owners of healthy food markets and producers. The author presented survey research which shows that the majority of people are not well educated about the difference between marijuana and industrial hemp. There is a common opinion that the production of industrial hemp itself is an advertisement of a rural area. The contribution and significance of herein presented results lies in the marketing of underdeveloped rural areas, redevelopment of cultivation of sidelined agricultural crops in order to strengthen the rural area.

Potreba za većim korišćenjem obnovljivih izvora energije je sve više prisutna. Tokom proteklih decenija, sve veće iskorišćenje rezervi fosilnih goriva, kao i pojava globalnog zagrevanja, jasno ukazuju da je neophodna promena u energetskoj politici. Ovakvo stanje dovodi do rasta značaja poljoprivrede kao izvora energije. Mogućnosti proizvodnje energije u poljoprivredi su velike: korišćenje biljnih ostataka, peletiranje, proizvodnja bioetanola, korišćenje geotermalne energije, energije vetra, itd. S druge strane, poljoprivredna gazdinstva sve teže ekonomski opstaju baveći se isključivo poljoprivrednom delatnošću. Sve je više zastupljen multifunkcionalni pristup u organizaciji i ekonomiji poljoprivrednih gazdinstava. Multifunkcionalni pristup podrazumeva korišćenje poljoprivrednih resursa u nepoljoprivredne namene (proizvodnja energije, turizam, ugostiteljstvo, sport, razonoda, itd). Predmet istraživanja doktorske disertacije su organizaciono-ekonomski aspekti proizvodnje obnovljive energije u okviru poljoprivrednih gazdinstava. Prilikom istraživanja, akcenat je bio na gazdinstvima koja se bave multifunkcionalnom poljoprivredom, odnosno proizvodnjom različitih vrsta energije. Cilj istraživanja je bio da se definišu i organizaciono-ekonomski kvantifikuju i uporede modeli za dopunsku proizvodnju različitih obnovljivih izvora na poljoprivrednim gazdinstvima, kao i da se uporede sa klasičnim modelima poljoprivrednih gazdinstava, zatim da se oceni i kvantifikuje uloga i uticaj države kroz mere agrarne politike, koji treba da omoguće ekonomsku isplativost dopunske proizvodnje energije iz poljoprivrede. Posmatrano je četiri modela multifunkcionalnih poljoprivrednih gazdinstava: model 1 - proizvodnja energije iz žetvenih ostataka; model 2 - bioetanol; model 3 - biogas i model 4 - eolska i geotermalna energija. Tokom istraživanja primenjene su kvalitativne i kvantitativne metode; analitičko-sintetičke metode za obradu podataka i donošenja zaključaka na osnovu dobijenih rezultat

U radu je prikazan teoretski model valorizacije nivoa kvaliteta turističke ponude u ruralnim sredinama, sa posebnim osvrtom na uticaj sporta i rekreacije. Osnovni cilj seoskog turizma je da, na osnovu turističke potražnje, za seosko stanovništvo obezbedi dodatne prihode i time poboljša životni standard i smanjenje migracije u gradove. Interesovanje za rekreaciju u ruralnim područjima je počelo da raste već u devetnaestom veku kao reakcija na rastući pritisak urbanizacije i industrijalizacije. U savremenom turizmu sve više dominira sportska rekreacija kao glavni motiv turističkih trendova, zbog svojih sveobuhvatnih ciljeva i uslova predviđenih u svim svojim oblicima sadržaja. Sportsko rekreativni program, kao sastavni deo turističke usluge, postaje imperativ za savremeni turizam. Za procenu valorizacije efekata primene rekreacije u turističkoj industriji, neophodno je da se identifikuje čitav set varijabli koje je potrebno identifikovati anketom kako kod prošlih tako i potencijalnih korisnika, i na taj način stvoriti preduslove za dalje statističke analize za testiranje hipoteza koje se tiču uticaja korišćenja sportsko rekreativnih programa na kvalitet turističke ponude u ruralnim područjima., In the paper the theoretical model of valorization level of the tourist offer quality in the rural regions is given, with special emphasis on the impact of sports and recreation. The main objective of rural tourism is that, based on tourist demand, it provides to the rural population an additional source of income and thereby improves their living standards and reduces migration to the cities. The interest in recreation in rural areas began to grow already in the nineteenth century as a reaction to the growing pressure of urbanization and industrialization. Modem tourism is increasingly dominated by sports recreation as the main motive of tourism trends, due to its comprehensive objectives and requirements provided in all their forms of content. Sports recreation as an integral part of tourism services becomes the imperative for contemporary tourism. To conduct a survey on the valorization of the effects of recreation in the tourist industry, it is necessary to identify the whole set of variables to which it is necessary to get through a survey in the general population rate, both the past, and potential users, and thereby acquire the preconditions for further statistical analyses to test hypotheses concerning the influence of sports recreation program use on the tourist offer quality in the rural regions.

