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12. Bio-based thermoset composites from epoxidised linseed oil

Author

Supanchaiyamat, Nontipa, Clark, James, and Matharu, Avtar

Subjects
547.7
Abstract

Bio-based thermoset composites were prepared from epoxidised linseed oil (ELO) using bio-derived crosslinkers. The use of Pripol 1009 (a dimerised fatty acid derived from natural oils and fats) as a crosslinker yielded homogenous transparent films. The inclusion of catalysts, in particular, 4-dimethylaminopyridine (DMAP), demonstrated a significant improvement in the mechanical properties of the resins. An infrared spectroscopic study coupled with modulated differential scanning calorimetry revealed the epoxide ring opening, followed by etherification occurred during the curing process. The optimum DMAP catalyst loading was 0.5-1 % with respect to the total resin weight. The optimised formulation consisting of ELO, Pripol and DMAP were subsequently combined with starch or modified starch in order to improve the resin properties. Normal corn starch, high amylose corn starch and their acid hydrolysed derivatives were included in the formulation. The addition of starch improved the mechanical properties of the films with high amylose starch yielding a film with the most desirable properties. Expansion of high amylose corn starch (gelatinisation and retrogradation) yielded a high surface area material. The formulation with 20% wt. of gelatinised starch yielded a film with 227% improvement in tensile strength and 166% enhancement in Young’s modulus, compared to those with no added starch. Moreover, expanded starch granules uniformly dispersed in the polymer matrix, resulting in a complete disappearance of phase separation. This was attributed to better interfacial adhesion of porous expanded starch and the polymer matrix. Thermal analysis revealed retardation in the cure process in the presence of starch, however the hydroxyl groups of starch were likely to enhance the extent of curing, as indicated by the higher total enthalpy of reaction. Furthermore, these bio-based composites demonstrated excellent thermal stability. Esterification of expanded starch dramatically decreased the water uptake of the resins however, the mechanical properties were compromised, owing to low thermal stability of the esterified starch.

Published
2012

13. ZnCl2activated mesoporous carbon from rice straw: optimization of its synthetic process and its application as a highly efficient adsorbent for amoxicillinElectronic supplementary information (ESI) available. See DOI: https://doi.org/10.1039/d4ew00171k

Author

Sangon, Suwiwat, Kotebantao, Kanokwan, Suyala, Theerakan, Ngernyen, Yuvarat, Hunt, Andrew J., and Supanchaiyamat, Nontipa

Abstract

Optimized and efficient zinc chloride (ZnCl2)-based chemical activation of rice straw yielded highly mesoporous carbons with an exceptional ability to adsorb the antibiotic amoxicillin (AMX). The maximum AMX adsorption capacity was found to be as high as 1308 mg g−1. Greater understanding of the pyrolysis process was gained through TGA-IR, demonstrating that ZnCl2activation could reduce carbonization temperature, inhibit tar formation, and lead to the extensive release of oxygen-containing compounds during the dehydration processes in pyrolysis. In addition, a 2-step strategy for rice straw carbonization activated by ZnCl2is proposed, involving biomass (cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin) decomposition at low temperature and subsequent dehydration at a higher temperature to obtain more graphitic mesoporous carbon. The optimum ratio of rice straw to ZnCl2was 1 : 2 (ZAC1:2); X-ray diffraction and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopic analysis confirmed the occurrence of graphitic carbon and revealed the existence of ZnO within the carbon structure. This, in combination with a significant surface area of 941 m2g−1, large pore volume, and 100% mesoporosity with a narrow pore size distribution of 2–6 nm, significantly enhanced AMX adsorption. The Langmuir adsorption isotherm model revealed homogeneous adsorption, while kinetic studies revealed a fit to the pseudo-second order kinetic model. These highlight the significant potential of mesoporous ZnCl2-activated rice straw carbon for application in wastewater treatment and in the remediation of emerging pollutants such as antibiotics.

Published
2024
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30. Simultaneous manganese adsorption and biotransformation by Streptomyces violarus strain SBP1 cell-immobilized biochar

Author

Youngwilai, Atcharaporn, primary, Kidkhunthod, Pinit, additional, Jearanaikoon, Nichada, additional, Chaiprapa, Jitrin, additional, Supanchaiyamat, Nontipa, additional, Hunt, Andrew J., additional, Ngernyen, Yuvarat, additional, Ratpukdi, Thunyalux, additional, Khan, Eakalak, additional, and Siripattanakul-Ratpukdi, Sumana, additional

Published
2020
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35. Lignin materials for adsorption: Current trend, perspectives and opportunities

Author

Supanchaiyamat, Nontipa, Jetsrisuparb, Kaewta, Knijnenburg, Jesper T.N., Tsang, Daniel C.W., Hunt, Andrew J., Supanchaiyamat, Nontipa, Jetsrisuparb, Kaewta, Knijnenburg, Jesper T.N., Tsang, Daniel C.W., and Hunt, Andrew J.

