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Friedrich Nietzsche (1844-1900), aquele que procurou compreender com demasiada profundidade uma tensão interna do sentimento humano, foi o que propôs o “super-homem” como proposta para a superação do homem a partir de uma força oriunda do próprio indivíduo por se encontrar nele mesmo, a fim de transvalorar as dicotomias, erros e preconceitos que negavam a existência em prol da afirmação da mesma. Mais tarde, a proposta de superar o homem, entre outros e sob certo aspecto (anunciada por Nietzsche na segunda metade do século XIX), retorna, só que não mais a partir da ideia de uma força oriunda do próprio indivíduo, mas do aprimoramento deste por meio de aparatos tecnológicos, prometendo fazer do homem um “super-humano”. O presente trabalho pretende apresentar duas propostas para a superação do homem com as suas nuances particulares, passando pela filosofia de Friedrich Nietzsche e do movimento cultural denominado transumanismo. Para tanto, buscar-se-á mostrar que uma das propostas parte da ideia de que o homem deve ser superado, devido a sua decadência refletida na negação do mundo e da vontade dos instintos; a outra parte da ideia de que o homem não é o estágio final da evolução humana, devendo ser superado a partir de aparatos tecnológicos que contribuirão para o aumento das suas capacidades.

History is bound to an opposite destination in the form of sheer incarnation. This embodies becoming, the underlying force from within the cosmos, the purest action. All these traits are harmonic into one Single Mover as necessary historical gore. This is the EΣΧΑΤΟN ΠYΡ, the Ultimate Fire, from the Greek ἔσχατος and πῦρ, meaning “last” and “fire” this latter in the Heraclitean sense of all-steering Rational Agent. This impetus the Overman incarnates and presides over into the Triad of Power formed by himself, Being as Power and Becoming as Increase in Power, all focusing on his own Person. The whole process culminates into will as Will-to-the Overman as a well-defined antithetical Body, at once directed unto the future and the past. For this supreme state of affairs the whole force of the universe and the core of perpetual change are required, as one. Literary parts and semiotic images are included., {"references":["1.\tH. Varini, Condition of Power: Ontology and Anthropology beyond Nietzsche, Amazon Kindle Direct Publishing, 2015. Glossary. Text revised.","2.\tH. Diels, W. Kranz, Die Fragmente der Vorsokratiker, Griechisch und Deutsch, Berlin, 1903. The reference is, of course, to fire and strife, which shall be henceforth referred to.","3.\tF. Bacon, Novum Organum or True Suggestions for the Interpretation of Nature, London and New York. 1898","4.\tG. W. F. Hegel, Die Phänomenologie des Geistes, Bamberg, 1807.","5.\tH. Varini, Condition of Power: Ontology and Anthropology beyond Nietzsche, Amazon Kindle Direct Publishing, 2015. Glossary. This lies consistent with the notion of Triad of Power.","6.\tH. Varini, Beyond Nietzsche: The Dialectical Overhuman and its Evidence in the Myth, Philosophy and Humanities in Information Society, 2 (2018) 12-24.","7.\tH. Varini, Sixth Force and Photonic Overman, Society. Communication. Education, 11(1) (2020) 30-58.","8.\tH. Varini, Condition of Power: Ontology and Anthropology beyond Nietzsche, Amazon Kindle Direct Publishing, 2015.","9.\tH. Diels, W. Kranz, Die Fragmente der Vorsokratiker, Griechisch und Deutsch, Berlin, 1903. Heraclitus, Fragment LXIV. \"The thunderbolt steers all things.\"","10.\tH. Varini, Sixth Force and Photonic Overman, Society. Communication. Education, 11(1) (2020) 30-58.","11.\tH. Diels, W. Kranz, Die Fragmente der Vorsokratiker, Griechisch und Deutsch, Berlin, 1903. \"The Limitless\" as the fathomless principle of all things, the very first abstract notion in Western Thought.","12.\tH. Varini, Condition of Power: Ontology and Anthropology beyond Nietzsche, Amazon Kindle Direct Publishing, 2015. Glossary.","13.\tH. Varini, Sixth Force and Photonic Overman, Society. Communication. Education, 11(1) (2020) 30-58. As is known, this notion holds, that what is beautiful, or else symmetrically agreeable (καλὸς) must meet with nothing but the equally essential good (ἀγαθός).","14.\tH. Varini, Gewill Overman, Hello Poetry, 2022. H. Varini, Overman Skye, Hello Poetry, 2021. This has been set forth, in terms primordially medieval, in these two compositions of mine.","15.\tTacitus, The Annals, The Loeb Classical Library. No. 322, Harvard University Press, 1981.","16.\tH. Varini, Condition of Power: Ontology and Anthropology beyond Nietzsche, Amazon Kindle Direct Publishing, 2015. Glossary.","17.\tH. Varini, Gewill Overman, Hello Poetry, 2022. H. Varini, Overman Skye, Hello Poetry, 2021. This element surfaces in my latter poem. For, within the fiery notion of Triad of Power as focusing on the Person of the Overman, Being dwells, as perennially reinvigorating, specular Source of the latter, again in the strong terms of Esse Ipsum Potentiae.","18.\tH. Varini, Sixth Force and Photonic Overman, Society. Communication. Education, 11(1) (2020) 30-58.","19.\tH. Varini, Condition of Power: Ontology and Anthropology beyond Nietzsche, Amazon Kindle Direct Publishing, 2015.","20.\tH. Varini, Condition of Power: Ontology and Anthropology beyond Nietzsche, Amazon Kindle Direct Publishing, 2015.","21.\tJoachim of Fiore, Enchiridion super Apochalipsym, Pontifical Institute of Mediaeval Studies, 1986.","22.\tVirgil, Bucolics and Georgics, University of Toronto Libraries, 2011. Eclogue IV.","23.\tH. Varini, Beyond Nietzsche: The Dialectical Overhuman and its Evidence in the Myth, Philosophy and Humanities in Information Society, 2 (2018) 12-24.","24.\tH. Varini, Sixth Force and Photonic Overman, Society. Communication. Education, 11 (1) (2020) 30-58.","25.\tH. Varini, Beyond Nietzsche: The Dialectical Overhuman and its Evidence in the Myth, Philosophy and Humanities in Information Society, 2 (2018) 12-24.","26.\tH. Varini, Sixth Force and Photonic Overman, Society. Communication. Education, 11(1) (2020) 30-58.","27.\tH. Varini, Condition of Power: Ontology and Anthropology beyond Nietzsche, Amazon Kindle Direct Publishing, 2015. Glossary.","28.