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This study aims to clarify the general principle of the pattern where traditional conceptual literacy is advanced to the advanced level, focusing on the ability to understand and use spoken and written words by the media of Korean alphabet phonemes and characters. And this study analyzes the contribution of a poet Yoon, Dong Ju to raise the level of aesthetic literacy of the Korean discourse community. To this end, it will first identify the general principles of literacy development, and classify the rhetoric applied in Yoon, Dong Ju’s poems as Mimesis, Allegory, and Irony. Through this analysis, it aims to reveal the value that intellectuals of the 21st century can gain by improving Korean literacy.

Using data from the 2012 Health and Retirement Study, this study examined whether gender was associated with risk bearing in portfolio choices among single workers nearing retirement. Also, the study investigated how human capital was associated with the worker's allocation of risk-bearing assets by gender. The results of logistic regression revealed that while gender was statistically significant, education level was also a significant predictor of holding risky assets. Since differences in human capital explained the difference in portfolio choices for male and female workers, financial educators should consider this finding as they attempt to help the least financially savvy populations with financial education programs.

Korean Abstract: 본 연구의 목적은 펀드투자권유과정에서 금융투자업자의 판매직원들이 ‘자본시장법' 및 표준투자권유준칙에 따른 설명의무를 잘 이행하고 있는지를 분석해 보고, 이를 통해 펀드투자자들이 펀드투자를 가입할 때 판매직원들의 설명 내용을 잘 이해하고 가입하고 있는지와 판매직원들의 설명의무 수행에 대한 만족도를 조사함으로써 ’자본시장법'상 투자자보호제도의 실효성을 살펴보는 것이다. 본 연구는 펀드투자자에 대한 설문조사와 금융투자업자의 판매직원들의 심층 면접을 통하여 분석하였다. 연구결과는 첫째, 판매 직원의 펀드 설명의무 수행에 대한 만족도는 중간을 조금 상회하는 보통 수준이었으며 항목별로 만족도의 차이는 크지 않았다. 금융투자업자의 판매직원에 대한 인터뷰 결과 대체로 잘 설명하고 있다고 자체평가하면서도 다만, 퇴직 직원은 금융투자업자들이 설명의무를 충실히 이행하고 있는지의 여부에 대해서도 다소 부정적인 평가를 했다. 둘째, 펀드투자자들이 설명의무 내용의 개수 8개 각각에 대하여 제공받았다고 응답한 비중은 최대 60.4%이고 투자위험에 대하여 설명을 들었다는 펀드투자자는 53%에 불과한 반면, 금융투자업자들에 대한 심층 인터뷰 결과 실제 펀드투자를 투자권유 할 때 투자자가 반드시 알아야 할 내용은 대체로 설명을 잘하고 있다고 응답하였다. 셋째, 펀드투자 설명의무 수행 만족도에 대한 다중회귀분석 결과(stepwise 방식) 설명의무 내용개수, 주관적 펀드투자 이해도, 펀드보유여부, 금융회사유형, 학력, 객관적 펀드투자지식, 가입 시기, 연령, 직업 투자성향이 금융투자업자의 펀드설명의무 수행만족도에 통계적으로 유의한 영향을 미치는 요인으로 나타났다. 이와 같은 결과는 제공받은 설명의 양, 금융(펀드)이해력이 펀드투자 설명의무 수행 만족도에 대한 설명력이 가장 높은 변수임을 시사한다. 금융투자업자의 판매직원들의 설명의무 이행이 과거에 비해 많이 개선되었다는 평가가 대체로 많았지만 펀드투자 추천에서 회사의 캠페인 등 영업실적에 영향을 받거나 펀드투자권유과정이 너무 형식적인 면에 치우쳐져 있으며, 금융투자업자의 설명의무 수행에 대한 투자자서명이 면책 수단으로 활용됨을 지적하였다. English Abstract: The purpose of this study is to investigate how the sellers of mutual funds and beneficiary certificates (below ‘fund’) comply with the duty of explanation of fund investment for investors under the capital market law. For the purpose of the current study, two research methods were used and the results compared. Statistical analysis was conducted on investors' satisfaction about sellers' compliances with the law and in-depth interviews were held for 10 sellers of mutual funds and beneficiary certificates. The main study results are fund investors thought they were satisfied with sellers' conducts of the duty of explanation of 'fund' investment in the normal level and the level of 'fund' information received by the sellers for conducting the duty of explanation of fund investment were under 60% among the survey respondents. On the other hand, the sellers generally thought that they were conducting the duty of explanation well. However, special attention should be paid to the fact that retired workers evidenced a slight negative evaluation. Multiple regression results revealed that the significant independent variables that influenced the satisfaction of investors were the number of informations of funds products received by the sellers, the subject perception of understanding of fund knowledge, education, level of financial knowledge, age, job, and attitude of investment risk taking.

