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Supplementary Figure 1 from Temporal Dissection of Tumorigenesis in Primary Cancers

Supplementary Figure 2 from Temporal Dissection of Tumorigenesis in Primary Cancers

Supplementary Figure Legends 1-4, Methods from Temporal Dissection of Tumorigenesis in Primary Cancers

Supplementary Table 2 from Temporal Dissection of Tumorigenesis in Primary Cancers

Supplementary Figure 3 from Temporal Dissection of Tumorigenesis in Primary Cancers

Supplementary Figure 4 from Temporal Dissection of Tumorigenesis in Primary Cancers

Supplementary Table 1 from Temporal Dissection of Tumorigenesis in Primary Cancers

Direct comparative results of patients with early stiffness after arthroscopic rotator cuff repair (ARCR) with and without steroid injection are still unclear. This study aimed to evaluate the clinical and structural effect of intra-articular steroid injection for early stiffness after ARCR.From 2011 and 2016, a total of 417 patients who underwent ARCR for less than medium-sized tears with 35.8 ± 22.6 months follow-up were retrospectively analyzed. Patients with shoulder stiffness [forward flexion (FF) 120˚] or pain at 2 months after ARCR were performed intra-articular steroid injection, and four groups were established [+ stiffness/ + injection (SI, 158 patients), + stiffness/-injection (SNI, 92 patients), -stiffness/ + injection (NSI, 33 patients), and -stiffness/-injection (NSNI, 134 patients)]. Shoulder range-of-motion (ROM) and functional score changes for over two years were analyzed, and six month tendon integrity were evaluated using magnetic resonance imaging.Comparing SI and SNI group, ROM (except internal rotation) and functional score changes did not differ during the early period (2-6 and 2-12 months). However, comparing whether steroid injected (SI/NSI) or not (SNI/NSNI), the formers showed significantly higher improvement of both ROM and functional scores during the early and late period (2-24 months). A six month tendon integrity was not different across four groups and whether steroid injected or not.Intra-articular steroid injections do not appear to have a short-term clinical improving effect by comparing patients with stiff shoulders after ARCR with and without steroid injections. However, intra-articular steroid injection at two months after ARCR did not affect the tendon integrity at post-operative six months.

Polymeric coating materials (PCMs) are promising candidates for developing next-generation flexible displays. However, PCMs are frequently subjected to external stimuli, making them highly susceptible to repeated damage. Therefore, in this study, a highly self-healing PCM based on a charge transfer complex (CTC) was developed, and its thermal, self-healing, and mechanical properties were examined. The self-healing material demonstrated improved thermal stability, fast self-healing kinetics (1 min), and a high self-healing efficiency (98.1%) via CTC-induced multiple interactions between the polymeric chains. In addition, it eliminated the trade-off between the mechanical strength and self-healing capability that is experienced by typical self-healing materials. The developed PCM achieved excellent self-healing and superior bulk (in-plane) and surface (out-of-plane) mechanical strengths compared to those of conventional engineering plastics such as polyether ether ketone (PEEK), polysulfone (PSU), and polyethersulfone (PES). These remarkable properties are attributed to the unique intermolecular structure resulting from strong CTC interactions. A mechanism for the improved self-healing and mechanical properties was also proposed by comparing the CTC-based self-healing PCMs with a non-CTC-based PCM.

블록공중합체를 이용한 저비용, 고효율 나노패턴 제조 기술은 다양한 분야에 활용성을 가지고 활발히 연구되고 있다. Polystyrenre-b-poly(2-vinyl pyridine)(PS-b-P2VP) 블록공중합체는 패턴 정렬의 용이성, 대면적 배향 가능, 금속 치환 가능 등의 장점으로 범용적으로 사용되는 블록공중합체이지만 유기물로만 구성되어 있기에 패턴 전사에 필요한 식각 선택도(etching selectivity)가 부족한 한계를 가지고 있다. 본 연구에서는 간단한 공정으로 carborane 화합물을 PS-b-P2VP의 P2VP 블록에 선택적으로 도입시킬 수 있는 방법을 제시하여 P2VP 블록의 식각 저항성을 크게 향상시킬 수 있음을 보였다. 이 연구 결과는 유기물로만 이루어진 대부분의 블록공중합체의 낮은 식각 선택도 문제를 극복하는데 중요한 단서를 제공해 줄 수 있을 것이며 향후 블록공중합체의 다양한 나노 패턴 주형으로서의 활용성을 더욱 넓힐 수 있을 것으로 기대한다.