\tH. Varini, Overman Skye, Hello Poetry, 2021. This shall again have ultimate cosmological implications.","29.\tH. Varini, Condition of Power: Ontology and Anthropology beyond Nietzsche, Amazon Kindle Direct Publishing, 2015. Chapter one. Glossary.","30.\tH. Varini, The Great Adversary, Lit Verlag, 2007. Time has been regarded as the supreme opponent in my historical novel.","31.\tH. Varini, Gewill Overman, Hello Poetry, 2022. H. Varini, Overman Skye, Hello Poetry, 2021.","32.\tH. Varini, Overman Skye, Hello Poetry, 2021.","33.\tPlotinus, The Six Enneads, P. L. Warner, London, 1917- 1930. This can be notably found in Plotinus, Proclus, Porphyry, and Neoplatonic thought in general as to the known, altogether transcending the Material World, conception of One (τὸ Ἕν).","34.\tM. Seigar, Spiral Structure in Galaxies, (Iop Concise Physics), 2017.","35.\tH. Varini, Overman Skye, Hello Poetry, 2021.","36.\tH. Varini, Sixth Force and Photonic Overman, Society. Communication. Education, 11(1) (2020) 30-58.","37.\tH. Varini, Return of Power: Theory of a Cosmic Bridge to the Dialectical Overhuman, Collected Papers of the 6th Philosophy and Culture of the Information Society International Conference, Saint-Petersburg State University of Aerospace Instrumentation,2018.","38.\tT. Hobbes, Human Nature and De Corpore Politico, Oxford University Press, 2008.","39.\tH. Varini, Sixth Force and Photonic Overman, Society. Communication. Education, 11(1) (2020) 30-58.","40.\tH. Varini, Quantum of Power and Superhuman Body, Collected Papers of the XI International Scientific and Theoretical Conference: Communication Strategies of Information Society, Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University, 2019.","41.\tH. Varini, Quantum of Power and Superhuman Body, Collected Papers of the XI International Scientific and Theoretical Conference: Communication Strategies of Information Society, Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University, 2019.","42.\tH. Varini, Condition of Power: Ontology and Anthropology beyond Nietzsche, Amazon Kindle Direct Publishing, 2015. Chapter four.","43.\tH. Diels, W. Kranz, Die Fragmente der Vorsokratiker, Griechisch und Deutsch, Berlin, 1903. Heraclitus, Fragment LXIV. \"The thunderbolt steers all things.\"","44.\tH. Varini, Condition of Power: Ontology and Anthropology beyond Nietzsche, Amazon Kindle Direct Publishing, 2015. Glossary.","45.\tH. Varini, Condition of Power: Ontology and Anthropology beyond Nietzsche, Amazon Kindle Direct Publishing, 2015.","46.\tO. Spengler, Der Metaphysische Grundgedanke der Heraklitischen Philosophie, Halle, 1904.","47.\tH. Varini, Return of Power: Theory of a Cosmic Bridge to the Dialectical Overhuman, Collected Papers of the 6th Philosophy and Culture of the Information Society International Conference, Saint-Petersburg State University of Aerospace Instrumentation, 2018.","48.\tAristotle, Metaphysics, Book XII.","49.\tMeister Eckhart, In Exodum, n. 74; LW, II, p. 77, 11. Negation vero negationis purissima et plenissima est affirmatio. For, according to Eckhart, this certainly to be received in cosmological terms, also, besides mystical ones.","50.\tH. Varini, Sixth Force and Photonic Overman, Society. Communication. Education, 11(1) (2020) 30-58.","51.\tR. Penrose, Cycles of Time: An Extraordinary New View of the Universe, 2011. Some connections with the last dramatic scenario as vividly portrayed in Edgar Allan Poe's own Eureka: A Prose Poem may well be noticed. Edgar Allan Poe, Eureka: A Prose Poem, George P. Putnam, New York, 1848. From now on, my principal reference is","52.\tC. Doppler, Über das farbige Licht der Doppelsterne und einiger anderer Gestirne des Himmels, Proceedings of the Royal Bohemian Society of Sciences, 1842.","53.\tH. Diels, W. Kranz, Die Fragmente der Vorsokratiker, Griechisch und Deutsch, Berlin, 1903.","54.\tH. Varini, Condition of Power: Ontology and Anthropology beyond Nietzsche, Amazon Kindle Direct Publishing, 2015.","55.\tH. Varini, The Great Adversary, Lit Verlag, 2007. Identity has been propounded in terms of struggle as continual self-return in my novel.","56.\tSiger of Brabant, Quaestiones on Aristotle's De anima III, Merton College MS. 292, Quaestio II. The dialectic of the past and the future as infinitely extended unto one direction has been set forth by Siger of Brabant in relation to the relevant Averroist notion of Intellect. Sed hoc factum, scilicet intellectus virtutem habet per quam potest esse in toto futuro. Ergo habet virtutem per quam potuit esse in toto praeterito.","57.\tO. Spengler, Der Metaphysische Grundgedanke der Heraklitischen Philosophie, Halle, 1904.","58.\tSolomon ibn gabirol (Avicebron), The Fount of Life (Fons Vitae), Azafran Books, 2017. Page 124. This can be found in Avicebron's Fons Vitae.","59.\tS. J. Eriugena, Periphyseon, Bellarmin, 1987.","60.\tW. Bauer, Der Altere Pythagoreismus, Kessinger Publishing, 2010. \"Everything, universal Order-Logos, Measure.\"","61.\tH. Varini, Return of Power: Theory of a Cosmic Bridge to the Dialectical Overhuman, Collected Papers of the 6th Philosophy and Culture of the Information Society International Conference, Saint-Petersburg State University of Aerospace Instrumentation, 2018. Else the unworthy Ens shall also recur, which is impossible in terms of unified nobility of the latter.","62.\tH. Varini, Overman Skye, Hello Poetry, 2021.","63.\tH. Varini, Overman Skye, Hello Poetry, 2021.","64.\tNicholas of Cusa, De Coniecturis, Book II.","65.\tDie coincidentia oppositorum bei Nikolaus von Kues, Charakterisierung der Theorie, Grin Verlag, 2005.","66.\tSolomon ibn gabirol (Avicebron), The Fount of Life (Fons Vitae), Azafran Books, 2017. Page 65.","67.\tH. Varini, Overman Skye, Hello Poetry, 2021.","68.\tS. W. Hawking, R. Penrose, The Singularities of Gravitational Collapse and Cosmology, Proceedings of the Royal Society, 1970.","69.\tF. Bacon, Novum Organum or True Suggestions for the Interpretation of Nature, London and New York. 1898.","70.\tH. Varini, Sixth Force and Photonic Overman, Society. Communication. Education, 11(1) (2020) 30-58.","71.\tH. Varini, Overman Skye, Hello Poetry, 2021."]}