Ubrzan razvoj interneta menja način poslovanja savremenih banaka i na taj način omogućava različite pogodnosti i prednosti uz povećanje efikasnosti i efektivnosti poslovanja. Uticaj interneta na bankarstvo je ogroman, pa je veliki broj banaka motivisan da izmeni svoje strategije poslovanja kako bi ostale konkurentne na savremenom tržištu. Pored toga, savremeno internet bankarstvo donelo je bankama i čitav niz novih zahteva korisnika usluga u smislu povoljnijeg i fleksibilnijeg poslovanja koje tradicionalno bankarstvo nije moglo da im ponudi. Cilj istraživanja ovoga rada jeste da se prikaže zadovoljstvo klijenata uslugama koje donosi savremeni marketing u bankama kao i lojalnost klijenata, a krajnji rezultat je ostvarivanje profita u bankarskom sektoru. Prilikom istraživanja korišćen je kombinovani upitnik - Likertova skala, kao i druge savremene statističke metode. Istraživanjem su dobijeni rezultati koji ukazuju na dalje korake kojih bi se trebali pridržavati kako bi implementacija savremenih metoda poslovanja bila što uspešnija. Dalja istraživanja koja bi se mogla izvesti iz navedenog su finansijski pokazatelji kvaliteta usluge pre korišćenja marketing strategije i savremenih metoda distribucije bankarskih proizvoda kao i oni koje bi dobili nakon primene moderne distribucije. Savremeno bankarstvo svoju uporišnu tačku treba upravo da pronađe u novim tehnologijama koje će težište distribucije pomeriti sa tačke ponuđača na tačku klijenta/korisnika bankarskih usluga., Modern technological progress changes the way of business and have great impact on business effectiveness and efficiency. Influence of Internet on banking is huge and a lot of banks are motivated to change business strategy in order to keep the competitiveness in the modern market. Besides, internet banking brought in new clients and requests in terms of having more flexible and less expensive business. The main goal of this study is to show clients satisfaction with services which are the result of modern marketing in banking as well as customer loyalty and the end result is the realization of profits in the banking sector. During this research it was used combined questionnaire - Likert's scale as well as other statistical methods. Research results show, also, the next step needed for successful implementation of modern business methods. It would be a financial indicator of service quality (before use of marketing strategies and distribution channels) as well as those indicators which would be received after distribution of banking services and products. Modern banking should find its own base with new technologies which are moving point of distribution from supplier towards the customer / client.

Jedan od načina merenja kvaliteta usluge je i tajna kupovina. Tajnom kupovinom se meri ponašanje zaposlenih u jednoj organizaciji. Zaposleni u bankama se ocenjuju tokom uslužne interakcije. Zaposleni su ujedno i prva karika komunikacije korisnika sa bankom. Rad se zasniva na prikazu načina na koji se izvodi tajna kupovina u bankama kao i prikazu rezultata tajne kupovine u najvećim bankama u Novom Sadu. Cilj istraživanja je prikaz značaja tajne kupovine u bankama, problem koji se rešava je kvalitet usluge u bankama. Metodologija koja je vršena je anketiranje zaposlenih, kao i istraživanje i analiza dobijenih internih materijala od strane banaka. Kao rezultat ističemo kako tajna kupovina utiče na zadovoljstvo i satisfakciju klijenata i na koji način se tajnom kupovinom može dostići kvalitet usluge koji je iznad očekivanja u bankarskom sektoru. Ističe se takođe koliko su ljudski faktor tj zaposleni važna kategorija u merenju kvaliteta usluge u bankarskom sektoru. Istraživanjem su uočeni i koraci kojih bi se trebalo pridržavati da bi tajna kupovina bila što uspešnija. Dalja istraživanja koja bi se mogla izvesti iz navedenog su finansijski pokazatelji kvaliteta usluge pre korišćenja marketing strategije tajne kupovine i nakon korišćenja iste., Mystery shopping measures the behavior of employees in an organization. Employees of a bank are assessed during the service interaction. Employees are also the first link of communication with the bank consumers. This work is based on a review of ways of mystery shopping in banks and on the results of mystery shopping in the largest banks in Novi Sad. The aim of the research is to show the importance of mystery shopping in banks, focusing on their service quality. The study adopts the research method of employee survey and the review and analysis of the internal financial statements of the banks. As a result, it can be emphasized the way in which mystery shopping affects client satisfaction and how to achieve the quality of service that is above expectations in the banking sector using this method. It is also pointed out that the human factor (employees) is an extremely important category when it comes to measuring service quality in the banking sector. The research identified the steps which should be followed in order to make mystery shopping more successful. The further research that could be carried out are the financial indicators of service quality before and after the use of the mystery shopping tools.