The purposes of this study are to examine if there is a difference in the service quality evaluations and satisfaction of the loan service depending on consumers' demographic, financial and lending characteristics and to find the factors affecting satisfaction of the loan service. Based on a premise that they made loans off-line and were home-owned households using mortgage loan and credit loan services at the moment provided by banks, a five-day online survey from October 5 to 9, 2009 was conducted on 419 male and female adults that were. The study results are summarized as follows: Firstly, the study found that there was a significant difference in service quality evaluation of loan services depending on householder's occupation, credit loan rates and amount, kinds of banks for credit loan, purpose of credit loan. Also, the study found that there was a significant difference in the satisfaction of the loan service according to householder's occupation, credit loan rates, purpose of credit loans. Secondly, what were statistically significant factors affecting satisfaction of the loan service were householder's occupation and detailed items of loan service evaluations like fulfilling needs, unexpected benefits and trust on bank.

Korean Abstract: 본 연구는 성별에 따라 금융이해력, 재무위험감수성향, 금융서비스거래에서 차이가 있는 지를 파악하고자 하였다. 이를 위해 서울 및 수도권에 거주하는 성인 317명을 대상으로 설문조사를 실시하였다. 선행연구 검토를 통해 연령, 결혼여부, 소득수준과 같은 사회․인구학적 변수, 교육수준과 금융이해력과 같은 인적자본변수, 재무위험성향과 같은 심리적 변수들을 통제변수로 채택하였다. 금융서비스거래를 파악하기 위해 모바일/인터넷뱅킹, 저축, 담보대출, 신용대출, 생명보험, 민영건강보험, 개인연금, 주식, 펀드 등 9개 금융서비스를 선정하였다. 통계분석은 SPSS PC V.23 을 거래하여 빈도분석, 교차분석, 중회귀분석, 다항로지스틱 회귀분석, 로지스틱회귀분석을 적용하였다. 본 연구의 결과를 요약하면, 첫째, 성별에 따라 금융이해력 수준은 통계적으로 유의한 차이가 있었으며 남성이 여성보다 금융이해력 수준이 높았다. 관련변수들을 통제한 후에도 성별은 금융이해력에 유의한 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 둘째, 재무위험감수성향은 성별에 따라 통계적으로 유의하게 차이가 나타났는데 남성의 재무위험감수성향이 여성보다 높았다. 관련변수들을 통제 후 성별은 재무위험감수성향에 유의한 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 셋째, 금융서비스 종류별 금융서비스거래여부는 성별에 따라 부분적으로 차이가 있었는데, 민영건강보험의 거래는 여성이 남성보다 많은 반면, 주식과 펀드거래는 남성이 여성보다 많았다. 로지스틱회귀분석을 실시한 결과, 관련변수를 통제한 후 성별은 민영건강보험과 주식의 거래여부에서 유의한 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났으며 펀드거래에서 성별효과는 사라졌다. 넷째, 성별에 따라 금융서비스 거래여부에 영향을 미치는 요인은 차이가 있는 것으로 나타났다. 담보대출, 민영건강보험, 개인연금, 주식, 펀드 거래에서 남성과 여성 각각 영향을 미치는 요인이 달랐다. 결론적으로 금융행동을 설명하는데 성별효과는 유의미하며, 여성의 금융이해력의 증진이 여성의 금융안정성을 증진시키고 금융복지를 향상시키는 중요한 방법이다. English Abstract: The purpose of this study is to investigate the gender effect on financial literacy, risk tolerance, and financial inclusion. Other independent variables, such as education, age, marital status and income are considered as controlling variables. Financial Inclusion includes mobile/internet banking, saving accounts, secured loans, credit loans, life insurance, private health insurance, private pensions, stocks, and funds. For this purpose, a survey was carried out for 317 adults living in Seoul and Kyungi-do, in 2013. SPSS PC V.23 was used for the statistical analysis, including cross-tabs, multiple regression, multinominal logistic regression, and logistic regression. Gender was found to have a significant influence on financial literacy, even after controlling for other independent variables. Gender also influenced risk tolerance, even after controlling for other independent variables and financial literacy. Men are more likely to have the opportunity to engage in stock trading than women. On the other hand, women are more likely to have private health insurance than men. Finally, those factors which have a significant influence on financial inclusion differ between men and women. This is important because financial literacy and financial tolerance have been linked to financial behavior, including retirement planning and wealth accumulation. In conclusion, the gender effect was found to play a significant role in explaining financial behavior and, as a result, improving women's financial literacy is key to promoting their financial security and welfare.

We study the genericity of the flrst weak inverse shad- owing property and the second weak inverse shadowing property in the space of homeomorphisms on a compact metric space, and show that every shift homeomorphism does not have the flrst weak inverse shadowing property but it has the second weak inverse shadowing property.