The aim of the paper is to analyse the theoretical base of tragic culture in the writings of F. Nietzsche and V. I. Ivanov. The result of the proposed analysis is the comparison of similarities and differences concerning the cultural role of tragedy in the philosophy of mentioned authors. The philosophers - Nietzsche, the implacable enemy of the historical Christianity and Ivanov, the Christian philosopher of culture, philologist and translator - both postulate creating and preserving tragic culture. According to both authors, the main task of culture is to confront the human being with the most terrible aspects of life. This ruthless requirement allows us to claim that perverse heroism is a general mood and the most important imperative of Nietzsche's and Ivanov's philosophy of culture. The imperative to preserve the tragic principle in culture is in fact an imperative to become a superhuman. The starting point of the analysis is the theorem of Nietzsche who defines a tragic worldview as the opposite of a theoretical one. The essence of the theoretical approach is an overlooking of the tragic dimension of life, which allows man to establish a coherent, justified and safe picture of the world. The tragic approach, emphasizing the inevitability of suffering and the lack of metaphysical foundation, opposes the optimism of the theoretical one. Ivanov, as Nietzsche, was fascinated with Dionysian idea but he interpreted it quite differently. The Russian author accepted Dionysus not as the opposite, but as a prefiguration of Christ. Thus, he drew attention to the presence of the tragic moment in Christianity. The height of Ivanov’s dispute with Nietzsche is a completely different interpretation of the idea of superhuman, which presents a totally different understanding of self-transgression and vastly different value systems. Целью настоящей статьи является анализ теоретических основ трагической культуры в трудах Ф.Ницше и В.И.Иванова. Результат предлагаемого анализа - сопоставление сходств и различий в трактовке проблемы трагедии в культуре у обоих авторов. Как Ницше, непримиримый враг исторического христианства, так и его русский последователь - христианский философ культуры, филолог и переводчик В.И.Иванов, говорят о необходимости построения и культивирования трагической культуры. По их мнению, важнейшая задача трагичесой культуры - поставить человека лицом к лицу с самыми жестокими аспектами жизни. Это беспощадное требование позволяет говорить о перверсивном героизме как общем настроении и императиве и у Ницше, и у Иванова. В данной работе мы анализируем философскую антропологию упомянутых авторов. Исходной точкой рассуждений является философия Ницше, определяющего трагическое мировоззрение как противоположность теоретического видения мира. Сущность теоретического подхода - бегство от трагических явлений жизни, позволяющее выстраивать последовательный, оправданный, безопасный образ мира. Трагический подход, подчеркивая неизбежность страдания и отсутствие метафизического фундамента, на который мог бы опираться человек, ищущий утешения, противоречит оптимизму теоретического подхода. Императив культивировать трагический принцип, т. е. не убегать от ужаса жизни с помощью оптимистических положений, - это на самом деле императив стать сверхчеловеком. Иванов, как и Ницше, увлекся дионисийской идеей, но истолковал ее совсем по-другому: не как противоположность, но как префигурацию Христа. Таким образом, Иванов, приняв Диониса в свое изначально христианское самосознание, обратил внимание на проблему присутствия трагического аспекта в христианстве. Вершиной спора Иванова с Ницше является разное истолкование идеи сверхчеловечества. Мы указываем на совершенно разное понимание проблемы преодоления самого себя у обоих философов, движущихся в рамках разных систем ценностей.

