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Introduction: Evan's Index is a linear measurement of the ventricular size which is used as an indirect marker of ventricular volume. It is used widely as a screening tool to rule out ventricular enlargement. As the ventricular enlargement indicates the neuropathological state of the brain, Evan's Index serves as the quick and reliable method to assess ventricular size. Objectives: The study aims to generate a baseline value of Evan's Index among the Nepalese population and also investigates the effect of age and gender on EI. Methodology: A quantitative study was conducted in the Department of Anatomy, Kathmandu University School of Medical Sciences and data was collected from the Department of Radiodiagnosis, Dhulikhel Hospital, Kathmandu University Hospital. The study was done on 385 head CT Scans of the individuals of mean age of 45.44years. The ratio of inter anterior horns distance of the lateral ventricles and maximal internal diameter of the skull at the same level was taken to calculate Evan’s Index. Results: The mean value of Evan’s index in the present study was 0.250.03. The study did not report gender-wise variation in Evan's Index (p>0.05). Evan’s index was minimum at the age group of 20-29 and maximum at the age group of 80-89. The value of Evan’s Index showed a significant increase with the age (p

Introduction: The pituitary gland is the master gland of the body. It’s size varies with age and gender. MRI is the safest and effective diagnostic tool for pituitary gland examination. Objectives: This study was aim to determine the anteroposterior, height and transverse dimensions of normal pituitary gland in different age groups of both sex with MRI. Methodology: It was a descriptive cross-sectional study. It consisted of 567 images of individuals (242 males and 325 females) of various age from 20 to 70 years from the Department of Radio- diagnosis, Dhulikhel Hospital. Results: The mean anteroposterior, height and transverse dimension of pituitary gland is 9.74±1.18 mm, 5.95±1.11 mm and 11.65±2.15 mm respectively in which females have higher value. Independent sample t test showed highly significant differences (p< 0.05) between the mean anteroposterior dimension in males and females. The present study showed the mean value of anteroposterior dimension is maximum at age group 50-59. The mean value of height, transverse dimension and volume of males and females is maximum at 20-29 age group and minimum at 70-79 age group. One way ANOVA shows that there is significant difference between in height, transverse dimension and volume at different age group (p< 0.05). Conclusion: It was concluded that the height and volume of pituitary gland is maximum at second decade of life then it gradually decreases with age. The mean value of anteroposterior, height and transverse dimension showed greater value of females than males.

Background: The cephalometry of newborn within first few days is important for assessment of health status, neonatal death, growth and development. The objective of the study is to provide a baseline data for cephalic index and to observe sexual dimorphism. Methods: The present study was cross sectional type. It consisted of 138(72 males, 66 females) healthy neonates born in Dhulikhel hospital via vaginal delivery. It was conducted from June 2019 to March 2020 after receiving ethical approval. The cephalic index was derived after measuring length and breadth of head. The collected data was entered in excel and analyzed with SPSS (16.0). Results: The conducted study revealed the overall cephalic index as 86.51±4.95 and head circumference to be 336.05±13.87 mm. The values of head circumference and head length of males were higher than that of females. The head breadth of males was found to be significantly higher than that of females. The most common type of head type was hyperbrachycephalic with prevalence of 37.7% (40.3% males and 34.8% females). Conclusions: This study concluded that the majority type of head was hyperbrachycephalic.

Introduction: Any variations in shape or size of either one or both kidneys may indicate sign of its pathology. The study was aimed to determine normal values for renal dimensions among Nepalese children. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study of the renal dimensions among 211 children. The length, breadth and thickness of kidneys were measured by computerised in built calliper in centimetre by using ultrasound and volume of the kidney was calculated. Results: The mean values of length, breadth, thickness and volume were 7.05 ± 1.80 cm, 2.95 ± 0.48 cm, 1.35 ± 0.15 cm and 15.09 ± 5.91 cc for right kidneys respectively; and 7.36 ± 1.89 cm, 2.98 ± 1.89 cm, 1.35 ± 0.18 cm and 15.98 ± 6.44 cc for left kidneys respectively. The mean values for length, breadth, thickness and volume of right kidney was 7.57 ± 1.99 cm, 3.11 ± 0.46 cm, 1.38 ± 0.14 cm and 17.38 ± 6.20 cc among boys respectively; and 6.50 ± 1.39 cm, 2.78 ± 0.44 cm, 1.31 ± 0.17 cm and 12.69 ± 4.43 cc among girls respectively. Similarly, these values for length, breadth, thickness and volume of left kidneys were 7.91 ± 2.04 cm, 3.13 ± 0.49 cm, 1.39 ± 0.18 cm and 18.46 ± 6.89 cc among boys respectively; and 6.78 ± 1.52 cm, 2.83 ± 0.45 cm, 1.31 ± 0.17 cm and 13.38 ± 4.73 cc among girls respectively. Conclusions: It was concluded that mean values for renal length and volume was found to be higher on left side than right side in all age groups. These values for renal breadth and thickness were observed almost same on both sides in all age groups. All measurements of renal dimensions were found significantly higher among boys than girls on both sides. This study has provided the reference values for renal sizes among Nepalese children.