The development of a non-invasive monitor of total haemoglobin has been reported previously. The paper presents the design and testing of a finger probe used in that optical haemoglobin monitor. When a finger is inserted into the probe, light is radiated onto the nail, and a silicon detector measures transmitted light. This finger probe can have different values or settings for design parameters such as the internal colour, detector area, the emission area of a light source and the distance between the light source and detector. Design of experiment (DOE) was introduced to select the best combination of design parameters that were robust to external conditions such as finger alignment and ambient light. An optimally designed finger probe from DOE analysis, compared with the initial design, increased the correlation coefficient from 0.696 to 0.869 and improved the standard deviation from 1.18 to 0.81 g dl(-1) in predicting total haemoglobin. This was under different conditions of finger-probe alignment. Under different ambient light conditions, the optimum design improved the correlation coefficient from 0.735 to 0.870 and reduced the standard deviation from 1.14 to 0.83 g dl(-1).

Z mutant–associated α1-antitrypsin deficiency in human beings leads to hepatitis and, in some cases, hepatocellular carcinoma. To begin to delineate the molecular basis for the development of hepatocellular carcinoma in α1-antitrypsin deficiency, we previously developed transgenic mice using human α1-antitrypsin M and Z genomic clones. High-copy Z lineage mice (12 gene copies/haploid mouse genome; “Z#2”) had hepatocytes distended with human α1-antitrypsin deficiency globules. Hepatitis was present, and the morphological changes mimicked those observed in human α1-antitrypsin deficiency-related liver disease. The numbers of hepatocytes containing α1-antitrypsin globules decreased with age, and α1-antitrypsin-negative nodular aggregates of hepatocytes increased in number and size. Hepatocytic dysplasia occurred as early as 6 wk and was almost universally present at 1 yr. Nodules of dysplastic cells demonstrating aneuploidy were seen as early as 10 wks. These became persistent, proliferative lesions. Dysplasia and aneuploidy distinctly increased with time and advancing microscopic stage as lesions progressed to malignancy. Tumors were seen after 1 yr as adenomas, which are aneuploid and most likely well-differentiated hepatocellular carcinoma, and borderline malignant lesions; and, in 82 of Z#2 mice 16 to 20 mo old, as invasive hepatocellular carcinoma. These observations suggest but do not conclusively prove that hepatocellular carcinoma in α1-antitrypsin deficiency and other hepatic disorders arises as a result of a common, endogenously stimulated pathway for hepatocellular carcinogenesis. (Hepatology 1994;19:389–397).

Objective To define the anatomical variations of small saphenous vein (SSV) for varicose vein (VV) surgery by three-dimensional computed tomography venography (3D-CTV) and to analyse the impact of this preoperative evaluation on surgical outcomes. Methods A total of 120 consecutive limbs with SSV insufficiency having undergone VV surgery from January 2005 until December 2007 were enrolled. The medical records and images were analysed retrospectively. Results The relationship between SSV and gastrocnemial vein (GNV) were categorized into two: (a) SSV and GNV drained to popliteal vein (PV) separately (100 limbs, 87%) and (b) SSV and GNV made common channel which drained to PV (15 limbs, 13%). Saphenopopliteal junction morphology was normal (75 limbs), severe tortuosity near PV (19 limbs), ampullary ectasia (4 limbs) and duplicated drainage to PV (2 limbs). No recurrence of VV was noted. Conclusions CTV can provide thorough preoperative anatomic information of the SSV variations and reduce the recurrence of VV.

Background:Recently involvement of apoptosis, or programmed cell death, has been suggested in myocardial reperfusion injury. Free radicals are one of the inducers of apoptosis, and superoxide dismutase(SOD), a oxygen free radical scavenger, inhibits apoptotic cell death of neurons. Reperfusion of ischemic myocardium results in a burst of oxygen free radical production, however, it has not been defined that oxygen free radicals mediate apoptosis in myocardial reperfusion injury. This study was undertaken to investigate the role of oxygen free radicals by examining the inhibition of apoptosis by SOD. Method:New Zealand white rabbits(n=16) weighing 1.8-2.0kg underwent 30 minutes of left anterior descending coronary artery occlusion followed by reperfusion for 1 or 4 hours. In control group, bovine serum albumin(5mg/kg) was administered continuously via the left atrial appendage starting 10 minutes before reperfusion and ending simultaneously with reperfusion for 1 hour(n=4) or 4 hours(n=4). In SOD group, bovine erythrocyte SOD(15,000u/kg) was administerd starting 10 minutes before reperfusion and ending simultaneously with reperfusion for 1 hour(n=5) or 4 hours(n=3). Ventricles were excised immediately after intervention. Tissues were fixed in 10% buffered formalin and 2.5% glutaraldehyde. Apoptosis was examined by hematoxylin and eosin(H & E) staining, in situ nick end labeling, and transmission electron microscopy. Number of apoptotic cells was evaluated semiquantitatively on H & E stained section. Results:Evidence of apoptosis was detected in every ischemia-reperfused myocardium, and apoptotic cells were found in the non-necrotic myocardium near areas of contraction band necrosis. In control group, the average number of apoptotic cells was 1.7(range 1.5-2.0) for 1 hour reperfused