We evaluated the prognostic implications of the circulating tumor cell (CTC) count in non-metastatic, HER2-negative breast cancer patients who failed to achieve pathologic complete response (pCR) after neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NCT). A total of 173, non-metastatic breast cancer patients treated with NCT were prospectively enrolled. CTCs were obtained from blood drawn pre-NCT and post-NCT using a SMART BIOPSY SYSTEM isolation kit (Cytogen Inc., Seoul, Korea) with immunofluorescence staining. Excluding 26 HER2-positive patients, Relapse-free survival (RFS) and overall survival (OS) related to the CTC count and the association of the CTC count with the treatment response to given therapy were analyzed in 147 HER2-negative patients. Among 147 HER2-negative patients, 28 relapses (19.0%) and 13 deaths (8.8%, all breast cancer-specific) were observed during a median follow-up of 37.3 months. One hundred and seven patients (72.8%) were hormone receptor-positive, and 40 patients (27.2%) had triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). One or more CTCs were identified in 88 of the 147 patients (59.9%) before NCT and 77 of the 134 patients (52.4%) after NCT. In the entire HER2-negative patient cohort, the initial nodal status was the most significant factor influencing RFS and OS. In TNBC, 11 patients (27.5%) achieved pCR and patients that failed to achieve pCR with ≥ 5 CTCs after NCT, showed worse RFS (HR, 10.66; 95% CI, 1.80–63.07; p = 0.009) and OS (HR, 14.00; 95% CI, 1.26–155.53; p = 0.032). The patients with residual tumor and a high number of the CTCs after NCT displayed the worse outcome. These findings could provide justification to launch a future, well designed trial with longer follow-up data to obtain regulatory approval for clinical use of the assay, especially for the ER-positive, HER2-negative breast cancer subset.

이 연구는 오늘날 우리 사회의 공공성 위기 현상은 공(公)과 사(私) 개념이 혼란스럽게 뒤엉키면서 나타난 개념적 혼란에 일정 부분 기인한다는 문제의식에서 출발한다. 과거 서세동점의 시기에 서양 사상에서 ‘public’과 ‘private’가 동양 사회에서 오랫동안 사용되던 ‘공’, ‘사’로 단순 번역되면서 많은 오해와 혼란을 불러일으켰던 것이다. 이 연구에서는 공사관(公私觀)에 대한 개념적 혼란을 극복하고 공공성을 올바르게 이해하기 위해서 공과 사 개념을 두 차원, 즉 윤리·도덕적 차원과 영역·대립적 차원으로 구분하여 4개 사분면으로 접근할 것을 제안한다. 이 두 차원에서 공사관의 통합적 개념틀을 탐색하게 되면, 공과 사 개념은 1 사분면(公, 人), 2 사분면(公, 己), 3 사분면(私, 己), 4 사분면(私, 人)으로 세분화할 수 있어 공과 사 개념에 대한 이해도를 높이고 공공성에 대한 접근과 이해 제고에도 기여할 수 있으리라 본다. 즉, 여기서 공공성은 ‘공적 영역과 사적 영역 모두에서 윤리·도덕적 정당성이 온전하게 확보되고 실현된 상태’라고 정의할 수 있다.

A highly self-healable polymeric system with enhanced mechanical properties is prepared by blending conventional polyurethane (PU) with functional polyimide (PI). PU and PI synthesized in this stud...

Superhydrophobic Al surfaces with excellent durability and anti-icing properties were fabricated by coating dual-scale rough Al substrates with fluorinated polysilazane (FPSZ). Flat Al plates were etched using an acidic solution, followed by immersion in boiling water to generate hierarchical micro-nano structures on their surfaces. The FPSZ coatings were synthesized by grafting 1H,1H,2H,2H-perfluorodecyltrimethoxysilane (FAS-17), a fluoroalkyl silane), onto methylpolysilazane, an organopolysilazane (OPSZ) backbone. The high water contact angle (175°) and low sliding angle (1.6°) of the FPSZ-coated sample with an FAS-17 content of 17.3 wt% promoted the efficient removal of a frozen ice column with a low ice adhesion strength of 78 kPa at −20.0 °C (70% relative humidity), which was 4.3 times smaller than that of an OPSZ-coated surface. The FPSZ-coated Al surface suppressed ice nucleation, leading to a decrease in ice nucleation temperature from −19.5 to −21.9 °C and a delay in freezing time from 334 to 4914 s at −19.0 °C compared with the OPSZ-coated Al surface. Moreover, after 40 icing–melting cycles the freezing temperature of a water droplet on the FPSZ-coated Al surface remained unchanged, whereas that on the FAS-17-coated Al surface increased from −22.3 to −20.7 °C. Therefore, the durability of the polymeric FPSZ coating was superior to that of the FAS-17 monolayer coating.