Background: Lumbar region is the most vulnerable area for the common symptom of backache. The lumbar part of spinal canal encloses the cauda equina. Narrowing of the canal can be either developmental or acquired. This leads to compression of the cauda equina and subsequently pain develops which may be further associated with neurological features. The aim of the present study was to measure the dimensions of lumbar vertebrae. Methods: The present study was a descriptive and cross-sectional type. It consisted of 266 images of computed tomography scan of individuals. The various dimensions of lumbar vertebral canal and body were measured in millimeter. The descriptive statistical analysis was done. Results: The mean of the transverse diameter of lumbar vertebral canal increased from L1 to L5 but the antero-posterior diameter decreased from L1 to L4 followed by increased at L5. It was also observed that both transverse and antero-posterior diameter of body progressively increased from L1 to L5 vertebrae. The canal-body ratio was inconsistent for any vertebral level. There were sig­nificant differences in various dimensions of lumbar vertebrae between males and females. Conclusions: All the measured diameters of canal and body revealed increasing cranio-caudally sequence in the lumbar part of spine. The antero-posterior diameter of canal could attract the attention of clinician as an important structural change with significant radiological and clinical implications. Keywords: back pain; lumbar vertebrae; stenosis

Introduction: The knee joint space is seen on anteroposterior radiograph as a radiolucent area between lower end of femur and upper end of tibia which is an indirect way of evaluating the knee cartilage thickness. Objective: This study was aimed to determine the knee joint space in the medial and lateral compartments of the knee joint using digital radiograph. Methodology : This was cross-sectional study. It consisted of digital radiographs of knee joint of 320 individuals. The medial and lateral joint space width of each knee joint was measured using the scale in the computerized software. Results: The mean values for medial and lateral joint space widths were found to be 6.11±1.57 mm and 7.92±1.66 mm of the right knee joint respectively and 5.99±1.47 mm and 8.18±1.69 mm of the left knee joint respectively. In males, mean values for joint space widths were 6.37±1.58 mm on medial side and 8.21±1.67 mm on lateral side of the right knee; and 6.24±1.56 mm on medial side and 8.33±1.64 mm on lateral side of the left knee. In Females, these values were 5.89±1.53 mm on medial side and 7.66±1.62 mm on lateral side of the right knee; and 5.79±1.37 mm on medial side and 8.06±1.72 mm on lateral side of the left knee. Conclusions: It was concluded that the lateral joint space was greater than the medial joint space in both knees. The joint space widths were found to be reasonably constant with increasing age among studied population.

Background: The vertebral column is the central pillar of the body which has cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral and coccygeal parts. Out of these, the lumbar part is made up of five lumbar vertebrae which lies between the thoracic part above and the sacral part below. Objective: The study aimed to measure pedicle dimensions of lumbar vertebrae by using computed tomography scan. Methodology: This is a descriptive cross-sectional study which was conducted on 115 images of computed tomography scan collected from the Department of Radio-Diagnosis, Dhulikhel Hospital between May and October 2019 after receiving ethical approval from the Institutional Review Committee. All the scans available in the department were taken for the study. Point estimate at 95% Confidence Interval was calculated along with frequency and proportion for binary data. Data analysis was done in the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences version 16 (SPSS 16.0). Results: The pedicle chord length and breadth progressively decrease from L1 to L5 vertebral levels and pedicle thickness gradually increases from L1 to L5 vertebrae on both sides in both genders. The pedicle chord lengths were found significantly different whereas breadth and thickness were insignificantly different between males and females at all lumbar vertebral levels except at L1 for breadth. Conclusions: The pedicle chord length and breadth gradually decreases whereas thickness increases from L1 to L5 vertebral levels amongst Nepalese population.

Background: The description of the human face has been a major concern since long time. Indi­vidual identification is one such field where anthropometric parameters, especially cephalo-facial measurements, are an important tool in determining the various shapes of head and face. Hence the objective of the study was to determine the shapes of head and face. Methods: The present study was a cross-sectional and observational type which consisted of 222 individuals (115 female and 107 male). It was conducted from January to June, 2019 after receiving ethical approval. The cephalic and facial indices were derived after measuring length and breadth of head and face. The collected data was entered in excel and analyzed with SPSS (22.0). Results: The present study observed that the most common type of face was hyperleptoprosopic 168 (75.68%) followed by leptoprosopic 43 (19.37%), mesoprosopic 10 (4.50% female only) and euryprosopic 1 (0.93% male only). Similarly, the most common type of head was dolicocephalic 165 (74.33%), followed by mesocephalic 51 (22.97%), and brachycephalic 6 (2.70%). Conclusions: This study concluded that the hyperleptoprosopic face was most common type and the least common type was euryprosopic face. The most common type of head was found to be dolicocephalic and the least common type was found to be brachycephalic.