The universe of Warhammer 40,000 fosters one of the most draconian forms of humanity in all of fiction. This zealously religious Imperium of Mankind is defined by xenophobia and hatred, with all of its planets exporting millions of men, women, and children to sustain the countless war efforts across its myriad battlefields. The ruler of this Imperium is the titular God-Emperor of Mankind, one venerated by every single loyal Imperial citizen; anything less is met with death or worse. This religion-obsessed faction has its roots in the exact opposite, in the aspirations of a truly superhuman individual who despised religion and superstition above all else and endeavored to cut humanity off from it. Yet, the very nature of this individual, as well as the influence of larger forces in the galaxy, would lead his life’s work to a dark perversion of his original intentions. This paper will examine how the secular intentions turned into religious zealotry in Warhammer 40,000 novels and stories with the help of Nietzsche’s philosophical texts and contemporary understandings of authoritarian and totalitarian states.

Рукопись поступила в редакцию: 11.09.2021. Принята к публикации: 8.11.2021. Received: 11.09.2021. Accepted: 8.11.2021. В статье сопоставляются различные концептуализации того игравшего важнейшую роль в европейской социокультурной реальности XVIII–XX столетий явления общественной жизни, которое, начиная с конца века Просвещения, наполнило новыми смыслами словá «толпа» и «людская масса». В тексте не выделяются отдельные параграфы, однако условно он делится на две примерно равные части. В первой части, привлекая в качестве дополнительного источника, помогающего лучше понять основной предмет, ту главу работы В. Беньямина «Бодлер», которая называется «Фланер», автор на примере рассказа Э. По «Человек толпы» и некоторых критических статей Ш. Бодлера и О. де Бальзака рассматривает рефлексию по поводу феномена толпы в художественной литературе и критике первой половины XIX в. Устанавливается, что уже в этот период «толпа» как определенный феномен реальности получает, можно сказать, противоположные ценностные характеристики. С одной стороны, образы толпы выражают безжизненно-зловещую буржуазную меркантильность, с другой стороны — динамичный, разрушающий любую привычность возвышенный «дух современности», предстающий как явление рождения нового индустриального мира, мира мегаполисов. Эти ранние варианты осмысления «толпы» в художественных произведениях и критике получают продолжение в философско-культурных и социально-психологических концептуализациях конца позапрошлого века. Понятие «человек массы» в «Воле к власти» Ф. Ницше и понятие «человек толпы» в социальной психологии Г. Лебона и Г. Тарда на первый взгляд кажутся почти тождественными. Однако анализ этих понятий показывает, что вписаны они создавшими их авторами в совершенно разные контексты, выражающие опять же противоположные, полярные оценки современности. Об этом различии, в первую очередь, свидетельствуют понятия-антиподы «человека массы» и «человека толпы», каковыми являются, соответственно, «сверхчеловек» и «публика». The article compares various conceptualizations of what played an essential role in the European socio-cultural reality of the 18th — 20th centuries, the phenomenon of public life, which, since the end of the Enlightenment, has filled the words “crowd” and “mass of people” with new meanings. The text does not highlight separate paragraphs. However, it consists of two approximately equal parts. In the first part, the author draws on the chapter of V. Benjamin’s work “Baudelaire” called “Flâneur” as an additional source that helps better understand the main subject. Further, on the example of E. Poe “The Man of the Crowd” and O. de Balzac, he examines refl ection on the phenomenon of the crowd in fiction and criticism of the first half of the 19th century. In this period, the “crowd” as a particular phenomenon of reality acquires opposite value characteristics. On the one hand, the images of the crowd express a lifeless, sinister bourgeois commercialism. On the other, they depict a dynamic, sublime “spirit of modernity” that destroys any habituality, appearing as a phenomenon of the birth of a new industrial world, the world of megacities. The philosophical-cultural and sociopsychological conceptualizations of the end of the century before last follow these early versions of understanding the “crowd” in fiction and criticism. At first glance, the concept of “mass man” in F. Nietzsche’s “Will to Power” and the concept of “crowd man” in the social psychology of G. Le Bon and G. Tarde seem to be almost identical. However, an analysis of these concepts shows that their authorscreators inscribed them in absolutely different contexts, again expressing polar assessments of modernity. The concepts-antipodes of “man of the mass” and “man of the crowd”, which are, respectively, “superman” and “public” testify to this difference in the first place.