Abstract

Lignin is a highly aromatic low value biomass residue, which can be utilized for chemicals, fuels and materials production. In recent years significant attention has focused on adsorbent materials from lignin. However, only 5% of available lignin is exploited worldwide, thus significant opportunities still exist for materials development. This review summarizes recent research advances in lignin-based adsorbents, with a particular emphasis on lignin, its modification and carbon materials derived from this abundant feedstock. Lignin derived activated carbons have been utilized for air pollutant adsorption (e.g. CO2, SO2 and H2S), while modified lignin materials have been developed for the removal of organic dyes and organics (like methylene blue, Procion Blue MX-R and phenols), heavy metals (such as Cu, Zn, Pb and Cd), or recovery of noble metals (e.g., Pd, Au and Pt). Future perspectives highlight how green chemistry approaches for developing lignin adsorbents can generate added value processes.

Published
2019

41. Bio-based thermoset composites from epoxidised linseed oil and expanded starch

Author

Supanchaiyamat, Nontipa, Hunt, Andrew J., Shuttleworth, Peter S., Ding, Cheng, Clark, James H., Matharu, Avtar S., Supanchaiyamat, Nontipa, Hunt, Andrew J., Shuttleworth, Peter S., Ding, Cheng, Clark, James H., and Matharu, Avtar S.

Abstract

Bio-based thermoset composites comprising epoxidised linseed oil (ELO), a bio-derived diacid crosslinker (Pripol 1009) and starch are reported. High amylose corn starch in its native, gelatinised and retrograded forms were used in the formulation to yield water resistant films with good thermal stability. The textural properties of gelatinised and retrograded starches were characterised using scanning electron microscopy and porosimetry and their thermal stability was determined using thermogravimetric analysis. The inclusion of 20% gelatinised starch significantly improved the mechanical properties of the bio-based thermoset composite with tensile strength being enhanced by 227% and Young's modulus by 166% with respect to the starch-free counterparts. Unlike in formulations comprising native starch, no visible phase separation was noticed for gelatinised- or retrograded-starch thermosets. Thermal analysis and gel time study revealed retardation of the cure process in the presence of starch. However, the presence of hydroxyl groups within the starch was likely to promote a more extensive curing process, as indicated by the higher total enthalpy of reaction obtained. This was supported by thermal stability studies, which indicated a greater proportion of crosslinked material obtained in films with higher starch content. © 2014 the Partner Organisations.

Published
2014

44. Enhanced Triclocarban Remediation From Groundwater Using Pseudomonas fluorescensStrain MC46 Immobilized on Agro-Industrial Waste-Derived Biochar: Optimization and Kinetic Analysis

Author

Sonsuphab, Khuanchanok, Toomsan, Wittawat, Supanchaiyamat, Nontipa, Hunt, Andrew J., Ngernyen, Yuvarat, Ratpukdi, Thunyalux, and Siripattanakul-Ratpukdi, Sumana

Abstract

Triclocarban (TCC) is a widely used antimicrobial agent and has been identified as a subsurface contaminant. This study demonstrates enhanced TCC remediation using biochar-immobilized cells. The influence of operating and environmental parameters (including initial TCC concentration, pH, cell loading, and co-carbon source concentration) on TCC removal was investigated using one-factor-at-a-time (OFAT) and response surface methodology (RSM) analyses to determine the TCC removal performance. Pseudomonas fluorescensstrain MC46 (MC46) was selected and supported on biochar from carbonized residue of wood vinegar production. The OFAT and RSM of the operating and environmental parameters resulted in TCC removal efficiencies of between 30%–83%. The initial TCC concentration (5 ̶ 20mgL-1) significantly affected the removal rate (0.06 ̶ 9.23mgL-1d-1). The self-substrate inhibition kinetics followed a modified Edwards model with Kiof 599.65mgL-1. Compared to previous work, higher Ki(less inhibition) were observed in this study and was due to the integration of biodegradation by MC46 and adsorption on the biochar-immobilized MC46. The biochar-immobilized cell technology is an efficient, sustainable, and economical method for future contaminant removal.

Published
2022
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