The variations of liver like the accessory fissures and lobes are a potential source of diagnostic errors. The knowledge in the variations may help in diagnosis, treatment planning and minimize the risk of post operative complications. The present study was aimed to observe the morphological variations of livers. The study was done in 70 formalin fixed human livers and was observed for morphological variations. The present study concluded the normal morphology of liver was in 54.28% and anomalies in 45.71% of liver. The most common anomalies were accessory fissures which were found in 32.86% of livers. The second common anomalies were absence or incomplete fissure for ligamentum teres in 15.71% of livers. Then the enlarged papillary process was found in 11.43%, short gall bladder was in 10% and elongated left lobe was in 7.14%. The knowledge of normal and variant liver may contribute to the understanding of the liver disease and to achieve correct preoperative diagnosis; and to avoid intra-operative complications.

Background: Mandibular canal runs in the body and ramus of mandible and provides pas­sage for inferior alveolar nerve. Knowledge on spatial relationship of canal with adjacent structures prevent damage to nerve during surgical procedures. This study aims to find three-dimensional relationship of canal as well as its relation with third molar. Methods: This was a cross sectional and retrospective study conducted on Cone Beam Com­puted Tomography images. The relation and position of canal with third molar and position of canal in vertical and horizontal dimensions were analyzed. Results: Mandibular canal was found to be progressively descended in 43% of the canals. The canal was located apical to third molar in 61.9% cases and regarding contact relation, 121(56%) of the third molars had no contact with the canal. Buccal cortical plate was maxi­mum at the level of distal root of second molar and minimum at the level of mesial root of first molar and was reverse for lingual cortical plate. The highest distance between upper border of canal and inferior border of mandible was at mental foramen 13.55±2.27 mm and lowest at mesial root of second molar, 8.72±2.59 mm. Minimum distance between superior border of canal and alveolar crest was distal to second molar (13.78±3.54 mm) and maximum between first molar and second premolar (17.91±3.08 mm). Conclusions: It was observed that canal was interradicularly placed and was by penetrated by third molar in some cases. Thickness of cortical plates varied in various locations buccally and lingually.

Background: Fissures of lungs facilitate the movement of lobes which helps in expansion of lungs during breathing. The fissures may be complete, incomplete or absence. Sometime the accessory fissures may also present. Awareness of variations is essential during segmental resections as well as during radiological interpretation of lungs. Hence, the present study was aimed to study the morphological variations in fissures and lobes. Material and Methods: This study was consisted of sixty nine human lungs with irrespective of sex which were available in the department of anatomy of various medical colleges. All lung specimens were carefully observed and recorded for the presence of any variations in fissures and lobes. Results: The present study revealed that the absence of horizontal fissure was observed in 7.89%, while no specimen showed absence of oblique fissure on both sides. 35.48% of left lungs had incomplete oblique fissure compared to 28.95% of the right lungs. In addition, 22.58% of right lungs and 23.68% of left lungs showed presence of accessory fissure and lobes. From above, the incomplete and absent horizontal fissure was the most common abnormalities observed in this study. The accessory fissures were more common in lower lobe of right lung whereas in left lungs it was more common in upper lobe. Conclusion: The present study showed the wide range of variations in fissures and lobes of lungs. The knowledge of variations in morphology of lungs would be helpful for clinical diagnosis and pulmonary surgical procedures.

Background: The human foot shows variations in its dimensions and shape in different age group of both male and female. It can be used as gender predictor of an individual in forensic science investigations which may have a great value for identification of unknown deceased body. This study was aimed to measure the various dimensions of foot and derive a tool to predict gender of an individual. Methods: This study was the cross-sectional type which consisted of 556 individuals (268 males and 288 females). Foot dimensions (foot length and foot breadth) were measured in centimeter and the foot index was derived for both sexes separately. The data was analyzed using descriptive statistics with SPSS vesion 20.0. Results: It was concluded that there were gender differences in foot length and breadth. The foot length and foot breadth were found to be higher among males than females. The bilateral differences of foot dimensions were not recorded in both male and female. There were gender differences in foot index. Conclusions: The male is found having longer and broader foot than female foot. The foot index is not used as an appropriate tool to determine gender.