This research addressed two main research questions: (1) Is constructive performance feedback positively related to perceived fairness of performance appraisal? (2) Does trust in supervisors mediat...

4차 산업혁명 시대는 다양한 금융소비자를 위해 개인화된 금융상품의 제공과 혁신적인 금융서비스로 발전하고 있다. 그러나, 금융 디지털서비스의 다양한 서비스가 확대와 활용이 높아지더라도 금융 소외계층은 더 확대될 수 있다. 본 연구에서는 소비자보호원 정책연구의 실증데이터(2017년)를 활용하여 디지털 금융소외계층을 대상으로 디지털 금융서비스 사용의도에 대한 영향을 도출하고자 한다.

The development of fillers for wrinkle prevention is growing to meet rising demands to reduce the aging of skin. In this experiment, we confirmed the effects of human collagen and hyaluronic acid filler biodegradation for wrinkle reduction using a photo-aging mouse model. A total of 10 hairless mice (SKH1-Hrhr) were randomly divided into two groups and injected with hyaluronic acid and human-derived collagen filler. At 0, 2, 4, 8, and 12 weeks, PRIMOSlite®, folliscope, and MRI were used to evaluate the biodegradability of the fillers after the injections. We also studied the photo-aging mouse model for skin roughness and histological evaluation and confirmed that the filler injection had excellent anti-wrinkle effects. Human-derived collagen fillers had excellent biodegradability compared to that of hyaluronic acid fillers. The skin surface roughness in the photo-aging mouse models was significantly reduced after injections of human-derived collagen filler. Our results showed that the human-derived collagen filler had excellent biodegradability and effectively reduced wrinkle formation in a photo-aging mouse model. This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266 .

We evaluated the prognostic implications of the circulating tumor cell (CTC) count in non-metastatic, HER2-negative breast cancer patients who failed to achieve pathologic complete response (pCR) after neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NCT). A total of 173, non-metastatic breast cancer patients treated with NCT were prospectively enrolled. CTCs were obtained from blood drawn pre-NCT and post-NCT using a SMART BIOPSY SYSTEM isolation kit (Cytogen Inc., Seoul, Korea) with immunofluorescence staining. Excluding 26 HER2-positive patients, Relapse-free survival (RFS) and overall survival (OS) related to the CTC count and the association of the CTC count with the treatment response to given therapy were analyzed in 147 HER2-negative patients. Among 147 HER2-negative patients, 28 relapses (19.0%) and 13 deaths (8.8%, all breast cancer-specific) were observed during a median follow-up of 37.3 months. One hundred and seven patients (72.8%) were hormone receptor-positive, and 40 patients (27.2%) had triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). One or more CTCs were identified in 88 of the 147 patients (59.9%) before NCT and 77 of the 134 patients (52.4%) after NCT. In the entire HER2-negative patient cohort, the initial nodal status was the most significant factor influencing RFS and OS. In TNBC, 11 patients (27.5%) achieved pCR and patients that failed to achieve pCR with ≥ 5 CTCs after NCT, showed worse RFS (HR, 10.66; 95% CI, 1.80-63.07; p = 0.009) and OS (HR, 14.00; 95% CI, 1.26-155.53; p = 0.032). The patients with residual tumor and a high number of the CTCs after NCT displayed the worse outcome. These findings could provide justification to launch a future, well designed trial with longer follow-up data to obtain regulatory approval for clinical use of the assay, especially for the ER-positive, HER2-negative breast cancer subset.