In contrast to the Nietzschean conception of Übermensch as signifying, hitherto, a supermanhood in moral terms alone, the principle of the latter lies in its being antithetical to the present human status, and in its thus proving altogether superior both ontologically and physically. With this premise the notions of Sixth Force and Photonic Frame are now associated. Set forth after a qualitative fashion, while the former is related to the thus far known elemental constituents of matter, as well as to forces and interactions between matter particles, and under this form deemed to intangibly account for all the chaos, indeterminacy and otherwise imperfection or limit found so peculiar to man, the latter refers to an ultimate trait in the actual Overman touching a most luminous and unparalleled corporeality. An original conception of geometry in photonic terms is also propounded. Illustrations meeting at length with a semiotic process and literary hints add to the suggestion., В отличие от ницшеанской концепции Übermensch как означающей до сих пор сверхчеловеческое только в моральных терминах, принцип последнего заключается в том, что он противоположен современному человеческому статусу и, таким образом, оказывается превосходящим как онтологически, так и физически. С этой предпосылкой теперь ассоциируются понятия Шестой Силы и Фотонного Кадра. Изложено качественно, в то время как первое связано с известными до сих пор элементарными составляющими материи, а также с силами и взаимодействиями между частицами материи, и в этой форме считается неосязаемым объяснением всего хаоса, неопределенности и иного несовершенства. или предел, найденный так свойственный человеку, последний относится к конечной черте в реальном Сверхчеловеке, касающейся наиболее яркой и беспримерной телесности. Предлагается оригинальная концепция геометрии в фотонных терминах. Иллюстрации, встречающиеся долго с семиотическим процессом и литературными намеками, добавляют к предложению.

Closed-loop validation of autonomous vehicles is an open problem, significantly influencing development and adoption of this technology. The main contribution of this paper is a novel approach to reproducible, scenario-based validation that decouples the problem into several sub-problems, while avoiding to brake the crucial couplings. First, a realistic scenario is generated from the real urban traffic. Second, human participants, drive in a virtual scenario (in a driving simulator), based on the real traffic. Third, human and automated driving trajectories are reproduced and compared in the real vehicle on an empty track without traffic. Thus, benefits of automation with respect to safety, efficiency and comfort can be clearly benchmarked in a reproducible manner. Presented approach is used to benchmark performance of SBOMP planner in one scenario and validate SuperHuman driving performance.

RESUMO O presente artigo pretende analisar a relação entre o pensamento de Nietzsche e o movimento trans-humanista, cuja força teórica alargou-se durante as primeiras décadas do novo milênio, amparada na crescente história de êxitos da biotecnologia. Pretende-se apresentar uma posição crítica à apropriação que o trans-humanismo vem fazendo do pensamento do autor de "Assim falou Zaratustra". O foco da análise é o programa de autossuperação do homem, que será analisado a partir de três eixos centrais: a ideia de natureza e de liberdade; o problema dos valores; e a questão do aperfeiçoamento promovido pela bioengenharia e suas consequências para o destino do homem. Presume-se, assim, não dar conta da amplitude e complexidade da temática, mas oferecer pistas para enfrentar a questão sob o viés da relação de continuidade entre o niilismo e a técnica contemporânea, nesse caso, do ponto de vista antropológico. ABSTRACT This article aims to analyze the relationship between Nietzsche's thought and the transhumanist movement, whose theoretical strength built up during the first decades of the new millennium, supported by biotechnology's growing success history. It is intended to provide a critical position to the appropriation that transhumanism is doing of the thought of the "Thus Spoke Zarathustra's" author. The focus of the analysis is the program of self-overcoming of man, which will be analyzed from three central pillars: the idea of nature and freedom; the issue of values; and the issue of the improvement promoted by bio-engineering and its consequences for the destiny of man. It is assumed, therefore, it cannot account for the magnitude and complexity of the thematic, but it may offer clues to address the issue under the bias of continuity between nihilism and the contemporary technique, in this case, from the anthropological point of view.