U današnje vreme, kvalitet usluge je nesumnjivo najznaCajnija kategorija u bankarskom sektoru. Fokusiranost na potrošaCe tj klijente poslednjih godina doživljava ekspanziju u uslužno orjentisanim delatnostima a pogotovu bankama. Potrebe korisnika finansijskih usluga dinamiCno se menjaju, zbog Cega je neophodno da banke razviju dugoroCne poslovne odnose sa svojim klijentima, kako bi zadovoljile njihove potrebe i bile profitabilne. Pored svega toga vlada i velika konkurencija na bankarskom tržištu, i veoma Cesto je kvalitet usluge komparativna prednost banke. Jedan od naCina merenja kvaliteta usluge je i tajna kupovina. Tajnom kupovinom se meri ponašanje zaposlenih u organizaciji. Zaposleni u bankama se ocenjuju tokom uslužne interakcije. Zaposleni su ujedno i prva karika komunikacije korisnika sa bankom. Rad se zasniva na prikazu naCina na koji se izvodi tajna kupovina u bankama kao i prikazu rezultata tajne kupovine u najvećim bankama u Novom Sadu. Cilj istraživanja je prikaz znaCaja tajne kupovine u bankama, problem koji se rešava je kvalitet usluge u bankama. Metodologija je obuhvatala anketiranje zaposlenih, istraživanje i analizu dobijenih internih materijala od banaka. Kao rezultat istiCemo kako tajna kupovina utiCe na zadovoljstvo i satisfakciju klijenata i na koji naCin se tajnom kupovinom može dostići kvalitet usluge koji je iznad oCekivanja u bankarskom sektoru. IstiCe se takođe koliko su ljudski faktor tj zaposleni važna kategorija u merenju kvaliteta usluge u bankarskom sektoru. Istraživanjem su uoCeni i koraci kojih bi se trebalo pridržavati da bi tajna kupovina bila što uspešnija. Dalja istraživanja koja bi se mogla izvesti iz navedenog su finansijski pokazatelji kvaliteta usluge pre korišćenja alata tajne kupovine i nakon njihovog korišćenja., In our present times the quality of service is beyond any doubt the most significant category in the banking sector. Focus on consumers, i.e. clients over the last few years is experiencing an expansion in the services oriented activities especially in banks. The needs of users of financial services have also experienced a dynamic change and it is necessary for the banks to develop their long-term business relationship with their clients, in order to satisfy their needs and render their own business profitable. In addition, a robust competition prevails on the banking market, and very often quality of service appears to be the competitive advantage of a bank. One of the ways to measure quality of service is also its mystery shopping. Mystery shopping is measuring the conduct of staff employed in an organisation. Bank employees are being judged during their service offering interaction. Staff employed is also the first link in the chain of communication between the client and the bank. The paper is based on the presentation of the manner in which the mystery shopping is conducted in banks, and also on the presentation of results of the mystery shopping in the major banks operating in Novi Sad. The objective of this research work is to present the significance that the mystery shopping has in banks, and the problem thus resolved is the quality of services offered in banks. Methodology applied was interviewing of the staff employed, and the research and analysis of the internal materials received from banks. We are pointing out, based on the result obtained from the research, at the ways in which mystery shopping is affecting satisfaction of clients, and the ways in which through mystery shopping the high quality of service can be achieved, the one that is beyond expectations in the banking sector. Emphasis is also made at the importance that the human factor has, i.e. staff employed as an important category in measuring quality of service offered in the banking sector

The economic crisis provides a challenging environment for Serbia to find funding for social measures, which are some of the most important parts of the agreement the government coalition partners signed before forming new executive authorities. About 700,000 people in Serbia are living below the poverty line, with a monthly income of less than 80 moos, according to a new database on the socially vulnerable. Results of the project were released in April. Even for younger people, finding or keeping a job in Serbia is a challenge. For those over 55, it can become nearly impossible. As many as 95% of the unemployed in that age bracket have been unable to locate work after their former employers shut down or cut back on personnel. One of the important tasks of Serbia, in the process of joining the European Union, is to participate in the European process of social inclusion, what includes the development and improvement of involvement of individuals, enterprises and other social grow in social change in Serbia. The aim of this paper is charity marketing and marketing to the social order as a means companies to participate in reducing poverty rates. The company publicly demonstrate the value of your brand and motivate consumers to buy their product, percentage of sales given to charity which creates synergy.