BACKGROUND A high level of apolipoprotein B (apoB) is associated with incident coronary artery disease (CAD) when low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) level is discordantly low or concordantly high. However, data on the relationship of apoB with subclinical measure of CAD are limited.Methods and Results:A total of 14,205 men (mean age 41.0 years) who were free of cardiovascular disease at baseline and who underwent a health checkup exam, including measurement of coronary artery calcium (CAC), were studied. Of the study group, 2,773 participants (19.5%) had CAC at baseline, and CAC progression was observed in 2,550 (18.0%). The multivariate-adjusted CAC score ratios (95% confidence interval) comparing discordantly high apoB/low LDL-C and concordantly high apoB/high LDL-C with concordantly low apoB/low LDL-C were 1.51 (0.98-2.32) and 2.70 (2.19-3.33), respectively. The corresponding relative risks for CAC progression were 1.26 (1.02-1.56) and 1.49 (1.34-1.66), respectively. These associations did not change appreciably after adjustment for insulin resistance and subclinical inflammation. CONCLUSIONS Discordant analysis showed that a high apoB level was strongly associated with prevalence and progression of CAC independent of LDL-C in a large cohort of healthy adults. The present study results highlighted the importance of an apoB measure as a potential target for primary prevention of coronary atherosclerosis in healthy adults.

A functional polyurethane based on the heterocyclic group was synthesized and its self-healing and mechanical properties were examined. To synthesize a heterocyclic polyurethane, a polyol and a heterocyclic compound with di-hydroxyl groups at both ends were blended and the blended solution was reacted with a crosslinker containing multiple isocyanate groups. The heterocyclic polyurethane demonstrates better self-healing efficiency than the conventional polyurethane with no heterocyclic groups. Furthermore, unlike the conventional self-healing materials, the heterocyclic polyurethane examined in this study shows an outstanding recovery of the mechanical properties after the self-healing process. These results are attributed to the unique supramolecular network resulting from the strong hydrogen bonding interaction between the urethane group and the heterocyclic group in the heterocyclic polyurethane matrix.

The purpose of this study is to explore the determinants affecting the disaster management budget, focusing on disaster-vulnerable groups in local autonomies. For this purpose, we analyzed the five-year panel data of 226 local governments in South Korea from 2012 to 2016 using the Panel Corrected Standard Error (PCSE) and Generalized Method of Moment (GMM) methods. The PCSE method showed that the ratio of elderly population and the number of businesses had a positive effect, while the ratio of basic livelihood security recipients and local share tax had a negative effect. However, the GMM method controlling endogeneity revealed that incrementalism was a positive factor but the ratio of elderly population and the ratio of basic livelihood security recipients were found insignificant. These results confirmed that the role of disaster- vulnerable groups as determinants of disaster management budget is unclear for local autonomies in South Korea.

In this study, the synthesis of a water-triggered highly self-healable elastomer with excellent optical and mechanical properties through localized zwitterionic assemblies is demonstrated for the first time using a newly proposed blending method. The self-healable elastomer obtained by blending conventional polyol and zwitterionic polyol shows a high transmittance (~92%) and low yellow index value (1.9). The fabricated material with localized zwitterionic clusters shows superior self-healing efficiency (94–100%) under both dry and wet conditions compared with conventional nonionic elastomers (~69%) and ionic elastomers with randomly distributed ions (80–87%). This is attributed to the significantly higher probability of contact between the localized zwitterionic assemblies of this material in the damaged area. More importantly, conventional self-healing materials have obtained the self-healing properties of polymers at the expense of their mechanical properties. An elastomer with localized zwitterions eliminates this trade-off between self-healing and mechanical properties. These properties are attributed to the unique intermolecular network resulting from strong interactions between localized zwitterionic clusters. As a result, the zwitterionic self-healable elastomer, based on the blending system proposed in this study, can maximize its self-healing capabilities and overcome the limitations of conventional self-healing materials via the concentration of zwitterions into a local domain.

BACKGROUND: If osteomyelitis is confined to the proximal humerus, arthroscopic debridement with multiple punctures at the infected bone might be sufficient to eradicate the septic shoulder with bone involvement. MATERIALS AND METHODS: From 2005 to 2017, 15 patients received arthroscopic debridement with multiple punctures. We included patients with septic shoulder arthritis with proximal bone involvement and excluded patients with glenohumeral joint destruction or extension of bone involvement to the diaphysis of the humerus. We performed multiple punctures for drainage of proximal humerus after complete arthroscopic debridement of septic soft tissue. Infection laboratory studies and postoperative magnetic resonance image were evaluated. For clinical outcome measurements, range of motion, pain visual analog scale, functional visual analog scale, American shoulder elbow surgeon scores, constant scores, and simple shoulder test were evaluated. RESULTS: There were 11 males and 4 females with a mean age of 53 years (range 28–73 years). Mean follow-up was 32 months (range 12–115 months). There was no reinfection case. The postoperative C-reactive protein levels were normalized in all. The postoperative magnetic resonance image showed no bony involvement of the proximal humerus in all patients except one patient. The clinical scores and range of motion were significantly improved postoperatively. Six patients underwent secondary surgery for rotator cuff tear at a mean time period of 25 months (range 4–104 months) from the index period. CONCLUSION: Septic shoulder with proximal bone involvement can be successfully treated with arthroscopic debridement with multiple punctures. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level IV, treatment study