Статья посвящена проблеме истоков концепции идеального человека у американской писательницы и философа русского происхождения Айн Рэнд, одним из которых можно считать философию антропокосмизма русского философа Георгия Гурджиева, который, как и Айн Рэнд, осмыслял (вслед за Ф. Ницше) «великую идею» «сверхчеловека». Данная гипотеза доказывается через связь Айн Рэнд и американского архитектора Фрэнка Ллойда Райта. Влияние идей Гурджиева прослеживается в романах писательницы на уровне сюжета и мотива. Все романы Айн Рэнд строятся на противостоянии «сверхлюдей» и «машин», причем процесс становления «сверхчеловека», зачастую трудный, сопровождается обязательным показом триумфа, ознаменованного развитием личности как профессионала. Анализируются повторяющиеся сюжетные ситуации (эволюционирующий герой в центре повествования, строительство себя) и мотивы (колесницы, живого и мертвого) в романах Айн Рэнд, в которых отразилось влияние идей Гурджиева об эволюции человека и конечной цели – достижения им целостности. Целостность героев Айн Рэнд соответствует мысли Гурджиева о равновесии внутри триады «Мысль-Слово-Дело». Все это позволяет говорить о том, что влияние философии Гурджиева является специфичным для художественной системы текстов Айн Рэнд, представляя собой практическую основу для формирования характеров героев писательницы. При этом Ницше был создателем идеи «сверхчеловека» в теоретическом плане, а философия Гурджиева (как и объективизм Рэнд) – в большей степени практико-ориентирована, т.к. предлагает методики по «проектированию» «сверхчеловека» (прикладные у первого и мировоззренческие – у второй)., The article is devoted to the issue of the roots of the ideal human conception in the works of Ayn Rand, an American writer and philosopher from Russia. One of them is Russian philosopher George Gurdjieff and his anthropocosmic philosophy, in which he, as well as Ayn Rand, interpreted F. Nitzsche’s “the great idea” of “superhuman”. This hypothesis is proved via the relation between Ayn Rand and Frank Lloyd Wright, an American architect, the founder of the so-called “organic architecture”. The influence of Gurdjieff’s ideas is traced in Ayn Rand’s novels at the level of plot and motive. All her novels are based on the opposition between “superhumans” and “machines”. Moreover, the process of the “superhuman” evolution is difficult and accompanied by the invariable demonstration of triumph marked by the development of an individual as a professional. The repeated plots, such as the evolving hero in the center of the novel, the building of himself, together with motives of a chariot, living and dead, are analyzed in Ayn Rand’s novels. They reflect the influence of Gurdjieff’s ideas about the human evolution and the ultimate goal – the achievement the integrity. The integrity of Ayn Rand’s protagonists is correlated with Gurdjieff’s thought about the equilibrium inside the triad “Thought-Word-Action”. It allows to state the specificity of the impact of Gurdjieff’s philosophy on the art system in Ayn Rand’s texts and is the practical basis for the formation of the characters. Although Nietzsche was the creator of the idea of “superhuman” in theoretical sense, Gurdjieff’s philosophy and Rand’s objectivism are mostly practice-oriented, as they support the methods for the superhuman’s design (practical for the former, and ideological for the latter).

The 10th Augmented Human International Conference (AH2019) continues to curate a range of scientific research aiming at augmenting humans in varying aspects: as individuals and as a society; perceptual and cognitive augmentation, in addition to physical augmentation; and using state-of-the-art technologies in deep learning and artificial intelligence.

This thesis "The Cosmological Education by E. Fink" represents modified and extended text of the publication (2018), which was the result of the grant project GA UK. Through commented translations of the excerpts of Fink's books, parts of his diaries, unpublished notes from his written inheritance, stored in the University archive in Freiburg, this thesis aims to bring new perspective and to provoke discussion about his cosmological philosophy as a possible way of the future social self-development in the nihilistic era. The cosmological philosophy of education shows Fink, the best former student and assistant of the founder of phenomenology, Edmund Husserl, in a quite surprising light - as a radical thinker of Nietzsche's philosophical and educational legacy. Fink knowingly departs from husserlian phenomenology, what is closer described here in the additional chapter dedicated to the problem of technique, science and work. The method of the research intuitively seeks and critically reflects Fink's own way of thinking about the problem of education, which is inseparable from his constant dialogue with the history of philosophy, necessity of the revaluation of the metaphysical bounds and consecutive understanding of a man as ens cosmologicum, what reflects also the structure of the thesis. KEYWORDS...

One element that explains the global success of some movies is the capacity that their imaginaries have in seducing the audiences in different cultures. This paper analyzes a group of cinematic narratives to reveal part of the symbolic elements and main meanings in the imaginaries that emerges from the most popular movies from 2001 to 2015. In order to do that the analysis is based uses market data, a research about the most popular themes and genres in the period and the concepts about the imaginary and myths from Gilbert Durand and Mircea Eliade. The results show the popularity of a combination of adventure, action, science fiction and fantasy genres that has in common the superhuman archetype in the core of the narratives. Um dos fatores que explica o sucesso global de algumas produções cinematográficas é a capacidade que os imaginários que emergem delas têm em seduzir audiências e penetrar em diferentes culturas. Este artigo analisa um conjunto de narrativas cinematográficas para revelar parte dos elementos simbólicos e dos sentidos dominantes no imaginário que emergem dos filmes preferidos pela audiência. Para fazer isso, parte da contextualização dos mercados, do levantamento dos gêneros e temas de maior audiência entre 2001 e 2015 e dos conceitos sobre imaginário e mito em Gilbert Durand e Mircea Eliade. Os resultados apontam para a popularidade de uma combinação dos gêneros de aventura, ação, ficção científica e fantasia, que têm em comum o arquétipo do sobre-humano no núcleo das narrativas

The 8th Augmented Human International Conference (AH2017) has gathered scientific papers from many different disciplines. Many papers concentrated on building the human augmentation technologies, which is necessary for them to emerge in the real world. However, few papers investigated the ethical or safety issues of augmented human technologies. The next edition may bring more papers on this essential aspect that must be taken into account for a long-term success of these technologies.