Customer behaviour research comprises numerous scopes, i.e. research processes in which individuals and groups are engaged during choosing, buying and using products, services, ideas... in order to satisfy their needs and wishes. In the first phases of its development, this scientific discipline has been known as customers' behaviour and emphasizes interactions between customers and manufacturers at the moment of buying. Marketing experts comprehend now that customers' behaviour is a process, not only an interaction which happens in a moment when a customer gives his money and rewords back its products and services. In order of customers' behaviour comprehension and understanding of superior marketing strategies, it is necessary to find out what customers feel, work..., as well as things and places which affect their behaviour. The research taken out through this work gives some answers about women customers' behaviour, an increasing group now days which make 80% of decisions concerning purchase.

Evropa je sa stanovišta učešća u turističkom prometu i potrošnji već decenijama najznačajnije turističko područje sveta. U granicama Evropske unije nalaze se najrazvijenije inicijativne i receptivne turističke zemlje. Dugi niz godina na području Evropske unije velika pažnja se posvećuje razvoju turizma odnosno razvoju pojedinih instrumenata i mera koje treba da omoguće skladan i kontinuiran razvoj turizma. Putem specijalizovanih institucija i fondova Evropska unija pomaže i direktno i indirektno učestvuje kroz razne forme u razvoju turizma i u ruralnim područjima, a jačanje politike ruralnog razvoja postao je jedan od najvećih prioriteta Evropske unije. Uzimajući u obzir značaj finansijske podrške Evropske unije u razvoju turizma, u ovom radu se daje kratak pregled sistema podrške Evropske unije u stimulisanju razvoja turizma, kao i fondova sa posebnim osvrtom na mogućnosti u razvoju seoskog turizma. ., From the view of participation in touristic market and expenditure, Europe has been the one of the most important touristic areas of the World for decades. Within the borders of European Union the most developed initial and receptive touristic countries are located. During the years, at European Union area, great concern has been dedicated to tourism development, apropos to special instruments and measures development which has to make possible harmonous and continuous tourism development, as well. Through special institutions and funds, European Union supports and directly and indirectly participates by different forms in touristic development in rural areas as well, and rural development policy has become one of the greatest European Union priority. Taking into consideration the importance of European Union financial support in tourism development, this work presents a short oversight of European Union supporting system related to tourism development stimulation, as well as funds with a special consideration to rural tourism development. .

Predmet istraživanja ovog rada predstavlja uporednu analizu ruralnog razvoja, kao i njegovu diverzifikaciju u zemljama EU. Autor u radu razmatra glavne elemente ruralnog razvoja. Polazi od koncepta integralnog ruralnog razvoja (IRR), zajedničke agrarne politike EU (CAP) i iskustava razvijenih zemalja Evrope, kroz koje se ističu značajni faktori ruralnog razvoja. U okviru novog koncepta ruralnog razvoja izdvajaju se: ruralni razvoj, ruralna ekonomija, ruralno preduzetništvo, ruralna ekologija. Kroz rad će biti prikazana politika i evolucija ruralnog razvoja EU, kao i iskustva poljoprivrednika u novim zemljama članicama. Srbija kao izuzetno ruralna zemlja, svoj dalji razvoj mora zasnivati na ulaganju u unapređenje poljoprivrede koja predstavlja dominantnu delatnost. Autor iz tog razloga opisuje stanje, trendove i izdvaja razvojne probleme poljoprivrede i ruralnih područja Republike Srbije, koja predstavljaju osnovu ruralnog razvoja. U radu se analizira ruralna politika Republike Srbije u cilju davanja preporuka za prilagođavanje ruralnog razvoja i ruralne politike Srbije dobroj praksi EU., The subject of this paper presents a comparative analysis of rural development as well as its diversification into country EU. This paper discusses the main elements of rural development. It starts from the concept of integrated rural development (IRR), the EU Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) and experience of the developed countries of Europe, through which highlight important factors of rural development. Under the new concept of rural development are: rural development, rural economy, rural entrepreneurship, rural ecology. Through the work will be displayed and the evolution of policies of EU rural development, as well as the experience of farmers in the new member states. Serbia as a very rural country, its future development must be based on the promotion of investment in agriculture, which is the dominant activity. The author describes the reason for this situation, trends and allocate development problems of agriculture and rural areas of the Republic of Serbia, which form the basis of rural development. This paper analyzes the rural policy of the Republic of Serbia in order to make recommendations for adjustments rural development and rural policy Serbian EU good practice. .