Epidural steroid injections have been gaining popularity as an alternative to surgical treatment of radicular pain with associated spinal derangement. To determine the effectiveness and indications of lumbar epidural steroid injections in patients with or without surgery, we performed a prospective observational study. We gathered data from 262 degenerative short-segment spinal disease patients (affected at one or 2 levels) with greater than 12 weeks of medication-resistant radicular pain without neurological deficits but with moderate disability (visual analog scale < 6.5; Oswestry Disability Index < 35). All patients received initial fluoroscopically guided transforaminal epidural steroid injections of the affected vertebral level(s) corresponding to their symptoms. Those with inadequate responses or who wanted subsequently surgery underwent decompression surgery. Clinical and demographic characteristics were assessed to compare the differences between the groups. Results: Of the 262 patients who received epidural steroid injections, 204 did not have operations for up to one year. However, 58 patients experienced inadequate relief of pain or wanted operations and therefore underwent surgery. At baseline, the 2 groups had similar mean disability indices and pain scores, as well as gender ratios, ages, and durations of symptoms (P > 0.05). In the patients who underwent surgery, the mean disability and pain scores were not significantly decreased after injection compared to those in the injection-alone group, although the scores for the injection plus surgery patients decreased significantly after surgery (P < 0.05). In contrast, patients who underwent epidural steroid injection alone experienced a significant decrease in disability and pain after injection, and that persisted up to one year of follow-up (P < 0.05). Epidural steroid injection can decrease the pain and disability in the majority of a moderate disability group for up to one year, although a significant number of patients underwent surgery regardless of injection. We recommend epidural steroid injection as a first-line treatment in patients with moderate disability that can be converted to surgery without significant delay. Key words: Epidural steroid injection, spinal surgery, lumbar spinal disease, lumbar radiculopathy, lumbar radicular pain

// Sung Woo Hong 1 , Wonhee Hur 1 , Jung Eun Choi 1 , Jung-Hee Kim 1 , Daehee Hwang 2 , Seung Kew Yoon 1 1 The Catholic University Liver Research Center and WHO Collaborating Center of Viral Hepatitis, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea 2 Department of New Biology and Center for Plant Aging Research, Institute for Basic Science, DGIST, Daegu, Republic of Korea Correspondence to: Seung Kew Yoon, e-mail: yoonsk@catholic.ac.kr Keywords: cancer stem cells, hepatocellular carcinoma, radioresistance, ADAM17, migration Received: August 20, 2015 Accepted: February 28, 2016 Published: March 16, 2016 ABSTRACT We investigated the biological role of CD133-expressing liver cancer stem cells (CSCs) enriched after irradiation of Huh7 cells in cell invasion and migration. We also explored whether a disintegrin and metalloproteinase-17 (ADAM17) influences the metastatic potential of CSC-enriched hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cells after irradiation. A CD133-expressing Huh7 cell subpopulation showed greater resistance to sublethal irradiation and specifically enhanced cell invasion and migration capabilities. We also demonstrated that the radiation-induced MMP-2 and MMP-9 enzyme activities as well as the secretion of vascular endothelial growth factor were increased more predominantly in Huh7 CD133+ cell subpopulations than Huh7 CD133− cell subpopulations. Furthermore, we showed that silencing ADAM17 significantly inhibited the migration and invasiveness of enriched Huh7 CD133+ cells after irradiation; moreover, Notch signaling was significantly reduced in irradiated CD133-expressing liver CSCs following stable knockdown of the ADAM17 gene. In conclusion, our findings indicate that CD133-expressing liver CSCs have considerable metastatic capabilities after irradiation of HCC cells, and their metastatic capabilities might be maintained by ADAM17. Therefore, suppression of ADAM17 shows promise for improving the efficiency of current radiotherapies and reducing the metastatic potential of liver CSCs during HCC treatment.