Na Genealogia da moral, Nietzsche define Napoleão Bonaparte como a síntese de Unmensch e Übermensch, isto é, como uma conjunção entre um não-homem, um inumano ou um monstro e um sobre-humano ou um além-do-homem. Investigaremos as observações de Nietzsche sobre o imperador francês, no intuito de esclarecer, por um lado, o conceito de Übermensch e, por outro, o significado do termo Unmensch. On the Genealogy of Morals, Nietzsche defines Napoleon Bonaparte as a synthesis of Unmensch and Übermensch, ie, as a conjunction between a non-man, a monster or an inhuman and superhuman. We will investigate Nietzsche's remarks about the French emperor, to clarify, on the one hand, the concept of Übermensch and, on the other hand, the meaning of the word Unmensch.

Тип поэтической субъективности А.Мариенгофа 1920-х годов, если воспользоваться классификацией В.Лехциера, может быть определен как «респонзивный», суть которого в том, что «поэт откликается на «зов бытия», крови, класса и предлагает свое, чаще всего, прямое индивидуальное гражданское высказывание в качестве ответа на этот призыв». Главное здесь – быстрый отклик на знаковое общественное событие, каковым была революция. Обоснование лирического субъекта не в нем самом, а в знаковом общественном событии. После 1919 года лирическая субъективность А.Мариенгофа эволюционирует в сторону ситуативной, «рождающейся каждый раз заново на основе игры случайности и необходимости». Если в первом случае субъект занимает в основном позицию реагирующую, то во втором – он больше выясняет отношения с самим собой, акцент делается на его приватном интерсубъективном мире. В центре - эмансипированная творческая личность, не ограниченная никакими законами и правилами, ей позволено все. Поэт вне морали, он «становится по ту сторону добра и зла и заранее оправдывает все, что может совершить. Он – сверхчеловек.

The 7th Augmented Human International Conference (AH2016) has gathered scientific papers from many different disciplines, especially: augmented vision; augmented hearing; body tracking; augmentation with smart material and through lifelogs; brain augmentation; augmented reality applications; augmented sports; superhuman games; ethics of augmented human technologies... Thus, many papers concentrated on building the human augmentation technologies, which is necessary for them to emerge in the real world. However, few papers investigated the ethical or safety issues of augmented human technologies. The next edition may bring more papers on this essential aspect that must be taken into account for a long-term success of these technologies. Check http://www.augmented-human.com to subscribe to the mailing list and to be informed about the next editions of the conference. Consider also checking the Springer Journal on Augmented Human Research to get extended research papers on the topic!

Тему двойника, рожденную народной фантазией, усвоили писатели-романтики и представители «черного романа», вновь отрытого сюрреалистами. Эта тема, считают психоаналитики, характерна для людей с контрастной двойственностью врожденных данных и жизненного опыта. Писатель-эмигрант Борис Поплавский находился на пересечении двух культур, каждая со своей литературной традицией и философией, которые сказались на созданной им фигуре двойника. Этот образ позволяет заново поставить «вечные вопросы» о теодицеи, значении зла, свободе и своеволии и отбросить устаревшие каконы русского романа 19 века., The double motif, born in popular imagination, is taken up by romantic writers, adopted by the gothic novel and then is rediscovered by the Surrealists. Psychoanalysis brings its own contribution to the study of that theme which is privileged by writers whose psychic cast and experience are marked by dualism. Such is the case of Boris Poplavski, a writer in exile, inheritor of a double culture. The double motif crystallizes multiple influences, Russian and Western, literary and philosophical and reactivates questions regarding theodicy, the nature of evil, freedom and free will. It also allows breaking the frame of the classical novel, a model imposed upon the writers of the new generation., La figure du double, née de l’imaginaire populaire, est reprise par les écrivains romantiques et adoptée par le «roman noir» que redécouvrent les surréalistes. La psychanalyse apporte sa contribution à l’étude du thème, privilégié par des écrivains dont le psychisme et le vécu sont marqués par le dualisme. Tel est le cas de Boris Poplavski, écrivain de l’exil et héritier d’une double culture. La figure du double cristallise les influences multiples dont il fut nourri, russes et occidentales, littéraires et philosophiques, et réactive les interrogations sur la théodicée, la nature du mal, la liberté et le libre arbitre. Elle permet aussi de briser le cadre du roman russe «classique», modèle imposé aux écrivains de la jeune génération., Menegaldo Hélène. Двойная генеалогия темы двойника в творчестве бориса поплавского. In: Modernités Russes, n°14, 2014. L’émigration et l’héritage classique. pp. 175-189.

As seen from cultural history, shape-shifting is a very widespread literary motif, which suggests that it has high inspirational power and general appeal. Shape-shifting has not been critically examined in the detail it merits: it is mostly examined as a part of other theories. Examination of Freud‟s psychological theories and modern literature such as Dracula, Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban and The White Wolf of the Hartz Mountains shows strong connections between the power of this motif and repressed animal instincts – an animal within. This connection usually manifests symbolically rather than as an actual representation of an unearthing of repressed material. There are connections to religious beliefs and a wish to be more than human which raises questions about what is implied by changing into an animal – less than human – shape. The relation between shape-shifting and repression causes an uncanny atmosphere about the motif, something which is used extensively in The White Wolf of the Hartz Mountains and Dracula. There is also evidence suggesting the possibility that psychosis and neurosis might manifest as a sort of mental shape-shifting. In literature this can be seen in the were-wolf Lupin in Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban and the Berserkers of the Norse. Examination of the Boggart and Lupin of Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban and of the Norse berserkers show that the empowerment of shape-shifting mostly lies in control. All of this considered, and with the lack of critical examination in mind, shape-shifting seems severely underestimated and under-examined.

Como filósofo-artista, Nietzsche escribe de manera muy particular al expresar su pensamiento si se le compara con la típica prolijidad del discurso de un filósofo. En ese sentido, Heidegger, como intérprete e interlocutor de Nietzsche, desglosa sus palabras de una manera muy clara y evidente sin la profusión de sus proposiciones. Sobretodo al extraer y explicar los cinco fundamentos de la metafísica de Nietzsche: voluntad de poder, eterno retorno de lo mismo, nihilismo, superhombre y la justicia los cuales se interrelacionan unos con otros. Heidegger también piensa el ser y lo considera una generalización de la vida como totalidad, aunque insiste en que la noción fundamental es el ser y no la vida; indaga en la metafísica nietzscheana y la entiende a partir del poder del ente y la verdad del ser. Escudriña en su pensamiento del engaño, en su metafísica de la voluntad de apariencia y la plasma finamente. Articula la cosa pensada por Nietzsche, lo que predica el ser; explica su estética, la voluntad de poder como arte o la vida como arte (la vida como acontecer), pues la voluntad de poder es el carácter fundamental de la vida. 88-98 jalzuru@gmail.com semestral

El nihilismo se concibe básicamente como la pérdida de la convicción del sentido del mundo y de la existencia del hombre en él. Este fenómeno se puede entender de dos maneras, la pesimista, entendida como desesperación por no haber certeza de la finalidad del mundo declinando en decadencia; la optimista, entendida como la liberación de los vínculos tradicionales al superar los prejuicios que establecen sin que necesariamente el hombre sea conciente del cambio histórico que ello implica. Según Nietzsche, el nihilismo se evidencia como la mengua de los valores más preciados del hombre europeo respecto de su vida y el mundo. En este sentido, considera también la vida como voluntad de poder, como apreciable y válido a todo aquello que hace posible y acrecienta su poder. De allí que el nihilismo permite rescatar y afirmar la positividad del mundo; lo que hace posible que el hombre mismo llegue a ser superhombre, gracias a nuevos valores como el ser y el bien que se convierten entonces en el poder del hombre sobre sí mismo y sobre el mundo. La superación del nihilismo consistiría, en la inversión del orden metafísico, la posible superación del nihilismo sostiene la carencia de sentido trascendente, y a la vez le otorga un sentido positivo: la voluntad de poder representada en el superhombre. Ahora bien, para Heidegger la compleja condición del hombre en su olvido del Ser es el nihilismo. El mismo se caracteriza porque el hombre se aplica a los entes y cree que el Ser es nada. Heidegger atisba que una característica de la metafísica tradicional se asienta en que el hombre comprende ciertamente al Ser, y puede por ello volverse y atraerse en los entes, olvidando al Ser en cuanto tal. Pero el Ser mismo se revela al hombre de tal forma que deja a los entes a ser objetos del quehacer humano y deja al hombre a la suerte de esos entes. Al yacer en este abandono y olvido, el hombre puede pensar que él mismo es el origen de la verdad, mediante la subjetividad racional que muda a los entes en tanto objetos y que los usa como aparejos del hombre. The nihilism is conceived basically as a loss of conviction of the sense of the world and the existence of the man in it. This phenomenon can be understood in two ways, pessimistic, understood as despair for failing sure of the purpose of the declining world in decadence; the optimist, understood as the liberation of the traditional ties to overcome established prejudices without necessarily the man is conscious of historic change that this implies. According to Nietzsche, the nihilism is evident as the decline of the most precious values of European man over his life and the world. But also considers life as will to power, as a significant and valid everything that makes possible and increases this power. Hence nihilism allows rescue and affirm the positivity of the world, which makes it posible for the man himself becomes a superhuman, thanks to new values as being and well and that then become the power of man about himself and on the world. Therefore, the overcoming of nihilism would consist in reversion of the metaphysical order. The possible overcoming of the nihilism arguests the lack of trascendent meaning and the same time he gives a positive sense: the will to power represented in superhuman. Now, Heidegger thinks that the complex condition of the man in his forgetfulness of Being is nihilism. The same approach is characterized by the man applies to the entities and believes that Be is nothing. Heidegger watches that a characteristic of the traditional metaphysics sits on the certain comprehension of Being, in hence human can become attracted to the entities, forgetting Being as such. However, the same is revealed to man in such a way that allows the entities be objects of human endeavour and leaves man to the fate of those entities. At lie in this abandonment and neglect, man may think that he is the source of truth by means of rational subjectivity which moves the entities as objects and uses them as human gear. 18-30 alrosales@yahoo.es semestral

The fast evolution of the society and the various economic and social sectors requires an ethical approach of how the information is used. This aspect does not only have legal implications, but also appeals to the moral conscience of the individual. Since the artificial cloning of Dolly the sheep, scientists have launched the question whether in a not so distant future a human being will also be created artificially. According to the legislation in force, human reproduction is forbidden; yet, in some countries, therapeutic cloning is no longer illegal.