Background: Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection may cause systemic inflammation and increase the production of tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-1, and interleukin-6. Unfortunately, bone mineral density also may be affected by these cytokines. This study aimed to evaluate the association between bone mineral density and H. pylori infection. Methods: A cross-sectional study evaluated 1,126 men undergoing a comprehensive health screening in a private Korean screening center. Subjects’ sera were tested for H. pylori antibodies (immunoglobulin G) using an enzymelinked immunosorbent assay, and bone mineral densities (g/cm 2 ) of the lumbar spine, femoral neck, and total femur were obtained using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. To evaluate the difference in bone mineral density according to H. pylori infection status, the adjusted mean bone mineral densities at each site were compared after adjusting for potential confounders, including age, sex, body mass index, smoking, alcohol consumption, and exercise. Results: H. pylori infection was associated with a significant decrease in mean lumbar bone mineral density (H. pylori-positive, 1.190 g/cm 2 ; H. pylori-negative, 1.219 g/cm 2 ; P = 0.006), which was greatest among men who were ≥ 50 years old (H. pylori-positive, 1.193 g/cm 2 ; H. pylori-negative, 1.233 g/cm 2 ; P = 0.006). However, no significant association was observed in the bone mineral densities of the total femur and femoral neck. Conclusion: In men, H. pylori infection was negatively associated with lumbar bone mineral density. This association may be useful in the early detection, prevention, and management of male osteoporosis.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of [18F] fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) positron emission tomography–computed tomography (PET–CT) for lymph node (LN) staging of bladder cancer patients undergoing radical cystectomy (RC) with extended pelvic lymphadenectomy compared to conventional CT. A total of 61 patients underwent FDG PET–CT before RC and extended pelvic lymphadenectomy. A template for extended pelvic lymphadenectomy to the level of the inferior mesenteric artery was divided into 11 anatomic nodal packets. Definitive pathologic findings of resected LNs were correlated with the results of FDG PET–CT and CT alone in a patient- and nodal packet-based manner. Among the 61 patients, pathological staging confirmed LN metastasis in 17 patients (27.9 %). In total, 627 LN packets (2580 LNs) were resected and histologically evaluated. The mean number of LNs removed was 42 (median 40; range 22–118). Of the 627 LN packets removed, 27 packets (4.3 %) were positive for LN metastasis based on pathologic analysis. On a patient-based analysis, FDG PET–CT and conventional CT showed a sensitivity of 47.1 and 29.4 %, respectively, specificity of 93.2 and 97.7 %, respectively, positive predictive value (PPV) of 72.7 and 78.2 %, respectively, and negative predictive value (NPV) of 82.0 and 78.2 %, respectively. On a nodal packet-based analysis, sensitivity, specificity, PPV, and NPV were 14.8, 97.8, 23.5, and 96.2 %, respectively, for PET-CT and 11.1, 98.7, 27.3, and 96.1 %, respectively, for conventional CT. Combined FDG PET–CT did not improve the diagnostic accuracy of conventional CT for the detection of LN metastasis in bladder cancer patients scheduled for RC.

Cancer theranostic systems using polymeric micelles are emerging for simultaneous diagnosis and therapy. In this work, we have developed hyaluronate (HA)–Flt1 peptide conjugate micelles encapsulating epirubicin for theranostic treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma. Intravital bioimaging without labelling and in vivo anti-tumor therapeutic effect clearly confirmed the feasibility of HA–Flt1 peptide conjugate/epirubicin micelles for target-specific theranostic treatment of liver cancers.

In this paper, position sensorless control method of IPMSM applying three shunt sensing PWM inverter using predictive current for phase current reconstruction and EMF calculation is proposed. Considering the price and volume of the system, a motor drive system applied with shunt and sensorless has been recently studied. However, there is some area that cannot measure three phase current especially in high-speed motor operation where the MI (Modulation index) is increased. It deteriorates the control stability because of the phase current distortion in motor control. In this paper, the boundary where phase currents cannot be obtained is defined and the method for reconstructing the phases current are proposed by predicting phase current in the area which phase current measurement is impossible. Also, the EMF observer and synchronous voltage recalculation method are applied for sensorless control considering both linear area and over-modulated area.